新疆塔城盆地地下水中铁锰分布特征及人类活动的影响

以新疆塔城盆地80组地下水样品水化学组分测试结果为依据,结合区域地质、水文地质调查资料,研究塔城盆地地下水中铁、锰分布特征及其成因。结果表明,研究区浅层地下水中铁、锰浓度总体较低,局部超标,其空间分布特征基本一致。对比2017年发布的地下水质量标准,地下水中铁、锰超标率依次为25%和5%,深层承压水铁、锰含量均未超标。地下水中铁锰离子浓度受原生地质环境所控,同时叠加人类活动影响,城镇周边人口密集区尤其是排污沟渠附近地下水中耗氧量、溶解性总固体、铁、锰含量明显升高。地下水中铁锰超标连片区域呈条带状或斑块状分布于塔城盆地北部山区、中部冲积平原区以及南部低山丘陵区的铜钼成矿带,受人类活动影响,在塔城市、额敏县及其周边的地表水和地下水重污染区分布有地下水铁、锰重污染点,污染物特别是有机污染物排放所引起的还原环境促使地层中难溶的铁锰矿物的溶解释放。地层中,尤其是矿床及周边地层中高含量的铁锰是地下水中铁锰的重要来源,沉积层中富含丰富的有机质同时叠加人类活动输入所形成的还原条件是研究区地下水中铁、锰迁移和富集的主控因素。     

江汉平原东北部地区高铁锰地下水成因与分布规律

肖港地区位于江汉平原东北部,属于大别山连片贫困区和贫水区,地下水资源较贫乏,且地下水水质不佳,水中铁锰离子含量普遍超过了国家饮用水标准。为查明高铁锰地下水成因及空间分布规律,服务区内地下水开发利用及安全供水问题,系统采集区内岩石、土壤和地下水样品,测试岩土与地下水中铁锰的含量,分析地下水中铁锰含量与含水层沉积物的铁锰含量、地下水的氧化还原条件和酸碱度之间的关系。结果表明:江汉平原东北部地区地下水中铁锰超标现象普遍存在,其中锰的超标率大于铁,第四系孔隙潜水超标最严重,铁锰最大浓度分别达到44.88 mg/L和19.21 mg/L。研究区岩土中铁锰氧化物为地下水中铁锰提供了物质来源,弱酸性、强还原环境为沉积物中铁锰的溶解释放提供了有利条件,总体上从研究区东西两侧（补给、径流区）向中部第四系孔隙潜水含水层（排泄区）,沿地下水流向Eh值、pH值逐渐减小,铁锰含量逐渐增大,形成北北东向带状分布的高铁锰地下水区。     

汉江下游河水-地下水侧向交互带中溶解态锰的分布特征

江汉平原浅层地下水中锰含量普遍较高,探究锰在河流交互带中的分布特征有助于认识交互带中锰的生物地球化学过程,对水质的保护具有重要指导意义.通过监测汉江下游侧向交互带河水、地下水中溶解态锰含量及其相关指标,分析不同河水-地下水交互作用方向下溶解态锰的时空分布规律,并探讨其成因.结果表明:研究区侧向交互带中靠近河岸带区域存在溶解态锰的富集,且在有局部反向流的地方锰含量较高;该局部富集的现象在河水补给地下水的交互带中更加明显;泄洪后该富集区域随水流方向发生迁移;研究区地下水中锰的含量与HCO₃-、Ca2+、Mg2+呈极显著正相关,与NO₃-、Fe2+显著负相关,但与交互带地下水中Eh和pH不相关.交互带溶解态锰的时空分布受地形条件、水动力和水化学的共同影响.      

甘肃省苏干湖盆地地下水质量评价

通过调查苏干湖盆地地下水中的铁、锰、碘、氟、pH、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、溶解性总固体和总硬度等离子含量,分析了地下水中铁、锰等含量的空间分布,并对地下水质量进行评价。结果表明:苏干湖盆地地下水中铁、锰、碘等均无超标;氟、pH仅有一个点位于较适宜区;"三氮"(NO_3-、NO_2-、NH+4)分布图相似,且呈点污染特征;自东向西,溶解性总固体和总硬度有增大趋势;可以直接饮用(Ⅰ—Ⅲ类水)的地下水资源占71.4%、经处理可饮用(Ⅳ类水)地下水资源占24.4%、不能直接饮用地下水资源(Ⅴ类水)占3.3%。     

珠江三角洲地区地下水锰的分布特征及其成因

为了解珠江三角洲地区地下水中锰的含量及其成因,笔者采集并分析了352组地下水样和13组地表水样。结果表明:珠江三角洲地区地下水的锰含量在未检出至8.32mg/L之间,平均浓度为0.34mg/L,超标率达49.4%。在该区9个地级市范围都存在地下水锰超标现象。区内地下水的锰含量与总溶解固体(TDS)、化学需氧量(COD)以及HCO3ˉ都呈极显著的正相关关系,而与Eh呈极显著的负相关关系。珠江三角洲地区地下水中锰含量的分布与该地区的工业化程度以及所处的补、径、排条件密切相关。影响该地区地下水锰含量分布的因素主要有氧化还原环境、酸碱条件、地下水的总溶解固体、上覆盖层性质、地下水径流条件以及含水层介质等。     

淮北市地下水中铁、锰、氟原生环境下超标问题

淮北市地下水中铁、锰、氟含量存在超过《地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848—2017)中Ⅲ类水标准的问题.铁、锰、氟含量具有空间分布的相关性,受控于水文地质条件,属于原生环境自然异常,可以通过加快地下水循环进行改善或采用生物、物理方法进行处理.     

珠海西部海岸带地下水锰的分布与成因

珠海西部海岸是珠江三角洲地区主要组成部分,环境污染问题严重,通过开展水工环地质调查工作,对地下水水质资料进行分析。结果表明:平原区地下水锰含量普遍较高,为0.155~48.800 mg/L,平均含量为11.359 mg/L;而丘陵区地下水锰含量相对较低,为0.000 3~0.309 mg/L,平均含量为0.0433 mg/L,仅少量锰含量高点位于珠海市香洲区和斗门区的丘陵、台地边缘的地下水系统径流区或排泄区,地下水锰含量分布与所处区域补、径、排条件关系密切。平原区高锰含量的地下水主要为原生环境形成的,后期人类活动影响地下水的锰含量;地下水锰的迁移和富集受多因素控制,包括氧化还原条件、含水层介质与上覆土层性质、咸水区的"盐"效应、酸碱条件、地下水径流条件和环境污染等;该区地下水锰含量与矿化度、COD和氨离子呈显著的正相关关系,而与p H值呈较明显的负相关关系。     

江汉平原东北部浅层高铁锰地下水环境特征

铁、锰元素是影响江汉平原东北部浅层地下水质量的主要因素。为了查明该地区地下水中铁锰的分布特征及地下水环境特征,选择典型研究区,采集了13件地下水样品,测试了地下水中铁锰的含量以及酸碱度、矿化度和氧化还原条件,分析了上述条件对铁锰含量的影响,并与江汉平原腹地高铁锰地下水环境进行对比。结果表明,本研究区地下水以HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Ca·Mg型为主,高铁锰水主要分布于研究区东部和南部沿江地带,与江汉平原腹地地下水化学类型一致,铁锰的含量相对偏低。研究区上部土层中铁锰的氧化物为地下水中的铁锰提供了丰富的来源,地下水的酸碱度、矿化度和氧化还原环境是影响铁锰迁移的主要因素。研究区高铁锰地下水多呈弱酸性,矿化度较高,地下水中铁锰的含量与溶解氧具弱负相关,与氨氮具强烈正相关,表明相对还原的环境有利于铁锰释放到地下水中,江汉平原腹地处于更加还原的环境,是地下水中铁锰高于本研究区的主要原因。     

德州市地下水锰含量的分布特征及成因分析

德州市位于华北平原东南部,属于典型黄河下游冲击平原空隙水文单元,具有咸淡两种水体共存的水环境特征,针对德州市浅层地下水和深层地下水锰含量的分布特征分析,表明含水层介质及上覆盖层性质、酸碱条件、氯离子含量和氧化还原环境是造成该地区地下水锰含量分布特点的主要因素,而人类活动对该市地下水赋存状况扰动,水质发生变化,使深层地下水中Mn~(2+)含量普遍较低。     

苏锡常地区浅层地下水铁锰离子分布规律及成因分析

苏锡常地区浅层地下水资源较为丰富,但水中铁、锰离子含量一直较高.本文在总结现有水质资料的基础上,结合野外现场Eh测试、矿物及土壤的化学成分等成果,对浅层地下水中铁、锰离子的分布规律及其影响因素进行了研究,认为含水介质及土壤的化学成分、地下水系统中的氧化还原环境是造成该区浅层地下水中铁、锰离子含量较高的原因.在此基础上提出：加大开采力度,改善浅层地下水的循环交替速度有利于浅层地下水水质的改良.     

Palaeogeography of radiolarite and organic-rich deposits in Mesozoic Tethys

Siliceous and marine organic-rich deposits are sometimes associated, sometimes separate in space and time; however, both are generally accepted to be the result of high planktonic productivity. Among the siliceous marine deposits, the phtanite family facies is distinguished from the radiolarite family facies by several characteristics: They contain organic material and as a result are blackish (vs red/green for radiolarite facies), their time of deposition corresponds with strong faunal modifications and they are deposited generally in shallower environments. A palaeogeographic analysis of locations of Tethyan biosiliceous and marine organic-rich rocks, both resulting from a high planktonic palaeoproductivity, for three Mesozoic high sea-level intervals, Toarcian, Kimmeridgian and Cenomanian, show: (a) during Jurassic times these Tethyan deposits were dissociated, the siliceous deposits being closer to open ocean waters than the organic-rich ones. This is a common disposition in modern upwelling systems and suggests a common process; (b) during Cretaceous times these Tethyan deposits were often associated, i.e. both occur at the same site, and are probably the result of a different process from that in the Jurassic.     

Comparison of rates and degrees of isoleucine epimerization in dipeptides and tripeptides

The degrees and rates of isoleucine epimerization in heating experiments with pure di- and tripeptides are dependent on: (1) the position of isoleucine in the peptide chain; (2) the formation from dipeptides of diketopiperazines, cyclic intermediates that are in equilbrium with, and hydrolyze to, both the parent and inverted dipeptides as follows: NH₂-terminal?diketopiperazine?COOH-terminal. The results of heating experiments show that isoleucine residues in diketopiperazine are the most highly epimerized form in both di- and tripeptide solutions. NH₂-terminal isoleucine also undergoes relatively rapid epimerization, while the rates of epimerization of COOH-terminal and free isoleucine are much slower. Through hydrolysis reactions, high degrees of isoleucine epimerization are transferred to slower epimerizing species. Consequently, the relative rate of isoleucine epimerization in the various positions differs from the relative degree of epimerization.The relative rates of isoleucine epimerization are: NH₂ ? diketopiperazine ? COOH ≈ interior ≈ free, while the relative degrees of isoleucine epimerization are: diketopiperazine > NH₂ > COOH ? interior. The high degree of epimerization exhibited by COOH-terminal isoleucine in fossil dipeptides is due to prior preferential epimerization in diketopiperazine. The high degree of epimerization of free isoleucine in carbonate fossils is due to the hydrolysis of highly epimerized terminal isoleucine. These results are applicable to peptides both in fossil shells and in aqueous solutions and form the basis for a revised model of isoleucine epimerization in fossil shells.     

CHIM-geoelectrochemical method in search of concealed mineralisation in China and Australia

A version of the geoelectrochemical prospecting technique developed in China was demonstrated in China and Australia to test its suitability under both Chinese and Australian conditions. This paper briefly describes the mechanism and effectiveness of the technique applied to search of concealed mineralisation through regolith cover, based on both experimental and field tests. This paer deals with three main aspects of the method： a） how metallic ions are released from orebodies by electrochemical dissolution; b） how these ions migrate to the collector and are deposited as elements by electrochemical extraction in the presence of an electric field; and c） the effectiveness of the method illustrated by some case studies.     

Effects of intrusions on grades and contents of gold and other metals in volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits

The reason some VMS deposits contain more gold or other metals than others might be due to the influence of intrusions. A new approach examining this possibility is based on examining the information about many VMS deposits to test statistically if those with associated intrusions have significantly different grades or amounts of metals. A set of 632 VMS deposits with reported grades, tonnages, and information about the observed presence or absence of subvolcanic or plutonic intrusive bodies emplaced at or after VMS mineralization is statistically analyzed.Deposits with syn-mineralization or post-mineralization intrusions nearby have higher tonnages than deposits without reported intrusions, but the differences are not statistically significant. When both kinds of intrusions are reported, VMS deposit sizes are significantly higher than in the deposits without any intrusions. Gold, silver, zinc, lead, and copper average grades are not significantly different in the VMS deposits with nearby intrusions compared to deposits without regardless of relative age of intrusive. Only zinc and copper contents are significantly higher in VMS deposits with both kinds of intrusive reported. These differences in overall metal content are due to significantly larger deposit sizes of VMS deposits where both intrusive kinds are observed and reported, rather than any difference in metal grades.     

中外低煤阶盆地煤层气成藏及资源开发潜力对比分析——以中国吐哈盆地和保德河盆地为例

从吐哈盆地和保德河盆地的沉积、地层、成煤、构造等背景出发,结合两盆地煤层气勘探所取得的煤储层资料,对比分析了低煤阶盆地煤层气成藏及资源开发潜力。分析表明,吐哈盆地和保德河盆地虽然分属于不同的大地构造单元,盆地演化不同,但其含煤性相似,特别是同属低变质的褐煤—亚烟煤类,含煤性较好,沉积、水文地质条件近似,因而盆地煤层气成藏具有一定的可比性。美国保德河等低变质煤盆地煤层气商业性开发成功的事实说明,对于低变质煤盆地,即使气含量较低,但只要成藏条件合适,其仍然具有煤层气资源开发潜力      

Pesticides in export and domestic agriculture: Reconsidering market orientation and pesticide use in Costa Rica

The environmental impact of agro-export production in developing countries remains an important research topic. The political economy-inspired literature on developing country agro-exports maintains that export crops are pesticide intensive – or, more generally, environmentally destructive – while local and national market crops are less pesticide intensive, or environmentally benign. If used to draw conclusions about the impact of national market versus export market expansion, this view has significant limitations, most importantly the comparison of high-commodity value export crops with low-commodity value crops for national market. To overcome this and other limitations of prior analyses, this paper addresses the question: how does market orientation influence pesticide intensity where the same crops are grown for both the national market and for export? Data from a survey of Costa Rican vegetable farmers are used to compare pesticide intensity of 27 vegetable crops, five of which are produced for both national and export markets. The general pattern that emerges is that national market vegetables are more pesticide intensive than export vegetables in the area. Yet, controlling more for the crop variable is important, and specific comparisons of the five vegetables grown for both markets – carrot, chayote, corn, green beans, and squash – illustrate that market orientation alone does not determine pesticide intensity, but that it is jointly influenced by regulatory risk, crop value, and pest susceptibility, among other factors. Continued attention to both political economy and ecological processes in “second nature” will allow political ecology to make important contributions to understanding pesticide problems and implementing agroecological solutions.     

东营凹陷博兴洼陷沙四上亚段滩坝优质储层形成机理与分布特征

综合运用岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、岩石物性测试以及试油结果等分析方法,对东营凹陷博兴洼陷沙四上亚段滩坝中深部储层基本特征进行了研究。结果表明：滩坝中深部储层主要为低孔低渗储层,储集空间表现为原生孔隙和次生孔隙并存发育;研究区优质储层的形成机理主要有沉积作用、地层超压、油气充注、酸性溶蚀和绿泥石颗粒包壳;坝主体和滩脊距泥岩层较远部位储层分选好,抗压实能力强,由于酸性溶解对储层的改造以及油气充注对胶结作用的抑制,中深层仍发育大量原生孔隙和次生孔隙,储层物性较好,并在异常超压和绿泥石颗粒包壳的保护下保存至今并成为有效优质储层;坝主体和滩脊距泥岩层较近部位储层,由于早期强烈的碳酸盐胶结作用并形成致密胶结壳,导致现今储层物性极差,主要发育无效储层;坝侧缘以及滩席储层原始沉积条件差,杂基含量高,在埋藏过程中以压实作用和泥质碳酸盐胶结作用为主,溶解作用微弱,现今物性差,从浅层到深层基本全为无效储层。博兴洼陷沙四上亚段滩坝优质储层主要分布在厚层坝主体和滩脊砂体的中部位置。     

Analytical and numerical investigation of uniqueness and localization in saturated porous media

This paper presents first the applications of uniqueness and strain localization analysis of saturated porous media, where localization of deformation into well defined narrow zones in a saturated porous medium is studied in terms of discontinuous bifurcation theory. A generalized plasticity constitutive model and a Mohr–Coulomb model are used in both the theoretical and numerical analyses of shear band formations. The critical hardening moduli and shear band angle for localization are computed, and quantitative results are given for both constitutive models. Numerical results previously obtained and new ones are confirmed by this analytical and numerical investigation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国极端降水事件的区域性和持续性研究

利用中国542个站1960-2003年逐日降水资料,分析中国极端降水事件的区域性和持续性,研究发现:滇西藏东一带极端降水的持续性较好,但该地区极端降水的区域性较差;长江以南地区夏季极端降水的区域性与持续性均较好,容易导致区域性洪涝灾害的发生;东南沿海冬季极端降水的区域性与持续性均较好,易形成成片且持续时间在3d或3d以上的极端(较强)降水事件;黄河中下游秋季极端降水的区域性与持续性均较好,该地区秋季发生洪涝的可能性较大;除新疆以外,东北、华北以及西北等大部分北方地区极端降水的持续性以及区域性均较差。     

淤泥质河口水沙运动数学模型相关问题

为研究淤泥质河口的水沙运动规律,建立了用于模拟淤泥质河口水沙运动的二维数学模型。该模型采用基于无结构三角网格下的有限体积法对方程组进行离散,结合Roe-MUSCL方法及时间方向的预测-校正格式,使模型在时空方向具有二阶计算精度。模型中分别采用不同方法计算粘性和非粘性泥沙的输移源项,并引入粘性泥沙的起动流速和冲刷率计算公式。采用已有的概化水槽试验数据对模型进行了初步验证。然后模拟了1995年10月小潮及大潮期间海河口的潮流运动与泥沙输移过程,计算得到的潮位、潮流速及含沙量过程与实测过程符合较好,结果表明模型能够用来模拟淤泥质河口粘性和非粘性泥沙的不平衡输移过程。同时还比较了泥沙输移源项的不同处理方式对计算结果的影响,计算表明在淤泥质河口水沙运动数学模型中必须同时考虑粘性和非粘性泥沙的输移。