青藏高原北部温泉活动沉积盆地的沉积特征及其地质意义

晚新生代温泉沉积盆地,是青藏高原腹地在南北向挤压、东西向伸展的构造背景下,沿南北向边界走滑断层,经边界正断层和内部张剪断层的进一步发展而形成的近南北向单断单剪楔形半地堑活动沉积盆地。它可能代表了晚新生代青藏高原第三期强烈挤压隆升事件,是侧向向东剪切挤出的结果。笔者以盆地充填序列和TL、ESR测年资料为主要依据,推测唐古拉山在30 0～2 5 0ka前后全面进入冰冻圈;而以温泉活动沉积盆地为代表的中更新世晚期(2 2 4 .0～1 5 0 .2ka)的冰碛 冰水堆积则对应于青藏高原第三期隆升的断陷盆地发育阶段;中更新世晚期—晚更新世中期(1 4 4 .0～5 6ka)为湖相沉积;晚更新世中期至今(35～0ka)对应于高原缓慢隆升与夷平发育阶段。长江溯源在35ka切割通天河盆地,形成通天河;而在1 6ka侵蚀切穿雁石坪 温泉兵站峡谷,形成布曲河。     

青藏高原北部温泉活动沉积盆地的沉积特征及其地质意义

晚新生代温泉沉积盆地,是青藏高原腹地在南北向挤压、东西向伸展的构造背景下,沿南北向边界走滑断层,经边界正断层和内部张剪断层的进一步发展而形成的近南北向单断单剪楔形半地堑活动沉积盆地.它可能代表了晚新生代青藏高原第三期强烈挤压隆升事件,是侧向向东剪切挤出的结果.笔者以盆地充填序列和TL、ESR测年资料为主要依据,推测唐古拉山在300～250ka前后全面进入冰冻圈;而以温泉活动沉积盆地为代表的中更新世晚期 (224.0～150.2ka)的冰碛冰水堆积则对应于青藏高原第三期隆升的断陷盆地发育阶段;中更新世晚期椡砀率乐衅?144.0～56ka)为湖相沉积;晚更新世中期至今(35～0ka)对应于高原缓慢隆升与夷平发育阶段.长江溯源在35ka切割通天河盆地,形成通天河;而在16ka侵蚀切穿雁石坪温泉兵站峡谷,形成布曲河.     

青藏高原北部盆地构造沉积演化与高原向北生长过程

从可可西里到河西走廊的青藏高原的北部地区,地貌具有独特的"盆-岭"相间的特征,是青藏高原隆升增长过程中长期地质作用的产物,沉积盆地记录了这一过程的演化历史。对可可西里盆地、柴达木盆地和酒泉盆地新生代的沉积充填与盆地动力学背景的研究发现,3个盆地的演化序列具有相似性,盆地的早期为走滑盆地或伸展盆地性质,中期发育前陆盆地,最后以山间盆地结束。以南北向挤压短缩为动力背景的前陆盆地是高原北部造山带运动的直接响应。高原北部前陆盆地的发育时序为：可可西里前陆盆地（53～23Ma）、柴达木前陆盆地（46～2．45Ma）和酒泉前陆盆地（29．5～0．13Ma）,反映了青藏高原北部在新生代具有向北阶段性生长的特征。     

青藏高原隆升与环境效应

通过对青藏高原北缘库木库里盆地新生代沉积建造、孢粉、阶地热年龄、沉积响应的调查研究，得出青藏高原新生代的渐新世、上新世和更新世一全新世形成的三套磨拉石建造代表青藏高原最强烈的三次隆升作用；自渐新世以来到上新世晚期高原隆升幅度达1500～2000m，更新世、全新世高原隆升了约2500m，46．4Ka．Bp至今高原隆升了约44m；青藏高原的隆升速率由渐新世开始有愈来愈强烈的趋势，预示青藏高原的隆升是一个多阶段、不等速和非均变的复杂过程；根据库木库里盆地沉积演化揭示青藏高原的隆升经历了早中渐新世早期隆升期、晚渐新世——早中新世早期稳定剥蚀夷平期、早中新世中晚期小幅隆升期、中中新世较稳定剥蚀夷平期、晚中新世振荡隆升期、上新世快速隆升期、更新世一全新世强烈隆升期共七个隆升阶段；并探讨了高原隆升引起的气候干燥、生物灭绝、荒漠化等多种环境效应。     

酒西盆地晚新生代沉积物重矿物分析与高原北部隆升

沉积物的形成是地壳差异升降运动的物质记录.位于青藏高原北缘的酒西盆地晚新生代沉积比较敏感和全面记录了高原北部的构造运动和隆升过程.老君庙剖面晚新生代沉积物重矿物分析表明13 MaBP以来酒西盆地南部沉积物中重矿物具规律性变化;依据重矿物具规律性变化和沉积特征,揭示了青藏高原北缘晚新生代以来地壳运动经历了稳定期(13～8.26 Ma)、逐步阶段性隆升期(8.26～<4.9 Ma)和急剧强烈整体阶段性隆升期(>3.66～0 Ma)三个重大构造演化过程。     

阿牙克库木湖幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

首次在原划奥陶系祁漫塔格群中采到Monoclimacis griestoniertsis (Nicol)等早志留世特里奇晚期笔石化石组合，合理地解体了祁漫塔格群。在祁漫塔格LU南缘的黑山-那棱格勒断裂带(东昆北断裂带)又发现蛇绿岩残片，以北发现岛弧火山岩、俯冲碰撞型花岗岩和弧后盆地复理石沉积，它们共同组成早古生代沟-弧-盆体系。通过对青藏高原北缘库木库里盆地新生代磨拉石建造、孢粉、阶地热年龄、沉积响应的分析研究，确定青藏高原新生代渐新世、上新世和更新世-全新世形成的3套磨拉石建造，分别代表青藏高原最强烈的3次隆升作用，渐新世至上新世晚期高原隆升幅度达1500～2000m，更新世、全新世高原隆升了约2500m，46．4ka BP至今高原隆升了约44m。     

可可西里盆地瘭生代沉积演化历史重建

青藏高原北部可可西里盆地是高原腹地最大的第三纪沉积盆地，分布着厚度达5737.5m的新生代沉积。本文根据遍布整个盆地的野外实测剖面和地质观察点资料，采有典型剖面精确古地磁测年为基础的时间框架，开展沉积层序、岩笥特征、沉环境和古水流变化综合对比研究，将可可西里盆地新生代（约56Ma至约16Ma）划分为7个演化阶段，其中在30Ma至约23Ma期间盆地经历抬升变形，没有沉积作用发生。结果显示，前6个阶段（约56Ma至30Ma），盆地沉积中心逐渐向北、向东迁移，盆地南缘和西缘的构造逆冲作用逐步加强，而且在晚渐新世发生强烈南北向地壳缩短，反映青藏高原腹地早期隆升过程中依靠南北向地壳缩短和北东向逆冲扩展作用来实现的。在早中新世（约23Ma至约16Ma），盆地沉积物遭受低度变形，表明此期间高原以差异隆升为主。     

天水盆地晚新生代构造演化——对青藏高原北东向扩展的指示意义

天水盆地是一个位于青藏高原东北缘的晚新生代盆地,西秦岭北缘断裂穿盆而过。盆地内充填了较为完整的晚新生代地层,记录了该区晚新生代以来的构造变形历史,对研究青藏高原北东向扩展的构造响应具有重要意义。本文基于详细的野外构造变形分析与测量,结合已有的年代学与沉积学研究,初步提出天水盆地晚新生代以来构造变形序列与构造应力场,重建其晚新生代构造演化历史。详细研究表明,天水盆地晚新生代以来主要经历了3期构造演化:即中新世早-晚期NW-SE向构造伸展,沉积盆地发育,并伴随碱性超基性火山岩喷发和金刚石矿床形成;中新世晚期-早、中更新世NE-SW向挤压,盆地发生构造反转,其动力学背景可能源于晚新生代青藏高原的北东向扩展,指示高原物质扩散开始显著影响到西秦岭地区;晚更新世以来受近N-S向伸展作用控制,盆地发生向东有限挤出并伴随顺时针旋转,主要由于青藏高原向北东扩展过程中,区域构造挤压应力方向发生顺时针偏转所致。     

祁连山北缘酒西盆地新生代沉积通量变化对周缘山体构造隆升-风化剥蚀历史的响应

酒西盆地是青藏高原东北缘的一个内陆沉积盆地,发育了巨厚且连续的中-新生代地层,详细记录了盆地及周缘山地的构造、环境演变历史。本文在利用平衡剖面法恢复不同时期酒西盆地原始盆地边界基础上,通过盆地天然露头控制剖面和钻井资料的地层厚度,恢复了酒西盆地新生代各组沉积等厚图。根据不同时期盆地大小和沉积等厚图的计算,获得了酒西盆地新生代不同时期的沉积通量。结合前人对该区构造与古气候研究成果,认为古近纪持续干旱的气候条件下从火烧沟组(40.2~33.4 Ma)到白杨河组(30.9~23.8 Ma)盆地沉积通量增加主要由青藏高原持续挤压使祁连山快速构造隆升导致风化剥蚀量增加所致;中新世早期(疏勒河组弓形山段,23~14 Ma)虽然气候相对温暖,但此时祁连山构造带相对稳定,控制了物源区祁连山风化剥蚀量相对前期减小,使盆地沉积通量相对减小;中新世中期(疏勒河组胳塘沟段,14~8.3 Ma)盆地沉积通量增大可能是气候和构造共同作用的结果;中新世晚期以来(<8.3 Ma,疏勒河组牛胳套段-玉门组)盆地沉积通量呈阶段性大幅陡增,主要由祁连山晚新生代以来阶段性急剧构造隆升导致风化剥蚀量猛增所致。     

宁夏南部晚更新世沉积物沉积特征及其构造意义

通过研究宁夏南部第四纪沉积物类型及沉积作用,结合沉积物年代学分析,初步确定宁夏南部晚更新世发育众多沉积盆地。其沉积学特征研究表明,晚更新世沉积盆地主要发育冲积扇沉积物、湖相泥质粉砂质沉积物、盆地边缘斜坡岩相组合、现代河流一级阶地沉积物以及黄土等几种沉积物。沉积作用特点显示,晚更新世沉积盆地的大范围出现主要受构造伸展作用控制,表明青藏高原北东扩展过程中,宁夏南部地区于晚更新世期间还存在较明显的构造伸展活动,从而证实青藏高原隆升及其北东向扩展具明显的阶段性。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.