基于碎屑锆石的黄土高原—毛乌素交界区石峁黄土粉尘物源估算*

对于黄土高原粉尘物质的来源以及沙漠和河流对粉尘的贡献,仍未达成一致的认识。本研究以毛乌素东神木市石峁剖面为研究对象,利用碎屑锆石年龄谱,对末次冰消期以来的风成粉尘堆积和河流沉积物展开源区分析,并使用逆蒙特卡罗模型进行物源的定量计算。结果显示,粒径分布和阴极发光(CL)图像显示石峁黄土为典型风成沉积。其粗颗粒碎屑锆石(>40 μm)年龄峰值集中在190~300 Ma、300~600 Ma、1700~1900 Ma和2300~2600 Ma,年龄谱显示近源(局地基岩碎屑)、中源(黄河河沙)和远源(阿拉善地区沙漠)均有贡献; 定量计算表明,三者分别贡献71%、21%和8%的风成粗颗粒。中、近源中,黄河及其支流侵蚀基岩后搬运沉积的漫滩物质成为粉尘输移的中转站,为黄土的形成提供了主要的物源。光释光测年结果表明,石峁剖面河流沉积物及其上覆的黄土物质分别形成于倒数第2次冰消期和末次冰消期,两者之间的沉积间断可能指示了末次冰期至冰消期的侵蚀事件,导致了河滩物质暴露,从而形成了潜在的局地尘源。这些结果表明,包括黄河干支流在内的河流系统对黄土粉尘有重要的物源贡献。     

基于碎屑锆石的黄土高原—毛乌素交界区石峁黄土粉尘物源估算*

对于黄土高原粉尘物质的来源以及沙漠和河流对粉尘的贡献,仍未达成一致的认识。本研究以毛乌素东神木市石峁剖面为研究对象,利用碎屑锆石年龄谱,对末次冰消期以来的风成粉尘堆积和河流沉积物展开源区分析,并使用逆蒙特卡罗模型进行物源的定量计算。结果显示,粒径分布和阴极发光(CL)图像显示石峁黄土为典型风成沉积。其粗颗粒碎屑锆石(>40 μm)年龄峰值集中在190~300 Ma、300~600 Ma、1700~1900 Ma和2300~2600 Ma,年龄谱显示近源(局地基岩碎屑)、中源(黄河河沙)和远源(阿拉善地区沙漠)均有贡献; 定量计算表明,三者分别贡献71%、21%和8%的风成粗颗粒。中、近源中,黄河及其支流侵蚀基岩后搬运沉积的漫滩物质成为粉尘输移的中转站,为黄土的形成提供了主要的物源。光释光测年结果表明,石峁剖面河流沉积物及其上覆的黄土物质分别形成于倒数第2次冰消期和末次冰消期,两者之间的沉积间断可能指示了末次冰期至冰消期的侵蚀事件,导致了河滩物质暴露,从而形成了潜在的局地尘源。这些结果表明,包括黄河干支流在内的河流系统对黄土粉尘有重要的物源贡献。     

沉积物物源组成的定量估计方法

混合源沉积物中,各种物源物质的成分及其百分含量是地质研究的重要基础信息.本文提出用成分数据统计分析算法,分析处理沉积物样品的地球化学数据,定量提取沉积物中各物源端元的平均化学成分及其百分含量;将该方法用于已知端元成分和端元含量的实验样品数据,计算结果与实际非常吻合;将该方法用于某海区实测沉积物地球化学数据,成功地分离出了陆源、火山源、生物源物质成分和含量.该方法也适合于岩石学、环境污染研究等领域.     

有关中国黄土高原黄土物质的源区及其输送方式的再评述

仅通过对黄土的研究来认识黄土物质的源地和输送方式、沉降过程往往需要假设和推测一些问题,不够直接和全面,借助对沙漠和大气中沙尘粒子本身的研究则可以更清晰地认识它们.文章在以往对黄土物质源区、输送和沉积过程研究的基础上,对有关这些问题的研究进展,特别是2000～2006年以来的进展给出了进一步的评述.结果表明:蒙古源区、以塔克拉玛干沙漠为主体的中国西部沙漠源区和以巴丹吉林沙漠为中心的中国北部沙漠源区贡献了亚洲沙尘释放总量的约70%,它们可视为亚洲沙尘的3个贡献量最大的源区,也可视为是黄土高原黄土物质的主要源地;有关亚洲沙尘的输送,在接近其源区的区域其沙尘浓度峰值在1km及其以下,在中国内陆其峰值通常在1～3km高度,在日本等东亚区域在2～4km高度,在太平洋中部峰值位于4～5km高度,在美国西部在5～7km的位置.通常,亚洲沙尘的区域尺度输送主要受近地面层东亚冬季风的控制,沙尘穿越太平洋的跨洲输送模式与全球尺度的大气环流变化紧密相关,特别是受中纬度西风带的影响.关于黄土高原黄土物质的沉降和堆积,近地面层东亚冬季风起到的是控制性的作用,沙尘在黄土高原的沉降以干沉降为主.晚第四纪黄土-古土壤中的90%以上是亚洲沙尘粒子的沉积物,不到10%受到了再作用过程的影响.     

河西走廊及其毗邻地区地表物沉积元素特征

笔者分析了河西走廊及其毗邻地区的戈壁(石漠)、河流平原(石羊河与黑河流域)、沙漠(腾格里和巴丹吉林)以及祁连山北麓等地表沉积物的元素组成,并对研究区不同地表类型沉积物和洛川黄土的元素组成进行对比。结果表明:研究区不同地表类型松散堆积物之间地球化学特征具有较好的一致性,可能来自于祁连山的高山作用过程,即从祁连山至沉积尾闾的物质搬运导致研究区物源趋于一致;洛川黄土和研究区微量元素以及特征元素配分模式吻合较为良好,暗示了黄土高原的粉尘物质源区可能主要为河西走廊及其毗邻地区的戈壁、河流平原以及沙漠;细粒物质在祁连山向河西走廊的搬运过程中,物质经过一定程度的风力和水力分选,造成粗颗粒物质富集。因此,戈壁、河流平原和沙漠地表细粒物质风化指数较祁连山坡麓沉积物偏低。其中,腾格里和巴丹吉林沙漠又经受风力作用,中值粒径最大、风化指数最低。     

基于U Pb定年和单颗粒锆石粒径分析示踪 中国黄土高原黄土和红粘土物源

中国黄土高原的风成沉积蕴含着丰富的大陆古气候和大气环流变化信息,但关于黄土和红粘土物源是否有变化目前仍存在着争论。近些年,锆石的LA-ICP-MS定年被广泛用于追踪沉积物来源,本文把碎屑锆石的UPb定年运用到红粘土中,并结合前人的数据和碎屑锆石粒径分析对黄土和红粘土物源进行了重新的讨论,认为黄土高原黄土碎屑锆石主要来源于黄土高原北部戈壁沙漠和附近的沙漠,极少量锆石来源于青藏高原北部,而不是主要来源于青藏高原北部和柴达木盆地,红粘土的锆石物源受近缘的基岩影响较大,朝那6.2~3.6Ma红粘土锆石碎屑部分来源于附近的六盘山。而且在0.12 Ma、0.86 Ma、1.25 Ma之间,黄土碎屑锆石物源较稳定,存在少量变化,在2.6 Ma和3.6 Ma前后,黄土、红粘土碎屑锆石物源存在明显变化,这可能和全球变冷导致近地面冬季风增强有关。     

砂岩碎屑组份变化对库车坳陷和南天山盆山演化的指示

为研究库车坳陷中-新生代物源变化与南天山构造演化的关系,对该坳陷中-新生界砂岩进行了系统取样,应用Dickinson砂岩分析方法详细研究了其沉积背景和物源变化。库车坳陷中-新生代沉积物源始终为再造山旋回带,自老到新砂岩中不稳定岩屑组份的含量有规律地变化:从三叠系到侏罗系,岩屑组份中沉积岩岩屑含量最高;白垩系中变质岩岩屑增多;新生界特别是新近系,碳酸盐岩岩屑所占的比例很大。岩屑组份的这种变化反映了天山地区隆升和剥蚀的一个历史过程。随着山脉隆升幅度和剥蚀强度的加大,古生界变质岩和碳酸盐岩逐步接受剥蚀,并在白垩纪以后成为盆地沉积物的主要物源。根据风化指数半定量计算的结果,结合前人古气候的研究成果,早-中三叠世该区沉积物风化程度低,推测此时地形高差较大;在晚三叠世至晚侏罗世该区风化程度较高,地形起伏较低;白垩纪是一个转折期,沉积物风化程度由强转变为弱,地形高差在该期也有所增大;古近纪延续了这种趋势。新近纪以后地形高差显著加大,沉积物风化程度明显降低,说明此时南天山的隆升速率和库车坳陷的沉积速率都很快,源区与沉积区的距离很近。     

黄河和长江碎屑物质扩散研究——来自江苏沙脊物源示踪的约束

研究源-汇系统对于理解岩石风化、河流输砂、泥砂沉积以及陆地和海洋沉积过程具有重要意义。我国江苏省东海岸具有丰富的沉积物供应,在某些沿海地段形成了一系列沙脊,是进行沉积物源-汇过程研究的理想沉积记录之一。但目前对其物源区来自哪里还未达成共识。我们利用已发表的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和钾长石Pb同位素数据,结合江苏沙脊及其周缘区域的数据结果,详细厘定江苏沙脊的物源区,并运用蒙特卡罗反演模型定量评估江苏沙脊潜在物源区对其物质贡献率。结果表明江苏沙脊北部的碎屑物质主要受大别山(45%)和鲁中山区(24%)的共同影响;黄河(29%)、古黄河(27%)和长江(25%)的碎屑物质对江苏沙脊中部的物质组成起重要影响。江苏沙脊南部的物源主要来自长江(68%)。江苏沙脊的出现得益于黄河和长江这样的大陆尺度的大河搬运了丰富的碎屑物质到下游,南黄海西海岸的平坦地貌有利于保存这些碎屑物质,末次冰期后东亚陆架海动力过程(潮汐、海浪和沿岸流等)持续对其改造,这体现了河流-海洋在塑造河口-海岸地貌中的交互作用。     

中国东部主要黄土分布区的Sr-Nd同位素物源示踪研究

不同地质背景物质的Sr-Nd同位素组成往往差异巨大,同时Sr-Nd同位素组成在搬运和沉积过程中相对元素组分更 难被改变,因此是物源示踪研究最常用和有效的手段之一。该研究测试了中国东部代表性黄土堆积的Sr-Nd同位素组成, 包括山东半岛、黄河下游沿岸黄土和下蜀黄土,发现与黄土高原黄土的Sr-Nd同位素特征存在明显差异,指示不同的物质 来源。同时发现,中国东部主要黄土分布区的来源物质可能主要来自其附近的干旱区具有近源性。山东半岛及其滨海黄土 主要来自黄泛平原和冰期暴露陆架的黄河沉积物;黄河下游沿岸黄土可能直接来自黄河河漫滩;下蜀黄土的细颗粒组成物 源还没有定论,需要进一步研究。中国东部局部区域黄土的形成可能与中更新世革命以来冰期气候条件下的荒漠化有关。     

青藏高原典型地区沉积物地球化学特征与矿物组成的粒度效应

地表松散沉积物中不同粒级的颗粒蕴含着不同的信息,这种差异与其物质来源、搬运和沉积过程中的分选作用以及沉积后的风化作用等有关。因此,可根据沉积物中不同粒级颗粒地球化学特征与矿物组成的差异,进行沉积物物源追踪或沉积环境重建。选择青藏高原在气候和地貌方面具有典型意义的柴达木盆地、错那湖、雅鲁藏布江流域作为研究区,分别采集了这几个地区的沙丘沙、黄土、湖积物、冲积物、洪积物、残坡积物等地表松散沉积物样品,用干筛法将沉积物样品分为两个部分,粗颗粒部分粒径范围为≥75~500 μm,细颗粒部分粒径<75 μm。对上述粗、细颗粒分别进行稀土与微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素、轻矿物组成的实验室分析测试,并对沉积物中粗、细颗粒的测试结果采用古典多维尺度方法进行相似性分析。结果表明：青藏高原松散沉积物中粗、细颗粒在轻矿物组成、微量和稀土元素含量、稀土特征、元素参数等方面存在差异;细颗粒部分蕴含了更多的环境信息,富含容易受化学风化影响的黏土矿物以及硬度较小、容易被磨蚀的方解石等矿物。在物源示踪中不同气候区的沉积物细颗粒不宜进行直接比较,应根据样品的粒度分布情况优先选择合适的粗颗粒组分进行物源示踪。     

Hydrological indications of aeolian salts in mid-latitude deserts of northwestern China

Large sandy deserts in middle latitude of northwestern China were studied on salt variations in modern and ancient aeolian sediments, aiming to explore their hydrological indications at the present and past. Globally, sulphate is rich in arid to semi-arid deserts, including the aeolian loess sediments in China and soils in low-latitude deserts, but is less common in the aeolian sediments from the mid-latitude deserts in this study. The compositional differences between aeolian salts and local natural waters is evident, indicating the chemistry of aeolian salts and the associated parent brines may be significantly different than that predicted for hydrologically closed systems. The formation of aeolian salts in the studied deserts is strongly controlled by earth surface processes in a large scale but not in a local scale. Vertical changes in facies and salinities are abrupt in the studied palaeo-aeolian sediment samples, which were interbedded by lacustrine/fluvial sediments with OSL and ¹⁴C ages ranging between 40 and 2 ka BP, reflecting rapid high-amplitude changes in hydrological settings during late Pleistocene to later Holocene in these ancient playa systems. A great difference in salt composition between aeolian and lacustrine sediments suggests that the inorganic salt is a latent geoproxy in revealing local hydrological variations and climate change in the desert areas. But the environmental indications could be amphibolous for the sedimentary sequences with dual/multiple depositional end-members; under this situation an increase in sequence salinity does not always represent an enhanced environmental aridity. Ancient playas are arid or humid at the same time based on several sporadic records is not a valid approach to correlation of salt deposits in adjacent saline playa basin in the studied areas. Effects of earth surface processes including erosion, deposition and other processes on sediment properties will bias the hydrological implications of sediment salinity.     

现代河流沉积物碎屑及矿物组分研究新进展

现代河流沉积物忠实地记录了流域盆地内的母岩、风化、搬运和沉积过程中的化学、物理过程以及人类活动的改造作用,是探索和验证源- 汇系统等理论的重要媒介。本文以全球现代河流砂组分数据库为基础,总结了碎屑组分、重矿物组分在不同大陆的分布特征,探讨了其在物源识别、源区贡献率计算、沉积物产生及搬运过程中气候- 构造等影响因素的评估、对源- 汇系统的研究启示等方面的应用。今后建议加强基于大数据的沉积物组分对气候- 构造- 人类活动的响应、沉积物产生及通量、高时间分辨率的沉积物组分变异性、不同物源定量化方法的差异等方面的研究。     

黄土高原风尘沉积的物质来源研究:回顾与展望

黄土高原风尘沉积是青藏高原构造隆升和东亚季风系统共同影响下的产物。由于风尘物质的来源变化,不仅反映了亚洲内陆的干旱化过程,而且同过去大气环流格局变迁关系密切,因而,风尘物质来源的示踪一直是黄土研究的热点问题之一。文章首先回顾黄土来源的示踪方法、黄土物质的可能源区以及黄土物源在构造和轨道时间尺度上的变化特征3个方面取得的研究进展,然后探讨目前物源研究存在的问题及未来的研究展望。     

Geochemical, mineralogical and sedimentological studies on the Taklimakan Desert sands

Major-element composition, mineral composition and grain-size distribution have been studied for Quaternary aeolian sediments from the Taklimakan Desert, north-western China, together with the variation of chemical and mineralogical compositions of different grain-size fractions. Aeolian sediments from the Taklimakan Desert have higher ratios of feldspar/quartz and calcite/quartz, finer grain size, poorer roundness of quartz and feldspar grains and lower abundances of frosted quartz, than found in aeolian sediments from other deserts such as the Saudi Arabian Desert. In spite of these immature mineralogical and sedimentological features, the aeolian sediments from the Taklimakan Desert show low regional variations in major-element and mineral compositions and are homogenized. These observations confirm that two processes, glacial activity within surrounding mountains and aeolian activity at the Tarim Basin, are important in the homogenization of the Taklimakan Desert sands. Taklimakan Desert sediments are constantly and effectively supplied from basement rocks in the surrounding mountains by glacial erosion. The supplied sediments are further homogenized by aeolian activity in the desert and are partly blown away, serving as the source of Chinese aeolian loess. Compositional differences are observed between loess (mainly 10–40 μm particles) and the <45 μm fraction of the Taklimakan Desert sediments, as well as between loess and whole rock of the Taklimakan Desert sediments. These observations provide constraints for precise modelling of loess formation, and for assessment of the chemical composition of the upper continental crust based on the chemical composition of aeolian loess.     

Geochemical and isotopic studies of aeolian sediments in China

The Sr and Nd isotopic, rare earth element (REE) and major element compositions, together with mineral and grain‐size proportions, are reported for aeolian loess deposits and desert sands from several Chinese localities. The study was carried out in order to examine regional variations in the isotopic and geochemical features of these aeolian sediments, and to constrain the provenance of Chinese loess. Samples include loesses from the Tarim and Junggar basins and desert sands from the Taklimakan desert in north‐west China, loess from the Ordos area and desert sands from the Tengger and Mu‐us deserts in north‐central China, as well as loess and desert sands from the Naiman area, north‐east China. REE distributions show minimal variation among the Chinese loess deposits, whereas those for the desert sands show regional variations. New isotopic data document a latitudinal variation in Sr and Nd isotopic features for the loesses and desert sands. The Naiman and Junggar loesses have distinctly lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and higher ε_Nd(0) values than the loesses from the Tarim Basin, the Ordos area and the Loess Plateau. Among the desert sands, the Naiman samples have higher ε_Nd(0) values than the Taklimakan, Tengger and Mu‐us samples. Isotopic data suggest that loesses of the Loess Plateau were supplied from the Tarim Basin loesses and Taklimakan Desert sand, and that the Naiman loesses were supplied from the Junggar Basin loesses. The latitudinal variation in the loesses and desert sands may be partly explained by isotopic variations reported previously for moraines from the Tianshan and west Kunlun Mountains, which are possible sources for the loesses and desert sands. These inferences on the provenance of the loesses and desert sands are consistent with the dust transport pattern over East Asia.     

Petrography and Geochemistry of the Upper Triassic Sandstones from the Western Ordos Basin,NW China: Provenance and Tectonic Implications

Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Triassic sandstones in the western Ordos Basin were studied to provide insight into weathering characteristics, provenance, and tectonic implications. Petrographic features show that the sandstones are characterized by low-medium compositional maturity and textural maturity. The CIA and CIW values reveal weak and moderate weathering history in the source area. The geochemical characteristics together with palaeocurrent data show that the northwestern sediments were mainly derived from the Alxa Block with a typical recycled nature, while the provenance of the western and southwestern sediments were mainly from the Qinling-Qilian Orogenic Belt. The tectonic setting discrimination diagrams signify that the parent rocks of sandstones in the western and southern Ordos Basin were mainly developed from continental island arc, which is closely related to the evolution of the Qinling-Qilian Orogenic Belt. However, the sandstones in the northwestern Ordos Basin show complex features, which may be resulted from a typical recycling process. Overall evidence from petrography, geochemistry and sedimentology, together with previous researches suggest the Kongtongshan and Helanshan areas were the southwestern and northwestern boundary of the Ordos Basin, respectively, and there was no clear boundary between the Hexi Corridor Belt and Ordos Basin, where a large, uniform sediment dispersal system developed during the Late Triassic.     

Aeolian Deposits in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin,Southern Tibetan Plateau: A Brief Review

The Yarlung Zangbo River is located in the southern Tibetan Plateau. Loess since the geological history and modern aeolian sand dunes are widely developed in the basin, bearing rich information on the aeolian processes and environmental evolution. In this work, we reviewed the main research progress of aeolian deposits in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin in recent years, and discussed the distribution characteristics, accumulation age, sediment characteristics and provenance and the possible formation mechanism of aeolian deposits and the history of aeolian activity. The results show that loess is mainly developed on the river’s terraces and some of the hilltops, and mostly formed since the last glacial maximum and mainly developed since Marine Isotope Stage 1 (about 14 ka BP), while aeolian sand deposit is mainly developed in the river’s wide valley, with relatively short accumulation time. The sediment particles mainly underwent mechanical transport and physical weathering, but chemical weathering was weak. Although the physical and chemical properties of sediments show some spatial changes, there still exist obvious local characteristics, which are closely related to the nearby surface sediments. Under the background of aeolian source, the local-source genesis of loess is generally recognized. The surface loose material at the bottom of valley is main material source of aeolian deposits. The evolution of aeolian activity is relatively complex. In addition to the regional climate change, the local environment is also an important factor affecting the aeolian activity and its regional difference. Based on the previous studies, we suggest that the systematic study on the physical and chemical properties of aeolian sediments, climate change since the Holocene and the impact of dust emission on human living environment should be strengthened in the future research.