云南某地基性岩岩石学上的一些问题

地质概述本文所述地区位于云南东南部,是华南地台上的一个凹陷带。区内泥盆系、石炭系、二迭系、三迭系、第三系及第四系均甚发育,塞武、奥陶系只在南部稍有出露。各系的特点均为由碎屑沉积(砂质页岩、页岩)渐渐过渡为纯化学沉积(石灰岩夹燧石透镜体或团块)。总厚度不超过3,500米。岩层褶曲平缓而开阔。区内大断裂甚多,较著者一为南北向,长30余公里;一为北西向,与前者约成45°角。     

永进地区清水河1砂组地震沉积微相研究

正永进油田构造上位于准噶尔盆地中央坳陷昌吉凹陷西段,北邻马桥凸起,区块南部临近山前构造带,西部为车排子凸起南端,为胜利西部发现的深层超低渗透油藏,其地层从石炭系-第四系均有发育,主要目的层系为侏罗系西山窑组和白垩系清水河组(朱允辉, 2008;贺振建, 2009;修金磊等,2015)。由于永进油田工区沉积体系具有多物源、     

内蒙狼山—色尔腾山山前活动断裂古地震事件识别及同震垂直位移

一、前言狼山—色尔腾山山前活动断裂位于鄂尔多斯高原北部河套盆地西北缘,它与大青山山前活动断裂、乌拉山山前活动断裂共同组成河套断陷北缘断裂系(图1)。狼山—色尔腾山山前活动断裂由北东向狼山山前断裂及近东西向色尔腾山山前断裂组成,分别长约160km和150km,组成河套断陷内临河凹陷的西北部边界。据石油物探资料,临河凹陷内第四系厚2400m,表明临河凹陷第四纪时期的沉积速率达到1mm/a。1994年及1995年     

辽东湾盆地扇三角洲与近岸水下扇特征对比

<正>辽东湾坳陷位于渤海东北部海域,为渤海湾盆地一个次级构造单元,是下辽河坳陷在海域的延伸部分。郯庐断裂新生代右行走滑运动控制了该区NE走向"三凹两凸"的构造格局。自西向东可划分为辽西凹陷、辽西凸起、辽中凹陷、辽东凸起、辽东凹陷(徐长贵,2009)。前人对辽东湾坳陷构造演化及沉积充填特征等方面的深入研究认为,自下而上可划分为古近系、新近系,在新生代经历了古近系裂陷和新近系-第四系后裂陷两个阶段。其中,古近系构造演化可划分为三个阶段:即古新统-始新统     

东海陆架盆地丽水凹陷丽水36-1构造上古新统物源分析

丽水36-1构造位于东海陆架盆地(台北坳陷)丽水西次凹的中东部，该凹陷属新生代断陷型盆地，呈北东向展布，上古新统灵峰组和明月峰组是主要目的层段。根据该构造已钻3口井进行系统沉积学和测井相研究，上古新统物源主要来自凹陷西部的闽浙隆起带和中部的灵峰凸起带，可能还有北部的雁荡凸起带。不同的物源区通过断层的活动和海平面的升降等控制着沉积体系的发育和展布。在凹陷下陷兴盛和海平面快速上升期，灵峰凸起带物源经过边缘大断层在其西侧形成扇三角洲，进一步向凹陷中心推进形成深水浊积扇和浅海沉积；闽浙隆起带物源可能沿着不同的入口在凹陷西斜坡形成扇三角洲，它们也可进一步向凹陷深处推进形成深水浊积扇体。根据油气聚集规律和物源分析，形成于凹陷深水区的浊积扇沉积和斜坡带的扇三角洲前缘沉积，具有良好的生储盖组合，是有利的勘探目标。     

渤海海域庙西凹陷古近纪沙三段 沉积期原盆面貌恢复

庙西凹陷位于渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷的东南部,是渤海海域近期勘探的热点地区和潜在富烃凹陷之一。由于该地区处于郯庐断裂带穿越部位,新生代以来构造改造较为强烈,致使对其主要生烃层段古近纪沙三段沉积期的原始面貌认识不清,从而给油气勘探和资源潜力评价造成困难。本文遵循改造型盆地的研究思路,在70余条地震剖面、多口钻井资料以及样品裂变径迹分析等基础上,恢复了该凹陷沙三段沉积期的原始面貌。研究表明,庙西凹陷东部在始新世末及其后遭受过较强烈的剥蚀改造,造成凹陷东部约1/4的原始沉积地层剥蚀无存;庙西北凸起和南凸起为沙三期同沉积断块,在沙三段沉积期向庙西凹陷提供物源;庙西凹陷西北部与渤东凹陷相通,西南部与黄河口、莱州湾凹陷连通。从沙三段烃源岩的原始沉积规模和勘探实践看,该凹陷具有良好的资源潜力。     

山东滩海地区下第三系生物地层与沉积环境初探

<正> 山东滩海地区位于胜利油气区东部沿海一带,自北向南依次为埕北凹陷、埕子口凸起及沾化凹陷东部的桩西、五号桩和孤东等地(图1)。多年来的石油地质勘探表明本区下第三系构造单元复杂,沉积类型多样,地层的超覆、剥失现象普遍,为地层油气藏     

海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷南屯组构造坡折带类型及其对砂体和油气的控制

呼和湖凹陷为“东断西超”的箕状断陷,断陷期广泛发育的构造坡折带对砂体及油气的富集起到重要的控制作用,对其研究将对该区的下步勘探具有重要意义。根据断裂发育特征及平面、剖面组合样式,在该凹陷识别出多种同沉积断裂组合样式,主要包括平行断阶状、帚状、叉状、断接型等断裂体系,造就湖盆复杂多变的构造古地貌及断裂坡折体系,严格控制着凹陷内砂体分散体系的沉积和堆积模式。按照所发育的断裂坡折带分布位置,分别阐述了断控陡坡型坡折带、缓坡断阶型坡折带、洼槽边缘型坡折带三种构造坡折带对沉积充填及沉积体系的控制作用。结合勘探实践探讨了同沉积断裂坡折带控制的砂体与油气藏富集的关系,指出洼槽边缘断裂坡折带是最为有利的勘探部位。     

智利南部第三纪盆地热历史

安第斯山是活动大陆边缘的典型例子。第三纪时在东部发育了硅铝质的岩浆弧,向西形成弧前带。在弧前台地上雏形裂谷系统形成了一个长条状的凹陷。这个南北向的长条状凹陷被含有探明重要煤炭资源(亚烟煤,A型)的陆源沉积充填,后来被至少180m厚的海侵相沉积掩盖。向东这些序列变为与弧派生的火山和火山碎屑物质呈指状穿插。第三系的岩石被不同厚度(0～1100m)的第四系沉积所覆盖。     

洞庭盆地澧县凹陷第四纪沉积特征与古地理演化

澧县凹陷内第四系厚度达200m左右,由早更新世-中更新世中期沉积和全新统组成。早更新世-中更新世中期沉积除顶部为粘土外,主体为砾石层,在凹陷中央夹粉砂、细砂和少量粘土。全新统分布于凹陷南部,为湖冲积粘土。早更新世澧县凹陷区断陷沉降,于河道和冲积扇环境下接受沉积;中更新世凹陷逐渐扩张,沉积范围扩展至凹陷外缘,凹陷主体部位自边缘向中央依次为冲积扇和扇前浅湖环境。中更新世中后期因盆地扩张,自凹陷中央至边缘地带均为静水湖泊环境。中更新世晚期至晚更新世,凹陷及周缘因构造抬升而遭受剥蚀而缺失沉积。全新世凹陷南部受澧水及区域湖面上升影响而发育湖冲积沉积。     

湖南第四纪地层划分及其下限

根据第四纪沉积物特征、孢粉组合、古脊椎动物、古地磁等有关资料，将湖南省区内第四系地层自老至新划分为：泪罗组、新开铺组、陈家咀组、白沙井组、马王堆组、白水江组、丁蜀组及水陆洲组等。原划为早更新世湖仙山组或伍家峪组均为上新世乃至中新世地层，并确定其第四纪下限为２５ＭａＢ．Ｐ．     

东海陆架第四纪地层层序的初步研究

根据我局在东海陆架所获得的区域海洋地质和工程地质调查资料,对已有的第四纪地质孔进行统一的第四纪地层划分和对比,建立了东海陆架第四纪地层层序。将第四系四分,从老到新依次为下更新统西湖组、中更新统金鸡山组、上更新统西泠组、全新统海礁组或下全新统鸡骨礁组、中全新统大戟山组、上全新统嵊泗组。     

洞庭盆地两护村孔孢粉组合及其气候与地层意义

两护村ZKC1孔位于洞庭盆地安乡凹陷的东南部,孔内第四系(底部跨上新世)厚达294 m,为河流和湖泊沉积,自下而上依次为上新世—早更新世华田组、早更新世汨罗组、中更新世洞庭湖组、晚更新世坡头组以及全新统等。对ZKC1孔第四系进行了详细的孢粉分析,自下而上划分出16个孢粉组合带。ESR年龄和孢粉组合及其反映的气候特征指示华田组下段形成于上新世末。根据孢粉组合特征,结合构造—沉积演化和区域气候背景,重塑洞庭盆地上新世末以来的气候演化过程:上新世末期由孢粉带Ⅰ和Ⅱ指示具暖干气候。早更新世经历了凉干(孢粉带Ⅲ、Ⅳ)→暖湿间凉干(孢粉带Ⅴ～Ⅶ)→冷干间温湿(孢粉带Ⅷ～Ⅹ)→暖较湿(孢粉带Ⅺ,Ⅻ)的气候演变过程。中更新世早期无孢粉样品(洞庭湖组下部砾石层),其沉积环境暗示冷干气候条件;中期由孢粉带ⅩⅢ反映出暖稍湿的气候特征;晚期因构造抬升缺失沉积,同期湿热化事件指示暖湿气候。晚更新世早期缺乏沉积,据区域对比应为寒冷气候;中期由孢粉带ⅩⅣ指示温较湿的气候特征;晚期缺失沉积,系寒冷气候下区域海平面下降所致。全新世经历了暖稍湿(孢粉带ⅩⅤ)→暖稍干(孢粉带ⅩⅥ)的演变。上述气候演变过程与ZKC1孔化学蚀变指数曲线反映的气候演变过程以及中国东部第四纪气候演化基本吻合。以孔深140 m为界,上部孢粉数量显著高于下部,种属也更为丰富。这一变化很可能对应于一次重要的地质事件,其成因有待今后深入研究。     

中国第四纪地层

本文综述了中国第四纪沉积类型及第四系的划分,并与国际第四系划分进行了对比。指出中国第四纪沉积物分布广泛,种类繁多,以陆相沉积为主。按其成因主要有风成黄土堆积、河一湖相沉积、冲一洪积堆积、冰川沉积、洞穴堆积、风化壳残积（红土）、火山堆积和海相沉积等。各种沉积物都有很好的剖面,尤其是黄土和河一湖相沉积更为连续完整。按中国第四纪地层发育的实际情况,第四系的底界应置于松山一高斯极性转换界线（Ｍ／Ｇ,２．６ＭａＢ,Ｐ,）;第四系内部划分为更新统（Ｑ_ｐ）和１４新统（Ｑ_ｈ）,界线在１１０００ａＢ,Ｐ,。更新统进一步划分为下、中和上３个阶(Ｑ_ｐ１, Ｑ_ｐ２, Ｑ_ｐ３), Ｑ_ｐ２／Ｑ_ｐ１的界线为布容一松山极性转换界线（Ｂ／Ｍ; ０．７８ＭａＢ,Ｐ,）;Ｑ₍ｐ３_／Ｑ_ｐ２的界线为本次间冰期的起始时间（０．１２８ＭａＢ,Ｐ,）。     

New evidence for the age of the Gubik Formation Alaskan North Slope

At several Alaskan North Slope localities south of the shore of the Arctic Ocean the Gubik Formation, herein regarded as latest Pliocene and Pleistocene in age, contains a marine unit at its base. Near Ocean Point and near Teshekpuk Lake this basal unit, or the lowest exposed marine unit, of the Gubik contains unusual, relatively warm-water marine mammals. Although these mammals have poorly known fossil histories, consideration of what is known suggests that the basal marine unit near Ocean Point is of latest Pliocene age, between 2.2 and 1.7 my old, and that the marine unit near Teshekpuk Lake is probably late Pleistocene, most likely correlating with the Sangamon Interglaciation and about 120,000 yr old.     

山西榆社楼则峪组和张村组的地质时代

<正> 笔者和黄宝玉、郭书元在山西榆社泥河和张村剖面采集了多门类化石,据腹足类动物群性质,对楼则峪组和张村组的地质时代提出看法。 楼则峪组:山西省地层表编写组(1979)在楼则峪组中所列的脊椎动物有维拉弗期(Villafranchian)的三门马Equus sammeniensis,山西轴鹿Axis shanius,步氏大角鹿Eucladoceras boulei,平额原齿象Archidiskodon planifrons。这次采集的孢粉经分析后,唐领余(1991)认为楼则峪组是亚热带成分完全消失,植物群的面貌呈现荒漠、荒漠草     

Sequence stratigraphic evolution of The post-rift MEGASEQUENCE in The northern part of The Nile Delta basin,Egypt

The stratigraphic succession of the subsurface Pliocene-Quaternary post-rift megasequence in the north-central part of the Nile Delta includes the rock units; Kafr El-Sheikh Formation (Early-Middle Pliocene), El- Wastani Formation (Late Pliocene), Mit-Ghamr and Bilqas formations (Quaternary). These rock units were analyzed according to the sequence stratigraphic principles to construct their stratigraphic architecture and discuss the depositional events influencing their evolution. Accordingly, seven 3rd order depositional sequences were encountered, of which six 3rd order seismic depositional sequences (sequences 1–6) are found in the Early–Middle Pliocene Kafr El-Sheikh Formation, whereas sequence-7 includes the Quaternary rock units. Sequences 1 and 7 were further subdivided, on the basis of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy into 8 and 11 4th order subsequences respectively. The results of the sequence stratigraphic analyses suggested that the depositional evolution of the examined Pliocene-Quaternary megasequence represents a complete prograding depositional phase during the Nile Delta history. The lower part of Kafr El-Sheikh Formation (sequences 1, 2, 3 and 4) was deposited as a thick outer marine shelf succession over which the younger rock units were deposited. However, the depositional sequences 5 & 6 of Kafr El-Sheikh Formation and the lower parts of El-Wastani Formations may indicate a deposition within active prograding prodelta sub-aqueous deltaic-subenvironments. The upper parts of El-Wastani Formation were deposited as a constructive delta-front pushing its way northward. The Pleistocene Mit-Ghamr Formation was evolved as a direct result of a huge fluvial input, organized as coalescing laterally extensive sand-rich bars. These were laid-down by active fluvial distributary streams that dominated the delta plain as the final phases of the present deltaic subaqueous environments.     

Late cainozoic environments of part of Northeastern South Australia∗

In the Lake Frome area of South Australia there is a sedimentary sequence of non‐marine (or possibly distant marginal marine) pale‐green to grey, fine elastics and carbonates (Namba Formation). The base of these deposits is Medial Miocene in age and they are overlain unconformably by Pleistocene (and ? Pliocene) sediments. The Miocene sequence is equivalent to the Etadunna Formation of the Lake Eyre Basin, and the clay mineralogy is similar.

Combining evidence from mineralogy, palynology, and vertebrate palaeontology, a warm high‐rainfall climate operating on a subdued topography is indicated for the lower part of the Miocene Lake Frome sequence. This caused the illite‐chlorite‐kaolinite suite of the largely Precambrian provenance to be transformed to smectite and randomly‐interstratified clay. A palygorskite‐dolomite assemblage accumulated in alkaline lakes of extreme marginal marine situation during periods of seasonal dry intervals superposed on the previous climate.

A change to illite‐dominated clay, stratigraphically about halfway up the sequence, occurred simultaneously with initial uplift of the Flinders Ranges. These ranges were previously represented by, at the most, a region of low hills. Uplift, without intervention of climatic change, is sufficient to alter the clay mineralogy by promoting increased leaching. Higher in the sequence, and correlated with the major phase of uplift in the Flinders Ranges, smectite re‐appears. In this case the clay suite is believed to have resulted from increased aridity. The smectite‐rich sediments accumulated above the water table in extensive fan and mud‐flow deposits.

The Neogene sequence records a major palaeogeographic change from low energy rivers, swamps, and lakes in a low relief terrain, probably connected to the sea, to a landscape approaching that of the present during Miocene‐Pliocene times. When the Pleistocene Millyera Formation accumulated, the landscape resembled the present, though the ancestral Lake Frome was larger, and rainfall higher.     

北京顺义早更新世有孔虫动物群的古生态及古环境

1975年我们报道了泥河湾盆地怀来及蔚县境内发现半咸水有孔虫化石,当时认为它们的层位可能属第四系上部,后来进一步工作证实应是泥河湾组上部沉积。1977年我们对华北平原第四纪海进海退现象作了初步报道,认为华北平原在早更新世时发生过海进(渤海海进),并引用陈方吉在北京东南发现海相介形虫资料,说明早更新世渤海海进时海水曾经到达这一地区。1978年李鼎容等在北京市顺义县早更新世地层中发现大量有孔虫化石。进一步证实北京地区早更新世确曾发生过海进,使我们解释怀来及蔚县所发现的半咸水有孔虫来源,有更多证据。这一发现,对于北京地区第四纪地层划分对比、新构造运动判别和古地理恢复有重大意义。