基于多源数据的旅游者视觉行为模式与感知评估方法

用户生成内容（User Generated Content,UGC）作为感知旅游地物质空间的新型地理大数据,以使用者的视角描绘了旅游地的客观环境,是探索旅游目的地感知的重要途径。然而,传统的旅游研究对旅行摄影照片处理能力有限,深度学习图像语义分割技术的发展,为挖掘旅游者视觉行为模式,探索旅游地环境感知提供了有力支持。本研究提出了整合在线旅行照片大数据与问卷调查小数据的旅游者视觉行为模式与感知评估框架,并将其应用于鼓浪屿案例。首先将744条旅游轨迹,聚类为6类视觉行为模式,并可视化与时空分析;其次基于全卷积网络算法,量化22 507张旅行照片语义,探索不同视觉模式的旅游者关注要素的空间分异;最后通过照片语义与场景感知问卷调查的相关性分析和多重线性回归模型,评估旅游地整体视觉感知满意度,并提出相应的空间优化建议。研究表明：① 鼓浪屿旅游者视觉行为模式聚类为单点游、海岛风光游、环岛游、街巷空间游、遗产建筑游和全岛游6类;② 不同视觉行为模式的旅游者视觉兴趣区存在空间集聚现象,视觉空间转移遵循地理邻近效应;③ 相关性分析与模型结果表明,旅游者偏好空间开敞度较高的区域,感知满意度越低的区域摄影行为越少,是环境提升的重点;④ 出行时间和成本效率最大化、建成环境、心理环境与社会环境是影响旅游者视觉感知的主要因素。本研究延伸了人工智能技术在旅游者视觉感知研究中的应用,为旅游地空间优化提供参考。     

基于街景影像多特征融合的广州市越秀区街道空间品质评估

全面准确地描述街景影像的多层次特征在基于街景影像对街道空间品质进行评估的研究中具有重要意义。以广州市越秀区为例,获取前后左右各视角街景影像中手工设计的特征（SURF特征、HOG特征）和基于深度学习的特征（语义特征）,基于单一特征和多特征融合采用支持向量机（Support Vector Machine, SVM）、随机森林（Random Forest, RF）训练各视角的评估模型。结果表明,以基于SVM建立的单特征模型为例,基于HOG特征（73.03%）、语义特征（72.28%）的模型平均精度优于SURF特征（56.00%）,基于SVM前后左右各视角模型的最优分类精度为82.8%（前）、81.7%（后）、76.6%（左）、76.6%（右）,而基于RF各视角模型的最优分类精度为82.8%（前）、85.0%（后）、78.1%（左）、70.3%（右）。前后视角的模型精度略优于左右视角。各视角最优模型均为多特征融合模型,最优模型平均分类精度和Kappa系数可达80.6%和0.62。利用街景影像评估街道空间品质时,各算法之间性能差异微弱,而特征选择及组合方式是提升精度的关键。越秀区街道空间品质存在明显空间分异,其西南部的街道空间品质亟待提升。本研究构建了基于街景影像多特征融合的大规模高精度街道空间品质测度方法,实现了对越秀区街道空间品质的评估,研究结果可为相关部门进行街道环境综合整治提供参考。     

传统聚落景观基因的地理信息特征及其理解

传统聚落是民族传统文化遗产的重要组成部分,对社会经济和文化建设具有重要的价值。针对现有研究缺乏探讨传统聚落景观基因（简称景观基因）蕴藏的地理信息特征及理解方法,论文从以下方面开展了深入分析：① 地理信息包含了语义描述、几何形态、属性特征、维度、时空框架、尺度、要素相互关系（空间关联）、演化过程（存在状态）等属性;② 景观基因是一种特殊的文化因子,蕴含着丰富的哲理,是认识传统聚落特征的分析方法,也是文化符号的集合;③ 景观基因包含了空间定位、载体特征、历史与文化特征等丰富的地理信息。根据前述分析结果,论文从符号化、数据挖掘、谱系分析与空间格局制图等途径系统地探讨了景观基因地理信息特征的理解方法。论文认为：在地理时空大数据与地理服务日益深化发展的背景下,结合GIS原理探讨景观基因的地理信息特征对于延伸地理信息科学的内涵,深化传统聚落的地学认识,促进人文GIS的发展具有积极的意义,今后应该继续加强相关方法探索。     

基于街景图像的厦门本岛环境特征对住宅价格的影响研究

住宅价格的空间分异是城市空间资源配置不均衡的外在表现,理解住宅价格的主导影响因素及其空间分异特征对于住区规划及房价调控政策的制定具有重要意义。既有研究较少考虑环境品质对住宅价格的影响和影响因素的作用尺度差异,针对以上问题,本文引入街景图像,在特征价格模型的基础上拓展环境特征,构建多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）模型,研究环境特征对住宅价格的影响效用,并通过分析其他控制变量的系数空间格局,总结各变量的空间分异特征规律。主要结论为：① 街景图像测度的环境特征更符合人们对居住环境的真实感知,研究结论可为居住环境品质提升提供更加精细化的设计策略; MGWR模型对变量的空间分异现象具有更接近于真实值的拟合效果,可描述不同变量的作用尺度差异,这有助于为特定地区制定针对性规划策略。② 厦门本岛住宅价格呈现显著的聚类特征,并沿城市核心发展轴呈“带状”结构分布。③ 3个环境特征变量对于住宅价格均为显著的正向影响,且作用接近全局尺度,街景绿视率的影响最强,其次是天空开敞度和相对步行指数。④ 总结各变量的系数空间分异规律,发现不同特征地区住宅价格的主导影响因素不同,核心地区主要受交通、教育因素的影响;老城地区主要为环境品质、建筑质量因素;新城地区则为区位、生活设施因素。     

基于空间突变特征的城市边缘区提取方法

城市边缘区位于城市与乡村之间的过渡交接地带,既是城市扩张的前沿,也是城乡建设和用地置换中最具活力的地区。准确识别城市边缘区的空间范围一直是城市空间结构研究的核心问题,有助于从城乡对比的角度来衡量城市化程度。本文以城市边缘区的空间突变特征为切入点,基于格网尺度评价构建基于多源数据的城市边缘区特征识别指标,然后采用小波变换检测进行特征值突变点群的识别,并利用基于Delaunay的自动边长阈值的边界提取算法识别突变点群内外边界,从而实现了一种基于空间突变特征的城市边缘区提取方法。最后,以江阴市作为研究区进行了实证分析,并将本文方法提取结果与通过信息熵模型和土地利用程度综合指数模型提取城市边缘区的经典方法提取结果进行对比,经典方法所提取的城市边缘区结果更为混乱分散,而本文结果更为完整客观。将本文方法提取结果与使用土地利用数据与行政区划统计年鉴数据构建城市边缘区识别指标进行突变检测的不同指标方法提取结果进行对比,二者重叠度达88.03%,体现了本文方法的正确性,而从局部细节分析来看,本文结果更符合实际情况。为了更好地验证本文方法的有效性,利用景观格局指数对本文方法和不同指标方法提取的城市建成区、城市边缘区和乡村腹地的范围进行检验：从斑块类型层级指数分析, 2种方法划定的区域都具有典型的空间特征;而从景观层级指数分析,本文识别出的边缘区所计算的斑块密度、最大斑块指数、景观分离度、景观破碎化指数和香农多样性指数均高于对比方法,而蔓延度和香农均匀度均低于对比方法,说明本文识别的城市边缘区范围内景观破碎化程度和异质性更高,景观分布不均匀,社会经济条件更复杂,从而证明了本方法的有效性,尤其适合于非闭合环状的城市边缘区的提取。     

利用视角转换的跨视角影像匹配方法

目前遥感影像跨视角匹配技术无法直接使用大幅卫星影像进行匹配,难以满足大范围复杂场景匹配的任务需求,且依赖大规模数据集,不具备良好的泛化能力。针对上述问题,本文在质量感知模板匹配方法的基础上结合多尺度特征融合算法,提出一种基于视角转换的跨视角遥感影像匹配方法。该方法首先利用手持摄影设备采集地面多视影像,经密集匹配生成点云数据,利用主成分分析法拟合最佳地平面并进行投影变换,以实现地面侧视视角到空视视角的转换;然后设计了特征融合模块对VGG19网络从遥感影像中提取的低、中、高尺度特征进行融合,以获取遥感影像丰富的空间信息和语义信息;最后利用质量感知模板匹配方法将从视角转换后的地面影像上提取的特征与遥感影像的融合特征进行匹配,获取匹配的软排名结果,并采用非极大值抑制算法从中筛选出高质量的匹配结果。实验结果表明,在不需要大规模数据集的情况下本文方法具有较高的准确性和较强的泛化能力,平均匹配成功率为64.6%,平均中心点偏移量为5.9像素,匹配结果准确完整,可为大场景跨视角影像匹配任务提供一种新的解决方案。     

空间面群目标几何相似度计算模型

本文针对空间面群目标提出了一种几何相似度计算模型。首先,利用拓扑关系概念领域图定义了面群之间的拓扑关系相似度;然后,对不同类型的面状目标选用合适的"降维"方法处理为"线群"目标,利用方向均值定义线群之间的方向关系即面群目标的方向相似度,以及利用"环形方差"定义线群目标之间的距离关系即面群目标的距离相似度。最后,结合面群的长度和平均长度、面积和平均面积,面密度及紧致度,建立了面群目标几何相似度计算模型,以对面群目标相似度进行整体度量。该模型综合考虑了空间面群目标的几何特征和空间关系特征,并对其作了适当的权重分配。从时间邻近度和尺度邻近度角度,本文设计了2个实验,结果表明,相似度计算结果与地物特征比较一致,符合人们的直观空间认知。     

广州市零售业态空间分异影响因素识别与驱动力研究

以广州市47 026个零售业网点为基本数据,通过梳理零售业空间分异的机制,构建包含人口密度、商务条件、公共交通便利性、业态丰富度与租金条件5个影响因子的零售业态空间分异影响因素评价体系,通过信息熵、核密度函数与空间回归模型分析零售业态的空间分异影响因素,对比不同城市圈层区位与不同零售业态集聚分异的因素差异。结果表明：① 需求、区位、竞争与成本构成了广州市零售业态空间分异的主要驱动力,同时,零售的景观分异也由于业态异质性与城市的空间异质性而存在驱动力分异;② 5个影响因素强度格局圈层差异明显,城市内圈层人口集聚度高,具备更好的公共交通便利性条件、商务条件与业态丰富度,同时也承受更高的地租;③ 人口密度是零售空间分异的核心要素,公共交通便利性条件、商务条件与业态丰富度对零售的集聚也有正向驱动作用,租金的影响较弱;不同圈层区位的零售空间分布与不同类型业态的空间分异的主要影响因素各不相同。     

黄河三角洲人类干扰活动强度变化及其景观格局响应

本研究以湿地变化较为剧烈的黄河三角洲为研究对象,基于RS技术和GIS空间分析方法,利用人为干扰度模型,结合区域人工沟渠建设情况,从区域和局地两个尺度直观揭示人类干扰强度时空分异特征,并探究区域景观格局对人类干扰活动的响应,以期为黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态保护与人类活动调控提供决策支持。结果表明：① 1995-2015年现代黄河三角洲区域人为干扰度和人工沟渠密度均明显增加,空间分布呈现从西南部向东部、北部,自内陆向沿海的扩展趋势;② 随着人类活动强度增强,研究区自然湿地面积减少,区域景观多样性和空间异质性增加,景观整体连通性减弱,景观复杂性降低;③ 景观格局对人类干扰强度变化的响应关系呈现出地区和时间差异;人类干扰活动强度相对较低的保护区受人工沟渠建设的影响,也呈现出斑块团聚程度降低、景观多样性增加和景观复杂性降低的变化趋势;④ 人为干扰度指数和人工沟渠密度指标互为补充,互相印证,可以较为全面、客观地反映黄河三角洲地区人类干扰活动强度。     

城市街道景观色彩对游客情感感知影响——基于街景图像的研究

街道是城市旅游的重要吸引物,探讨街道景观色彩特征对游客情感感知的影响,对城市街道景观合理规划和布局具有重要的参考价值。本研究以西安市主要建成区为案例地,运用全卷积神经网络（FCN）和随机森林（RF）算法,构建街景图像情感感知数据集,基于街景图像利用机器学习对街道景观的色彩特征进行提取,构建色彩量化指标并将其进行空间可视化;最后,运用随机森林回归算法探讨街道景观色彩特征与游客情感感知之间的关系,并得出最佳色彩特征参数。结果表明：(1)游客情感感知具有明显的空间分布格局,美丽和活泼情感由中心区域向外逐渐增加,安全和富有在主城区外二环以内区域得分较高,无聊在该范围内则较低,压抑情感由中心区域向外逐渐降低,游客在非惯常环境中的情感感知与居民在惯常环境中的情感感知在空间分布上具有一定的同质性;(2)街道景观色彩特征与游客情感感知呈现出复杂的非线性关系。色彩复杂度对美丽和活泼的影响小于色彩协调度,对无聊、压抑、安全、富有的影响大于色彩协调度,当色彩复杂度取值为0.86,色彩协调度取值为0.84时,游客在六个维度可以获得较好的情感感知;(3)一般情况下,街道景观色彩特征越显著,越能够带给游客较好的情...     

居民对海岛旅游影响感知的实证研究

采用实地考察、问卷调查与访谈的方法对我国旅游型海岛东山岛进行调查发现,当地居民对旅游影响的正面感知较强,突出表现在旅游经济影响方面,反映了当地旅游业发展处于起步阶段;居民对旅游的负面影响感知较弱,反映了当地经济转型时期居民对旅游业的期望较高;居民人口统计学的差异对旅游影响感知总体差异不大,但在某些方面存在一定差异。     

Tourist preferences for agricultural landscapes: a case study of terraced paddy fields in Noto Peninsula,Japan

Many agricultural landscapes have been formed through the interaction and co-evolution of nature and people, and represent the living landscapes shaped over time through intensive and continuous human cultivation. Terraced paddy fields are being re-evaluated to take into account the multiple functions they fill beyond only rice cultivation, particularly their contribution to the national biodiversity strategy of Japan. Since the 1990s, terraced paddy fields have been considered a representative cultural landscape of Japan and, at the same time, multi-stakeholder conservation activities have been conducted throughout Japan to reverse the increasing abandonment of terraces. Shiroyone Senmaida is an outstanding cultural landscape and a major tourist attraction in Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa Prefecture, which was designated through an initiative by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) pilot site in 2011. It is important to clarify tourist preference for terraced paddy field landscapes to contribute to future policy making toward improved agricultural landscape conservation. A key finding of this study is that tourists visiting to enjoy the agricultural landscape are also concerned on the sustainability of the farming methods and preferred to maintain the naturalness of the landscape. Respondents with higher educational levels and greater concern for the biological and traditional farming knowledge aspects of the rice terraces were also more inclined to favor sustainable farming practices. Tourists preferred to maintain the naturalness and rurality of the agricultural landscape, and indicated that construction of excessive tourist facilities would cause the landscape to deteriorate. It was suggested that the local community and surroundings, including rural settlements, hills, and forests, should also be conserved together with the scenic terrace.     

茂名市滨海地区旅游资源分类及综合评价

依据国家标准对茂名滨海地区有旅游开发价值的旅游资源进行了分类,将其共划分为8主类、21亚类、40基本类型。评价结果表明,列为优良级旅游资源、普通级旅游资源各有4处。根据茂名滨海地区旅游资源具有浓厚的地方特色、资源丰富且品位高、开发价值大、各种类型旅游资源组合优势突出、旅游资源普遍保护好等优点,提出了8项海洋文化旅游项目,以对滨海旅游资源进行深层次的开发,逐步把茂名滨海地区建成滨海旅游资源开发示范区,带动全省滨海旅游业向高层次、多内容、具有海洋特色的方向发展。     

Belt or network? The spatial structure and shaping mechanism of the Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing

The relationship between cross-regional cultural landscapes does not currently receive enough attention in cultural landscape conservation. Cultural landscapes in China are faced with the crisis of fragmentation and islanding, which makes it necessary to strengthen the idea of integrated conservation. The Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing is a cross-regional linear cultural landscape in the northwest mountainous area of Beijing. With the Great Wall as a link connecting the surrounding natural, social, and cultural resources to form a banded structure, it has the typical and practical significance of integrated conservation. Based on the theory of the cultural landscape security pattern and its ‘node – setting – connection' model, this research studies the spatial structure and shaping mechanism of the Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing from the perspective of tourist flow, using Flickr geo-tagged photos and Wikiloc tracks. The results identify the core nodes and intermediate nodes of the Great Wall cultural belt in Beijing and show that it has a multicore, multi-group hierarchical nesting structure differing from the geographic space, which has groups following the evolution orbit of ‘linear string – circumnuclear star – complete network.' To explain the differences between the cultural association network(CAN) and the geospatial network(GSN), we find that the cultural associations between nodes rely on geophysical channels, including heritage corridors and traffic passages, as physical carriers, but the nodes' attraction and their setting elements, containing natural geography environments, settlements, administrative divisions, etc., change the channel resistance, so CAN and GSN present different characteristics. From the perspective of systematic and spatial network thoughts, this study has made an attempt to adopt new analysis and research methods to achieve the integrated conservation and inheritance of linear cultural landscapes in mountainous areas.     

利用社交媒体的位置潜语义特征提取与分析

社交媒体及时、大量、广泛地记录了城市中居民的观点和情感,尤其是具有位置标记的签到文本,将人们所处的空间和城市设施与其相应的认知态度结合起来,成为以人为核心主导的对空间位置特征的直接表达,是场所语义信息的集中体现。以微博签到数据为研究对象,引入自然语言处理领域的潜语义分析的方法,结合空间分析中因子分析、空间自相关分析和聚类分析的手段,提取并分析其中隐含的位置语义特征。本研究主要侧重于对位置之间语义相关程度的度量,首先提取研究区域隐含的概念主题结构,分析不同主题在空间上的分布特征。然后对特定地块进行潜语义空间上的相似性索引,在此基础上,采用先验的百度百科词条描述对位置间语义相似性进行扩展,通过空间自相关的分析,得到不同功能类型的热点区域。     

面向城市DEM构建的地形要素分类及表达

地形要素是对地形在地表的空间分布特征具有控制作用的点、线或面状要素,其合理划分可为城市地形建模提供数据基础。本文在解析城市地形特征和分析现有地形图分类在城市DEM建模中不足的基础上,基于面向对象思想,以城市地形被城市道路网分割为基本原则,构建了城市地形要素分类及表达方法,并以南京市某区1:500地形图为实验数据,进行了相关验证实验与分析。实验结果表明,本文提出的地形要素分类和表达方法能够整体控制并有效表达集几何和语义信息为一体的复杂城市地形,在全局和局部地形上均有较好的建模效果。本文提出的城市地形要素分类及表达方法不但可为地形要素的分析和应用提供基础,也可为城市地形构建模拟、建设规划和分析决策等提供技术支撑。     

RESIDENTS＇ ATTITUDES TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN ANCIENT VILLAGE RESORTS——Case Study of World Cultural Heritage of Xidi and Hong Villages

Tourism development surely has social, economic and environmental impacts on tourist destinations.The study on resorts residents‘ attitudes can help understand the nature of tourism development and the extent to which it may influence on tourist destinations. By now, researches on residents‘ perception and attitudes are plenteous in the international circle and achievements are great, yet few are found in developing countries. As a most representative cultural tourist destination, World Cultural Heritage-Xidi and Hong villages in Yi County of Anhui Province, are drawing the attention of both tourists and academic circles. This article, taking Xidi and Hong villages as examples, seeks to analyze ancient village residents‘ attitudes towards tourism impacts and then tries further to explore the connection between tourism development and residents‘ attitudes. Both qualitative and quantitative surveys are applied in the exploratory investigation into local residents‘ attitudes of tourism impacts. Based on abundant face-to-face interviews with the local households, tourism enterprises concerned, local government and tourists from July to August of 2002, we are able to have a better understanding of local residents‘ attitudes to community life, and perception of tourism impacts on society, economy and environment. By this we can promote domestic study on resorts residents‘ attitudes, and provide some theoretical grounds for establishing tourism development planning and perfect community participation system at tourist destinations.     

Geoscience landscape division and tourism zonation in the mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains,eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains is a typical region of mountainous landscape in western China and is the core region of "Shangri-La", a world-famous ecotourism destination. The landscape classification system is an important scientific basis for landscape protection and tourism development in this region. By combining geology and geography and referring to the concepts of "system tract" and "tectonic system" in geology, this paper comes up with grading standards for the geoscience landscape system of this region. Based on the regional stratigraphic structure, tectonic fault marks and geomorphological differentiation, this paper comes up with 2 Grade Ⅰ geoscience landscape system tracts, 8 Grade Ⅱ geoscience landscape systems, 21 Grade Ⅲ geoscience landscape areas, and 165 representative Grade Ⅳ geoscience landscape attractions. According to the main classification methods for the geological heritage and tourism landscapes, the geoscience landscapes can be divided into 4 categories, 16 types and 19 subtypes. On this basis, 23 eco-tourism areas of the mid-southern section of the Hengduan Mountains can be delimited. The study provides a theoretical direction and method reference for the geoscience landscape division and tourism zonation, which has an importantsignificance on the mountain landscape protection and tourism development in the regions of complex geo-environments.     

Impacts of tourism development on the physical environment of Mussoorie,a hill station in the lower Himalayan range of India

Tourism in mountainous regions is a significant source of revenue generation. However, it has also been associated with many adverse environmental consequences. This study aims at assessing the negative impacts of the incessant upsurge in tourism development on the physical environment of Mussoorie, a well-known mountain tourist destination in India. The impact indicators for the region were identified and assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis of field observations. The observations indicated the aggravation of traffic congestion, atmospheric pollution, undisposed solid waste, water scarcity and infrastructure unavailability as the prevalent issues, especially during the peak tourist months. The extent of the consequential damage to the environment was evaluated by conducting an assessment of tourism-induced human disturbance on the natural landscape of the town. Slope, slope aspect, vegetation cover, road network and drainage network were incorporated as the determining landscape attributes to prepare thematic maps of landscape quality (perceivable intrinsic properties) and landscape fragility (vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances) using GIS technique. An absorption capacity map was finally prepared to characterize the study area into regions of different conservation needs. The results identified the need for planning appropriate preservation strategies for different tourist places in the town. The study can be used by the policy makers for implementing the regulatory measures against potential disturbances due to mass-tourism.