湘西要坝洞沉积堆积特征及形成时代

要坝洞在保靖县城北5km,是有旅游和科研价值的洞穴。洞穴发育在保靖-复兴断裂带的裂隙破碎构造控制的白云岩、白云岩化灰岩残体中,是断面陡转缓地段的垂向洞穴,成洞原因与所处的特定地质构造环境有关。在阐述洞穴形成特征的基础上,详细论述了洞穴沉积物及其相关性。洞穴碎屑沉积、次生化学沉积类型齐全,组成高、中、低三个沉(堆)积台面,构成多期(次)沉(堆)积的伴生共存组合体,展示洞穴及其沉积特征和过程。笔者进一步完善了次生化学沉积的成因分类,认为壁流石、钟乳石、石笋、石柱聚集匹配,构成景点,具有旅游观赏价值。同时,选择具有代表性的1号石笋进行同位素测年和综合研究,以其完好的沉积旋回、结构构造特征,显示3～1万a间的冰期气候沉积特征,其冷暖气候转(突)变标志明显。在洞穴及其沉(堆)积综合研究的基础上,根据洞穴沉(堆)积、洞内外新近系、古近系、白垩系的伴生沉积、储存关系,判断要坝洞形成于白垩纪前后。     

Actualistic approaches to the systematics and facies relations of clastic karst deposits

Clastic karst deposits occur at different positions within karst areas, whereas surface karst deposits, sediments of the crack filling facies, the cave entrance facies and the inner cave facies have to be distinguished. The karstification itself is of minor importance for the formation of clastic deposits. Except for incasional debris and impure limestones or marls the contribution of carbonate rocks to clastic karst deposits is low. The majority of clastic material is allogenic and siliciclastic.

Regarding the depositional processes cave sediments can be divided into fluvial cave deposits, gravitative or percolative deposits, decomposition deposits and rock breakdown. An actualistic approach could be a useful tool for the identification of fluvial cave deposits. By means of the depositional features of recent cave sediments and classical sedimentological features cave deposits of unknown origin can be classified.     

Speleothem-based chronology and environmental context of deposits from the Mishin Kamik Cave,NW Bulgaria – A contribution to the archaeological study of the Late Pleistocene human occupation in the Balkans

The Balkan Peninsula represents one of the most important human pathways into and out of Europe during the Pleistocene. Mishin Kamik cave, located in the karst region of Western Stara Planina, has a rich faunal content and shows promising features indicating a human occupation site with the discovery of potential bone artefacts and an intriguing accumulation of bear skulls and bones. Petrographic study and U-series dating of a stalagmite and other calcite deposits in the cave provide an absolute chronological frame for the detrital infillings and their archaeological content and inform the environmental and climatic context of the cave evolution. Most detrital deposits in the cave were probably deposited before Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 and the cave morphology and sedimentary deposits display current morphologies since ~135 ka. Consequently, the palaeontological and archaeological findings are older than ~135 ka. Calcite dated on and under the accumulation of bear skulls and bones suggests deposition during MIS 7. A first depositional contextualization of the bone accumulation does not allow us to discriminate between a natural or anthropogenic origin. The study emphasizes the added value of speleothem studies in archaeological sites and particularly in bringing a well-constrained chronological and environmental framework.     

贵州纳朵洞洞穴滴水、现代沉积物δ18O特征及其环境意义

为了研究洞穴滴水及其对应的现代沉积物氧同位素的变化特征和对外界气候环境的指示意义,文章对贵州纳朵洞洞外大气降水、洞穴池水、6处滴水点及其对应的现代沉积物氧同位素进行了近2年的监测。结果显示纳朵洞外大气降水和洞穴池水δ18O值均呈现旱季偏重,雨季偏轻的季节特征,基本能反映洞穴所在区域的气候变化。而滴水沉积物δ18O值和滴水δ18O值自身存在协调同步的季节特征,但二者δ18O值与大气降水δ18 O值却呈现反向的季节变化,这可能是区域地形、岩溶表层带的调节和大气环流共同作用的结果。      

Taphonomy of a South African cave: geological and hydrological influences on the GD 1 fossil assemblage at Gondolin,a Plio-Pleistocene paleocave system in the Northwest Province,South Africa

Occasional excavation of in situ and ex situ deposits at the formerly mined Gondolin paleocave system has yielded large and diverse samples of Plio-Pleistocene faunas, including isolated hominin and non-hominin primate remains. In 2003, new excavations into naturally decalcified, in situ sediments near the GD 1 datum point near the northwest corner of the cave system were undertaken. This paper describes the recovered faunal remains, taphonomy of the assemblage, and the geological and paleomagnetic context of the GD 1 deposits. The deposits represent a series of inter-stratified speleothem, in-washed sediments and talus deposits we suggest date to a time period prior to, and just after, the Olduvai normal-polarity event at around 1.7–1.8 Ma. Surface sediments and clasts were introduced into the cave by rain water runoff entering a vertically-oriented entrance that had formed along a rift in the area of GD 1. The faunal assemblage consists primarily of fragmentary diaphyseal fragments and isolated teeth. Taxonomically, the small collection of specifically identifiable bovid and equid fossils is generally consistent with remains previously excavated from in situ deposits in the Gondolin paleocave system (GD 2) and dated to around 1.8 Ma; however, the depositional histories of these two assemblages from Gondolin are remarkably different. The preservation and relative proportions of recovered skeletal elements at GD 1 is consistent with these materials having been initially accumulated outside the karstic system near the vertical cave entrance, and then later hydrologically sorted and deposited inside the cave. The sporadic to continuous water flow into the northwest corner of the cave system during the Pleistocene gradually decalcified the excavated fossilbearing breccias and further modified the composition and spatial distribution of the fossil assemblage by introducing potentially younger deposits and skeletal materials. This study highlights the variation in taphonomic processes that can occur within a single cave system, and the complex pre- and postdepositional geological and hydrological processes that can influence the taphonomic history of South African Plio-Pleistocene karstic fossil assemblages.     

Sulfide‐bearing palaeokarst deposits at Lune River Quarry,Ida Bay,Tasmania

The Lune River Quarry at Ida Bay, Tasmania exposes numerous palaeokarst features developed in the Ordovician Gordon Limestone. These palaeokarst features contain carbonate and siliciclastic deposits probably representing Late Devonian to early Late Carboniferous and Late Carboniferous karstification and sedimentation. Five facies of palaeokarst deposits are recognised, namely megabreccia, graded‐bedded carbonate, laminated sandstone/siltstone, diamictite/quartz‐lithic sandstone and coarse crystalline calcite. Pyrite, dolomite and sphalerite were emplaced in the palaeokarst deposits after the Carboniferous. These deposits are probably associated with a phase of hydrothermal cave development in Exit Cave, which adjoins the quarry. Pyrite weathering accounts for the abundance of gypsum speleothems and cave breakdown in Exit Cave.     

南京汤山驼子洞洞穴堆积及其意义

通过对南京汤山驼子洞洞穴堆积观察描述和样品分析测试,结合前人研究成果和汤山地区地质地貌演化的历史,讨论了驼子洞堆积的时代、堆积过程和方式,并对其蕴含的构造、地貌、气候和生物进化等古环境信息进行了合理的挖掘。初步研究表明驼子洞堆积可能是跨早更新世与中更新世早期的地层,其上部含哺乳动物化石的堆积可能反映了偏暖的气候环境。     

周口店太平山北坡早更新世洞穴地层的划分

１９８５年，曹伯勋等在周口店太平山北坡发现了一个早更新世洞穴－洼地堆积地点（东洞），并作了初步报导。１９９２～１９９３年，笔者又对该剖面进行了哺乳动物化石的系统采集工作，获得了丰富的化石，为确定东洞动物群的性质及该剖面地层时代提供了确凿证据。研究表明该地点堆积物形成于１．６７～０．９７ＭａＢ．Ｐ，太平山组应包括整个剖面。     

Cave bears and paleolithic artifacts in Yarimburgaz Cave,Turkey: Dissecting a palimpsest

This article addresses the taphonomic issues surrounding artifact-bear associations in Yarimburgaz Cave, northwestern Turkey. Our purpose is to evaluate the circumstances of bone assemblage formation in the Middle Pleistocene deposits of the cave, identifying the agencies responsible for the accumulations and the causes of bone damage before and following deposition. Pleistocene species representation, bone damage, body part representation, and mortality data indicate that cave bear remains in Yarimburgaz are unrelated to hominid use of the same site. None of the observations on the cave bear remains contradicts the expectations developed from modern wildlife accounts of modern bear behavior; these accumulations resulted from mortality normally associated with hibernation over many generations of den use. Nonursid carnivores also played roles in bone collection and/or modification. We conclude that at least three distinct biological processes contributed to the formation of the Middle Pleistocene faunas: hibernating bears, bone-collecting carnivores such as wolves, and hominids in descending order of importance. The Yarimburgaz faunas represent palimpsests or overlays of many short-term depositional events, the close spatial associations of which are explained by slow or uneven sedimentation rates inside the cave. Although occupations by hominids appear to have been ephemeral in nature, hominids ultimately discarded nearly 1700 stone artifacts in Yarimburgaz Cave. The hominids did not discard many ungulate bones in the same circumstances. These observations suggest that hominid foraging efforts focused on resources other than large game while at the cave. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Exceptional silica speleothems in a volcanic cave: A unique example of silicification and sub‐aquatic opaline stromatolite formation (Terceira,Azores)

Silica stromatolites occur in a number of modern hydrothermal environments, but their formation in caves is very rare. The silica stromatolitic speleothems of the Branca Opala cave (Terceira Island, Azores), however, provide an excellent opportunity for their study. These formations may be analogous to ancient silica stromatolites seen around the world. Petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical analyses were undertaken on the silica speleothems of the above cave, and on the silica‐tufa deposits outside it, with the aim of understanding their genesis. The possible hydrothermal origin of their silica is discussed. X‐ray diffraction analyses showed opal‐A to be the sole silica phase. Negligible ordering of this opal‐A showed ageing to be insignificant, as expected for recent silica deposits. Most of the silica speleothems examined were definable as sub‐aquatic opaline stromatolites that are not currently growing. Optical microscopy clearly revealed a lower microlaminated, an intermediate and an upper microlaminated zone within the stromatolites. Stromatolite types (I, II and III) were classified with respect to their internal structure and distribution throughout the cave. Scanning electron microscopy showed silicified bacterial filaments within the stromatolites, the silicified plant remains and the silica‐tufa deposits. Bacteria therefore played a major role in the precipitation of the opal‐A. Plasma emission/mass spectrometry showed major, minor and rare earth elements to be present in only small quantities. The rare earth elements were mainly hosted within volcanic grains. Rapid silica precipitation from highly super‐saturated water would explain the intense silicification of the plant remains found inside and outside the cave. The opaline stromatolites, the silica‐tufa deposits and the above‐mentioned intense general silicification suggest a local hydrothermal source for the silica. Indeed, these deposits strongly resemble plant‐rich silica sinter associated with low‐temperature hot spring deposits that include bacterial filaments. However, no geochemical signals that might indicate a hydrothermal origin could be found.     

桂林市冠岩危岩发育特征与防治对策

冠岩是我国著名的旅游洞穴,以洞内观光电梯、小火车、地下河构成的"水陆空"游览为特色,每年接待游客40余万人。洞内地形复杂,岩体多被裂隙切割成孤立的岩块,化石性钟乳石发育,其开发过程中建设了大量人为工程。近年来,冠岩发生了几起危岩崩塌事故。经调查,目前洞内对旅游线路构成威胁的危岩计70块(段)。研究发现,洞顶、洞壁危岩出现的几率近相同,而洞穴大厅出现的几率远大于廊道;天然洞段发生的危岩规模大、数量少,而人工开凿段则表现为数量多、规模小;人为因素诱发的危岩多于自然条件下形成的危岩。提出了以预防、加固为主的危岩防治原则。     

中国的洞穴与裂隙堆积

洞穴和裂隙堆积是陆相地层中一个重要的组成部分,经过一百多年的研究,它已成了我国地层表中的一个明确的时空单位,就目前信息,其地质时代从第三纪早期一直延续到第四纪晚期。本世纪发现的洞穴堆积地点上千处,其中含古人类和古猿类化石的地点已达４０多个,与其伴生的哺乳动物化石４００余种。这些珍贵的史料,对研究第三纪以来洞穴堆积地层的时序具有十分重要的意义。     

流入型洞穴——山东沂源九天洞初步研究

九天洞是一个典型的直接由外源水补给形成的流入型洞穴。洞内大片分布的石花起源于四大古水池沉积物的存在。九天洞发育于第四纪早更新世晚期至中更新世早期,经历过成洞期、残余水流(古水池)活动期(中更新世中、晚期)石花发育期(晚更新世以来)和主要滴石、流石(含浅水池)沉积期(晚更新世晚期至今)等发育阶段。今日的九天洞又是一个残余洞穴,已被完全蚀去的近流入口段的洞穴长度不小于200m,约占洞穴全长的37%。九天洞及其洞穴群的景观资源价值和科学价值,在我国北方喀斯特洞穴中占有重要的地位。      

地下河水人工补给洞穴滴水、碳酸盐(钙)沉积特征及景观恢复探讨

岩溶旅游洞穴碳酸盐岩沉积物景观容易受到污染、风化,为了探讨受污损洞穴碳酸盐沉积物的修复方法以确保岩溶旅游洞穴的可持续发展,对广西桂林七星岩No.15支洞距洞口约150 m长洞段的滴水物化指标、现代碳酸盐岩沉积物进行了为期4年的监测分析。结果表明:（1）该洞段的滴水主要源于抽取地下河水的水柜渗漏及降水补给,地下河水和滴水的电导率、[Ca2＋] 、[HCO3-]在4个水文年中的变化趋势基本相同,雨季洞穴滴水电导率、[Ca2＋] 、[HCO3-]等显著降低,降雨稀释效应明显;（2）现代洞穴碳酸盐岩沉积具有明显的季节性变化,雨季洞穴滴水量/速率、碳酸钙沉积速率加快,最大沉积量达0.8 g／半月,洞穴入口约150 m长洞段快速滴水碳酸盐最大沉积量达2～4 g／半月,旱季碳酸盐沉积速率减少,最大沉积量仅为0.4 g／半月;（3）抽取岩溶地下水经由地表补给洞穴滴水可提高滴水的电导率、[Ca2＋] 、[HCO3-]及CaCO3饱和度,促使大量碳酸盐(CaCO3)快速沉积,实现对洞穴受风化、污染景观的修复,新沉积的碳酸钙(CaCO3)还可以将基岩裂隙和洞穴内破损、破裂的钟乳石重新“粘结”起来,利于洞穴的稳定性。      

重庆丰都雪玉洞群洞穴现代监测与古环境研究回顾和展望

重庆丰都雪玉洞群包括羊子洞、雪玉洞和水鸣洞,西南大学的研究团队从2008年开始对雪玉洞群开展了系统的现代过程监测,以了解洞穴系统气候和环境信息的传输、转化和记录过程。通过对雪玉洞洞穴内外的大气、植被、土壤、基岩、滴水和洞穴沉积物等的动态监测,研究了碳酸盐沉积过程的水化学指标变化,揭示了现代洞穴滴水的影响因素和变化过程,以及碳酸盐沉积物对现代气候环境变化的响应,也为古气候的定量化研究提供了基础支撑。现代过程监测记录表明:雪玉洞CO₂主要来源于上覆土壤,其季节变化受降水的影响较大;在短时间尺度上受到游客旅游活动的影响明显,但幅度远远小于自然过程引起的变化。雪玉洞内次生沉积物的沉积速率具有明显的旱季、雨季特征,不同滴水点下方沉积物的沉积速率变化较大。雪玉洞群三个洞穴的石笋古环境记录研究表明,本区石笋的230Th/232Th比值较适合高精度铀系测年;部分石笋沉积速率较快,平均沉积速率达到0.25 mm·a?1,可以开展高分辨率的气候和环境变化研究。羊子洞YZ1石笋的年龄范围在116~3 ka B.P.之间（平均测年精度2σ,269年）,覆盖了整个末次冰期,δ18O和δ13C的变化曲线和东亚季风区的其他记录具有明显的一致性。同位素测试的时间分辨率平均为88年,成功记录了一些百年－千年尺度的气候突变事件,如Heinrich事件、7.2 ka事件、小冰期等。在精确年代学的基础上,雪玉洞群石笋具有重建高分辨率气候环境变化的潜力。      

试论湖南境内喀斯特洞穴发育及成矿特征

指出湖南境内喀斯特洞穴，因大地构造发展的差异，使洞穴发展不平衡。据洞穴发育时代，分为六个成洞期，并对地洼区洞穴形态，成洞条件，洞穴类型等做了论述。同时对地洼洞穴矿床特征，成矿机理，矿床分类及洞穴矿床演化规律进行了探讨，指出地洼区洞穴发育及洞穴成矿的研究意义。     

Effects of bears on rockshelter sediments at Tanay Sur‐les‐Creux,southwestern Switzerland

Sur‐les‐Creux rockshelter is located in the Prealps of southwestern Switzerland. The sequence of deposits in the rockshelter is 80 cm thick and consists of weathered gravels in a phosphate‐rich matrix. A few Middle Palaeolithic artifacts and the bones of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) were recorded in the fill. We present the results of sedimentological, geochemical, and micromorphological analyses of the rockshelter sediment. All analyses suggest an endokarstic origin of the sediments. The alteration cortices of the gravels imply in situ weathering over a long period. The phosphates are essentially biogenic and have an apatitelike nature. Phosphatization and intense mixing of the sediment are attributed to cave bear (digging of lairs, input of excrements, and carcasses). Only rare carnivore coprolites (lynx) were preserved in the cave deposits. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

向源潜流侵蚀岩溶作用及其成因机理——以塔河油田早海西风化壳岩溶洞穴层为例

向源潜流侵蚀作用指在海(水)进环境中,由于盆地边缘岩溶斜坡带内陆区的潜水面上升后,潜水面以下地下潜流在相当长时间内仍然在原有的洞穴内流动,由此产生的连续向上(向着地下水流源头)侵蚀作用,其结果是在原有的洞穴层之上形成多旋回的具有`坍塌角砾- 暗河沉积’ 双层结构的塌积层序及纵向上呈加积方式产出的叠积洞穴层,以及由叠积洞穴与原有洞穴连成一体的复合洞穴层。本文以塔河油田早海西风化壳岩溶洞穴层为例,简要地介绍了古岩溶洞穴层的对比方法,展示了塔河地区早海西风化壳岩溶洞穴层对比成果,并通过典型井的洞穴层内部结构解剖分析,阐述了向源潜流侵蚀岩溶作用的成因机理,并探讨了一些相关的主要问题。      

“北京人”遗址洞穴碎屑堆积的矿物组分特征及其意义

“北京人”遗址洞穴堆积物的研究,已有五十多年的历史。多方面的研究成果,也先后报道。近年来,作者分层测制了周口店第一地点西壁、南壁、探井以及上砾石层和下砾石层等几个剖面。还在周河口、羊耳峪东岭、三福村采集样品55个。所有样品均进行筛分,分级进行镜下鉴定,单矿物系统折光率测定,个别矿物辅以X-射线分析,分别对轻、重组份物质成分、百分含量做了系统计量,并着重研究重组份特征。本文是在这些工作基础上,对这一地区的地层划分、沉积物来源和古气候变迁等进行讨论。 一、物质来源和蚀源母岩 野外观察和沉积矿物成份分析表明,第一地点洞穴堆积有洞壁崩塌和外部携入两个来源。碳酸岩角砾和碳酸岩岩块大量出现,在特定层位尤其发育,它们是洞壁崩塌的产物。外来物质尽管矿物含量时有变化,但矿物种类大体相近,构成不同矿物组合。轻组份有石英、酸性斜长石、微斜长石、白云母组合,千枚岩、角岩、板岩岩屑组合以及滚圆状石英、石英岩、硅质岩岩屑组僵。     

Formation of mud clast breccias and the process of sedimentary autobrecciation in the hominin-bearing (Homo naledi) Rising Star Cave system,South Africa

Unconsolidated mud clast breccia facies in the hominin-bearing (Homo naledi) Rising Star Cave, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, are interpreted to have formed through a process termed sedimentary autobrecciation in this study. This process, by which most of the angular mud clast breccia deposits are thought to have formed autochthonously to para-autochthonously via a combination of erosion, desiccation, diagenesis and microbial alteration of laminated mud deposits, is thought to have taken place under relatively dry (i.e. non-flooded) conditions inside the cave. Subsequently, gravitational slumping and collapse was the dominant mechanism that produced the mud clast breccia deposits, which commonly accumulate into debris aprons. The mud clast breccia is typically associated with (micro) mammal fossils and is a common facies throughout the cave system, occurring in lithified and unlithified form. This facies has not been described from other cave localities in the Cradle of Humankind. Additionally, sedimentary autobrecciation took place during the deposition of some of the fossils within the Rising Star Cave, including the abundant Homo naledi skeletal remains found in the Dinaledi Subsystem. Reworking of the mud clast breccia deposits occurs in some chambers as they slump towards floor drains, resulting in the repositioning of fossils embedded in the breccias as evidenced by cross-cutting manganese staining lines on some Homo naledi fossil remains. The formation of the unlithified mud clast breccia deposits is a slow process, with first order formation rates estimated to be ca 8 × 10⁻⁴ mm year⁻¹. The slow formation of the unlithified mud clast breccia facies sediments and lack of laminated mud facies within these deposits, indicates that conditions in the Dinaledi Chamber were probably stable and dry for at least the last ca 300 ka, meaning that this study excludes Homo naledi being actively transported by fluvial mechanisms during the time their remains entered the cave.