林业应对气候变化作用和意义重大

近年来,气候变化带来的不利影响逐渐引起国内外的广泛关注。2009年6月22日,首次召开的中央林业工作会议提出,必须把发展林业作为应对全球气候变化的战略选择。温家宝总理在会见与会代表时特别强调:"林业在应对气候变化中具有特殊地位。"作为生态环境的重要组成部分,森林与气候变化有着极其密切的关系。本刊特邀中国国土经济学会常务理事、全国中小城市生态环境建设实验区指导委员、国家林业局造林绿化管理司司长、全国绿化委员会办公室秘书长王祝雄撰写此文,介绍林业在应对气候变化领域的重大作用和意义。     

基于SAR数据的森林生物量估测研究进展

森林生物量是地表碳循环研究的重要组成部分,对其进行准确估测对区域乃至全球的森林状况和气候环境问题有重要意义.合成孔径雷达(SAR)以其独特的成像机制、全天候全天时的成像特点以及对森林冠层的穿透能力,在森林资源调查和森林制图研究领域发挥着巨大的作用.该文首先总结了林业上传统的森林生物量估测方法和基于光学遥感和激光雷达(LiDAR)数据的森林生物量估测方法;然后重点阐述了利用SAR后向散射(不同极化方式)、干涉相干性及极化干涉等信息进行森林生物量反演的方法;最后总结了利用SAR数据进行森林生物量估测的发展趋势.     

韩国林业局森林灾害管理系统设计与实现

韩国林业局(Korean Forest Service,KFS)为了更好地贯彻韩国森林规划,通过使用各种森林数据库,包括森林类型地图和国家森林资源调查,建立了基于GIS的森林灾害管理系统.同时基于森林灾害数据库,建立了森林信息共享平台、森林信息共享门户,用于林业信息与林业专题图的共享.其针对韩国林业局的业务,还构建了森林灾害管理系统,包括森林灾害数据库管理系统、森林火灾管理系统、森林病虫害管理系统、山体滑坡管理系统.韩国森林灾害管理系统使用实地监测工具,预测与森林空间信息有关的森林灾害信息;通过监测防止森林灾害发生,在发生灾害时减少识别时间.通过森林灾害管理系统,可以链接各种政府机构和信息,以实现对火灾、山体滑坡、病虫害和森林生态系统的综合管理系统.通过提供空间information–based位置信息服务,韩国森林灾害管理系统还能给现场提供快速的响应.     

基于数字树冠高度模型(DCHM)的森林生物量制图

森林生物量的精确测定,对于全球气候变化和碳循环研究具有重要的意义。为满足区域乃至全球范围的森林生物量制图所需,本文利用航空遥感摄影数据,通过摄影测量技术,建立了一种基于数字树冠高度模型(DCHM)的森林生物量制图方法,并以日本岛根县匹见实验林为研究区,对林区1967-2007年间的森林生物量变动进行了实测。     

林火风险、过程与评估遥感模型与方法研究

世界范围人口数量的急剧增长及人类社会的快速工业化,导致森林生态系统的安全性面临严重威胁。特别是由于人为因素、全球气候变化和政府政策等多种因素共同导致的森林火灾在全球范围内频繁爆发,对森林生态系统和人民生命财产的安全产生着重要影响。因此,基于遥感模型与方法,开展森林火灾风险、过程与评估的相关研究,揭示其时空特征规律,进而制定合理、有效的森林火灾防控和管理措施,已成为本领域当今全球相关研究人员共同面临的科学挑战之一。为此,本文在深入分析目前常规林火风险预测方法相关研究进展的基础上,构建了定量集成基于遥感数据多种指标变量的林火风险预测方法;在传统元胞自动机理论框架下,提出适用于多特征区域林火蔓延过程模拟的元胞自动机模型;在分析目前单时相、差分、相对差分类型光谱指数精度的基础上,构建了基于地表温度和植被特征的新型林火烈度综合评估指数,并从提高林火烈度空间分布制图精度的角度,构建了基于支持向量回归的林火烈度空间分布制图模型。以期为相关的科学研究和应用管理提供一定的理论基础和决策支持。     

Landsat卫星图像用于大面积森林扰动监测的研究进展

自然因素和人为原因使不同程度的森林扰动现象频繁发生,对森林资源管理、气候变化等产生了重要影响。在全球变暖的大背景下,大面积森林扰动监测及其影响已成为目前国内外研究的热点与前沿问题之一,Landsat系列卫星是最为常用的一类数据。在深入分析国内外相关方法的基础上,综述了Landsat卫星图像用于大面积森林扰动遥感监测的研究进展,主要方法包括全地面覆盖制图、抽样方法和与较低空间分辨率图像复合方法 3大类,并对比分析了这些方法的优缺点,最后对未来可能的研究方向做出了展望。     

基于GIS的林木三维可视化分析技术

运用GIS组件技术,对空间结构分析与森林可视化系统进行了开发和优化。首先需要创建符合树木纹理贴图特征的三维树木模型;然后运用Voronoi图优化传统的森林空间结构指数运算方式;最后利用ArcGIS完成分析。研究结果表明,所开发的软件能为森林经营中的一些重大决策提供直观、精确的资料,可在一定程度上为常绿阔叶林等林业资源的保护以及经营管理提供帮助,促进林业的健康发展。     

全球资源治理的现况、问题和展望

全球资源治理是全球治理框架下解决自然资源领域共性问题的过程,具有其独立存在的现实性和理论价值.但从目前实践看,全球资源治理被单门类资源的全球治理所分割,并未作为一个整体凸显,治理机制发展极不平衡.全球资源治理未来终将从分散走向综合.中国可全面深化全球资源治理研究,全面评估并适时参与各主要全球资源治理平台,将国内自然资源管理制度改革与之相结合,以“一带一路”倡议为突破口积极参与全球资源治理.     

基于PDA的森林防火GIS的研究与实现

目前,基于PDA的森林防火地理信息系统,以其自身独特的优势引起林业领域的广泛关注.本文从森林防hA-面,对基于PDA的嵌入式GIS系统进行探讨.首先介绍系统的开发环境和软件功能设计,然后分析系统实现的关键技术和方法,最后对基于PDA的森林防火GIS的应用前景进行了展望.     

世界森林的数字地球监测

介绍中国风云气象卫星FY－1,FY－2对地观测数据应用于全球森林资源的分类监测。讨论中国加入WTO以后对全球森林资源再分配的新战略。以全球观点,分析贵州省的森林资源特色及其对世界的特殊贡献。评价21世纪中国森林数据库与林业管理信息系统的规划与建设。     

UGANDA,LAND AND SURVEY DEPARTMENT,ANNUAL REPORT, 1938

Abstract

Among colonial dependencies Uganda is but a small territory; but it is comparatively prosperous and is compact. In such circumstances the integration under one departmental organization of survey and registration and of the administration of the State's responsibilities for lands and mines proves to be a convenient and economical arrangement, which works, in the balance, to the advantage of the survey branch. The Annual Report for 1938 deals with all the activities of a diversely occupied department, which controlled revenue collections of over £56,000, and mineral exports valued at £225,000.     

GIS, expert systems, and interoperability

Integrating a GIS has been a common way to combine the functionality of two or more systems for some time. A three-dimensional model of integration is described which shows the range of linkages that can be achieved. Extremely flexible and dynamic linkages between systems can now be created through the recent advances of client/server and object-oriented technology. An expert system shell is coupled with a GIS to create a generic spatial rule-based toolbox called SES (spatial expert shell). An expert system developer using this toolbox can transparently access spatial data and relationships from a GIS by linking application objects to spatial classes. These spatial classes include methods that format and send requests to the GIS server. Thus the linkage is determined at run-time allowing a flexible interwoven interaction between the expert system and the GIS.     

Qibla,and Related,Map Projections

The qibla problem—determination of the direction to Mecca—has given rise to retro-azimuthal map projections, an interesting, albeit unusual and little known, class of map projections. Principal contributors to this subject were Craig and Hammer, both writing in 1910. A property of retro-azimuthal projections is that the parallels are bent downwards towards the equator. The resulting maps, when extended to the entire world, thus must overlap themselves. An unusual recent discovery from Iran suggests that Muslims might have been prior inventors of a similar projection, by at least several centuries. A later corollary by Schoy leads to a new "cylindrical" azimuthal map projection with parallels bending away from the equator, here illustrated for the first time.     

Categorical maps, comparisons, and confidence

The comparison of categorical maps is a common problem in several different contexts. Differences between categorical maps can be characterized and measured in a variety of ways. In 2004 we invited individuals from remote sensing, geographical information analysis, spatial modelling, and landscape ecology to participate in a virtual workshop in order to compare strategies for comparison. This revealed that the key dimensions of comparison relate to (1) the map characteristics considered, (2) the nature of the comparison, (3) the handling of geographical space, (4) the units of computed measures, and (5) the tests of significance.Ferko Csillag deceased     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Entropy,complexity, and spatial information

We pose the central problem of defining a measure of complexity, specifically for spatial systems in general, city systems in particular. The measures we adopt are based on Shannon’s (in Bell Syst Tech J 27:379–423, 623–656, 1948) definition of information. We introduce this measure and argue that increasing information is equivalent to increasing complexity, and we show that for spatial distributions, this involves a trade-off between the density of the distribution and the number of events that characterize it; as cities get bigger and are characterized by more events—more places or locations, information increases, all other things being equal. But sometimes the distribution changes at a faster rate than the number of events and thus information can decrease even if a city grows. We develop these ideas using various information measures. We first demonstrate their applicability to various distributions of population in London over the last 100 years, then to a wider region of London which is divided into bands of zones at increasing distances from the core, and finally to the evolution of the street system that characterizes the built-up area of London from 1786 to the present day. We conclude by arguing that we need to relate these measures to other measures of complexity, to choose a wider array of examples, and to extend the analysis to two-dimensional spatial systems.