初始强迫风场对Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式预报能力的影响研究

结合观测的海表温度距平（SSTA）对925hPa NCEP／NCAR再分析风应力距平（以下简称NCEP风应力距平）资料与FSU风应力距平资料进行了比较分析。对比分析了分别以NCEP、FSU风应力距平作为初始强迫风场时的Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式（简称ZC耦合模式）的预报能力。结果表明：1980、1990年代NCEP风应力距平较FSU风应力距平与观测SSTA匹配更为合理。NCEP风应力距平不仅较FSU风应力距平对ZC海洋模式初始化效果好,尤其在1990年代更为显著,而且在1980、1990年代以NCEP风应力距平替代FSU风应力距平作为ZC耦合模式的初始强迫风场,都提高了该耦合模式预报能力,尤其是可提前6-8个月成功地预报出1997／1998年EI Nifio事件。进一步分析表明,在1997／1998年EI Nifio事件前兆、爆发阶段,NCEP风应力距平驱动海洋模式产生的SSTA比FSU风应力距平驱动海洋模式产生的SSTA更接近观测SSTA的水平冷、暖分布特征,这为ZC耦合模式提供了更为合理的预报初始强迫场,从而有利于提高其预报能力。     

一个热带太平洋距平模式对风应力异常的响应

本文利用１９７０至１９８９年共２０年的逐月平均的太平着区的表面风应力和海表温度距平的分析资料，检验了以前设计的热带太平洋和热带大气距平模式的模拟性能，通过使用两组风应力异常场即观测场和热带大气模式对观测海温响应所得的模拟场，重点分析了热带太平洋距平模式对风应力异常的响应特征，结果表明，本文海洋距平模式完全有能力再现ＥＮＳＯ循环折际变化性及其水平结构，且赤道中太平洋区域的低频风应力异常对于ＥＮＳＯ事     

海底地形对南海海流、海面高度和海温影响的数值试验

利用美国普林斯顿入学海洋模式（ＰＯＭ）的南海版本（ＳＣＳ－ＰＯＭ）,研究了南海海底地形对南海海流、海面高度和海温的影响。共做了４个数值试验,分别包含陡峭（ＳＴＰ）、光滑（ＳＭＴ）、平坦（ＰＬＴ）和中间（ＭＤＴ）４种地形。在真实的海岸线和１月气候个均风应力的共同强迫下,将模式积分３６０天,对所得结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,海底地形对海水质量输送和海温分布有重要的影响,对表层和次表层流以及海面自由高度的影响较小,它们的分布主要由海岸线和风应力次定。并对海气耦合模式中海洋模式的选择提出了看法。     

大气模式对比讨划（AMIP）

大气模式对比计划是一项国际性的尝试计划，用来确定真实条件下大气模式的系统性气候误差，要求做１９７９－１９８８年十年的气候模拟（以观测的月平均海表温度和海水分布作为边界条件）。大气模式对比计划由数值试验工作组织织，为世界气候研究计划贡献，在模式性能的主要检验和对比中，大气模式对比计划须包括国际大气模拟团体的参加，除了月平均输出变量之外，每个参与大气模式对比计划的模式将产生逐日的历史善，劳伦期．利弗莫     

1985年夏季长江和黄河流域降水异常成因的数值分析

1985年，赤道东太平洋地区海温全年为负距平，冷水范围宽广；赤道西太平洋大部分地区为海温正距平区，距平值在0.5℃左右。该年盛夏我国华南、华中和江淮流域相继出现干旱高温天气，江淮地区6月份的降水不及常年的一半。本文应用中国科学院大气物理研究所的两层大气环流模式（IAP-AGCM）,分别以观测得到的1985年赤道东太平洋和赤道西太平洋月平均海表温度场为外强迫源进行了两个区域海温异常的敏感性试验，分析了造成1985年夏季华南、华中和江淮流域干旱，而华北多雨的原因。另外，为了便于分析和比较，本文还以气侯平均的海     

“六月突变”前后大气环流对太平洋海温异常响应的数值试验

采用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气环流模式的持续积分方案，模拟了４，５，６三个月大气环流对正常，异常海温强迫的响应。结果表明，持续积分结果较通常积分结果约提前一个月，蓁特点保持不变，因此，提出了利用ＧＣＭ制作月预报的可能途径。     

一个考虑SST变化的月数值预报结果分析

根据陈隆勋等对海温月季变化研究的结果提出除了从冬到春的过渡月份外,ＳＳＴ距平的相邻月的月际变化不大。在此基础上,选了１９９６年６月并利用ＣＣＭ１动力气候模式作了月数值预报。在预报中,利用１９９６年６月１日００Ｚ中国国家气象中心Ｔ６４的客观分析资料作初值,利用１９９６年５月的ＳＳＴ距平加到６月气候ＳＳＴ作为６月的ＳＳＴ,作了一个月数值预报。结果表明,考虑了ＳＳＴ变化的数值预报优于用气候海温作的数值预报。前者的５００ｈＰａ高度场预报距平、８５０ｈＰａ纬向风预报距平、中国地区气温预报距平和降水预报距平分布均十分接近于实际观测分布。     

一个热带太平洋上层海洋环流模式及其检验研究

为进行ＥＮＳＯ的模拟与预测,在中国科学院大气物理研究所原有的较低分辨率全球海洋环流模式的基础上,引入依赖于Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓｏｎ数的垂直扩散方案和太阳短波辐射穿透的物理过程,发展了一个较高分辨率的热带太平洋上层海洋环流模式。利用该模式和１９８０～１９９５年大气强迫场的观测,进行了热带太平洋海温及环流的结构和演变的数值模拟研究,并利用美国国家环境预报中心（ＮＣＥＰ）的同时段的海洋同化分析,就海洋及其时间变化的三维特征,检验了模拟结果。首先,检验了该模式对ＥＮＳＯ事件的三维结构特征及其演变的模拟能力,结果表明：这１６年间所有冷暖事件的发生、发展和消亡均得到基本正确的模拟;海温异常的强度和结构特征与实况有偏差,尤其是次表层,距平量在赤道西太平洋和沿斜温层显著弱于实况;表层海温（ＳＳＴ）距平与实况较为接近,只是在日期变更线附近偏大。然后,强调海气耦合模式要成功预测ＥＮＳＯ,真正严峻的考验是海洋模式对次表层海洋的模拟能力,而不能仅仅满足于对ＳＳＴ的正确模拟。因此,为全面评估该海洋模式,探讨模式误差的原因,根据同化资料,找出年际变化和季节变化最显著的区域之后,检验了多年平均状态及其季节变化、年际变率及其季节变化等统计量。     

El Nio与La Nia期间大气加热场的特征及其对大气环流的影响

本文采用欧洲中心７层网格点逐月平均全球资料和同期美国ＫＷＢＣ的太平洋海温资料分析了１９８２年１月～１９８３年１２月ＥｌＮｉｎｏ期间和１９８８年１月￣１９８９年１２月ＬａＮｉｎａ期间大气加热场的特征。结果表明，海表温度异常时，海面向上输送的感热、潜热通量变化并不大，有时甚至出现和海温距平变化相反的趋势，而另一方面，各辐射量和凝结加热量变化却很重要。进一步本文又分别以多年平均的１２月、ＥｌＮｉｎｏ及ＬａＮｉｎａ强盛时的１９８２年１２月和１９８８年１２月的实测海温和实测大气资料为初值作了数值模拟，模拟的大气状况与真实大气状况一致。根据资料分析和数值模拟的结果，本文认为作大尺度中长期天气预报及研究海气相互作用时应充分考虑辐射收支和凝结加热量的变化。     

全球海温距平对月预报影响的数值试验

对1992年7月19日个例，进行了有、无海温距平的对比数值试验，研究了海温距平对月预报的影响。个例试验结果表明，海温距平对月预报的影响是重要的。海温距平不仅对全球降水量的影响明显，而且对温度场预报的影响也很明显。大气（温度、降水和高度场）对异常海温强迫开始响应的时间大约是10天。     

“海棠”台风（2005）结构对其降水影响的Q矢量分解研究

摘要： 基于WRF模式对2005年台风“海棠”登陆降水过程的成功模拟, 本文初步尝试利用修改后的非地转干Q矢量(QN矢量)PG分解, 定量揭示台风结构对台风降水和台风雨强差异形成的影响。结果表明： （1）在台风登陆过程的不同阶段, 对台风降水起主要贡献的台风结构因子是不同的。在台风登陆过程前12 h期间, 对降水贡献最为显著的为QNshdv, 其次是QNalst和QNcrst, 而QNcurv的贡献最小; 在后12 h期间, 对降水贡献最为显著的为QNcrst, 其次是QNcurv, QNshdv的贡献列第三, 而QNalst的贡献最小。（2）各台风结构因子QNalst、 QNcurv、 QNshdv及QNcrst对台风降水发生的贡献都存在明显的时、 空变化。（3）在台风登陆降水过程中, 对每个时刻暴雨雨强形成有贡献的台风结构因子是不同的。相对来讲, QNcurv对暴雨、 大暴雨及特大暴雨之间雨强差异形成的贡献最为显著, QNalst与QNcrst的贡献情况较为接近, 而QNshdv的贡献则相对最小。通过QN矢量PG分解, 可以定量揭示出登陆台风结构对台风降水的影响, 这也是总的QN矢量（即QN矢量）难以揭示的潜在物理机制。     

中國之物候

物候之觀察,我國起源甚早,詩豳風七月之"春日載陽,有嗚倉庚"及"四月秀葽,五月嗚蜩"等(1),皆物候紀述之最古者。夏小正、禮记、呂氏春秋、淮南子、易緯及逸周書諸書,更詳記物候(2),分節氣之早遲,以為耕作之準則。歐西之物候學,早在希臘時代已略具端倪,自十八世紀而降,且成為研究之科學(3)。顧我國古籍中所載者,已曆時數千年,古今氣候有異,南北地域亦殊,自未可實用於今日之全國,唯有施行普遍觀察,探求物候之變遷,庶可從事新月令之制定也。近年物候之調查,自民國国廿三年起卽由中央農業實驗所各地農情報告員觀測记載,選定之物類,植物凡廿一類,動物有九種,觀測之標準植物為發芽、葉盛、始花、盛花、果熟及落葉;動物則為始見、初嗚及絕見。民國二十三年至二十四年三月之紀錄,業經盧鋈君撰有"物候初步報告"一文(4),本篇乃赓续盧君之作,将逐年各地所記     

IMPACTS OF MONTHLY ANOMALIES OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA AND SOUTH ASIA ON THE ACTIVITY OF SUMMER MONSOON AND RAINFALL IN EASTERN CHINA

The impact of strong (weak) intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over South China Sea (SCS) and South Asia (SA) in summer on the SCS and SA summer monsoon and the summer rainfall in Eastern China are studied by using the NCEP-NCAR analysis data and the rainfall data of 160 stations in China from 1961 to 2010. It is found that the impacts are significantly different in different months of summer. The study shows that in June and July cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SCS and SA corresponds to strong (weak) ISO over SCS. In August, however, strong (weak) ISO over SCS still corresponds to cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SA. In June and August cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over South Asia corresponds to strong (weak) ISO over SA while a strong (weak) ISO corresponds to anticyclonic (cyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SA in July. Besides, in June the strong (weak) ISO over SA corresponds to cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SCS, while in July and August the atmospheric circulation is in the same phase regardless of whether the ISO over SA is strong or weak. The impacts of the strong（weak）ISO over SCS on the rainfall of eastern China are similar in June and July, which favors less (more) rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers basin but sufficient (deficient) rainfall in the south of Yangtze River. However, the impacts are not so apparent in August. In South Asia, the strong (weak) ISO in July results in less (more) rainfall in the south of Yangtze River but sufficient (deficient) rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers basin. The influence on the rainfall in eastern China in June and August is not as significant as in July.     

南半球10 hPa极地涡旋的多尺度变化特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 10 hPa月平均高度场资料, 计算了1948\_2007年南半球10 hPa极地涡旋的强度指数P、 面积指数S和中心位置指数(λc, φc)。用它们分析了南半球10 hPa极地涡旋的季节变化、 年际异常及其可能成因, 分析了10 hPa极地涡旋强度与南极涛动的关系。结果表明： (1) 南半球10 hPa极区12月~1月受反气旋控制, 3~10月受气旋控制, 2月、 11月为环流转换季节。(2) 1(7)月反气旋(气旋)指数P\, S均在1970年代后期发生了显著的跃变; 跃变前反气旋(气旋)由极弱(极强)振荡地增强(减弱)至接近气候均值, 跃变后反气旋由极强振荡趋于气候均值, 气旋在偏弱的状态下振荡。(3) 1月反气旋中心位置存在显著的年代际变化, 而7月气旋中心位置的年际变化明显。(4) 臭氧异常可引起南半球10 hPa 1月极地反气旋年际异常(正相关), 但与7月极地气旋异常无关。(5) 1月、 7月极地涡旋强度指数P与南极涛动指数(AAOI)呈显著的负相关, 可由P来表征AAOI。     

Utilization of Specific Attenuation for Rainfall Estimation in Southern China

This study uses rain gauge observations to assess the performance of different radar estimators R(ZH), R(KDP)and R(A) in estimating precipitation based on the observations of an S-band polarimetric radar over southern China during a typical convective storm and an extremely severe typhoon, i. e., Typhoon Manghkut. These radar estimators were derived from observations of a local autonomous particle size and velocity(Parsivel) unit(APU) disdrometer. A key parameter, alpha(α), which is the ratio of specific attenuation A to specific differential phase K_(DP) with three fixed values(α=0.015 dB deg~(-1), α=0.0185 dB deg~(-1) and α=0.03 dB deg~(-1)) was examined to test the sensitivity of the R(A) rain retrievals. The results show that:(1) All radar estimators can capture the spatio-temporal patterns of two precipitation events, R(A) with α =0.0185 dB deg~(-1) is well correlated with gauge measurement via higher Pearson's correlation coefficient(CC) of 0.87, lower relative bias(RB) of 16%, and lower root mean square error(RMSE) of 17.09 mm in the convective storm while it underestimates the typhoon event with RB of 35%;(2) R(A) with α=0.03 dB deg~(-1) shows the best statistical scores with the highest CC(0.92), lowest RB(7%) and RMSE(25.74 mm) corresponding to Typhoon Manghkut;(3) R(A) estimates are more efficient in mitigating the impact of partial beam blockage. The results indicate that α is remarkably influenced by the variation of drop size distribution. Thus, more work is needed to establish an automated and optimized α for the R(A) relation during different rainfall events over different regions.     

Observation system experiments for Typhoon Jangmi (200815) observed during T-PARC

In this study, the impact of various types of observations on the track forecast of Tropical Cyclone (TC) Jangmi (200815) is examined by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the corresponding three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system. TC Jangmi is a recurving typhoon that is observed as part of the THORPEX Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC). Conventional observations from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and targeted dropsonde observations from the Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region (DOTSTAR) were used for a series of observation system experiments (OSEs). We found that the assimilation of observations in oceanic areas is important to analyze environmental flows (such as the North Pacific high) and to predict the recurvature of TC Jangmi. The assimilation of targeted dropsonde observations (DROP) results in a significant impact on the track forecast. Observations of ocean surface winds (QSCAT) and satellite temperature soundings (SATEM) also contribute positively to the track forecast, especially two- to three-day forecasts. The impact of sensitivity guidance such as real-time singular vectors (SVs) was evaluated in additional experiments.     

中国北方季风区盛夏典型雨型的大气环流背景和海表温度演变特征

利用中国北方季风区46站盛夏降水观测资料,采用经验正交函数分解（EOF）、合成分析和相关分析等方法,将盛夏北方季风区划分为4类雨型:A型全区一致偏多、B型全区一致偏少、C型华北偏多东北偏少和D型华北偏少东北偏多,并对比分析了四类雨型同期大气环流和前期至同期海温演变特征的差异,以探讨其形成机制及前期预测信号。结果表明:四类雨型对应的东亚大气环流和海温演变具有明显的差异。A型年:东亚副热带西风急流（西风急流）和西太平洋副热带高压（西太副高）位置偏北,东亚夏季风偏强,欧亚中高纬以纬向环流为主,北方季风区低层辐合、高层辐散,冷暖空气在北方季风区辐合;从前冬至夏季,赤道中东太平洋类似于东部型La Ni?a发展年的海温异常分布,北大西洋海温三极子模态（NAT）负位相逐渐形成;B型年则基本相反。C（D）型年:西风急流异常偏北（略偏南）,西太副高偏西（东）偏北,华北盛行西南（西北）风,东北盛行东北（东南）风,华北地区对流层低层辐合（辐散）高层辐散（辐合）,东北地区对流层低层辐散（辐合）高层辐合（辐散）,东北冷涡较弱（活跃）;从前冬至夏季,赤道中东太平洋和印度洋逐渐由暖海温向冷海温转变（El Ni?o分布形态逐渐形成）。     

夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动与中国近海热带气旋活动的关系

采用联合台风警报中心的台风最伟路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacif-ic Oscillation,简称APO)与东亚近海-西北太平洋大气环流的关系,并进一步探讨了APO与中国近海热带气旋(tropical cy-clone,简称TC)活动的关系.研究表明:(1)夏季APO强弱与同期西北太平洋及中国东部近海TC活动存在密切关系,即在APO强(弱)年,西北太平洋TC活动偏西(东)和偏北(南),中国东部近海TC明显增多(减少);(2)当APO偏强(弱)时,中国东部近海大气环流有(不)利于TC的维持和发展,表现为低层存在异常气旋性(反气旋性)环流,对流层高低层纬向风垂直切变减小(增大),且对流加强(减弱);(3)APO强弱也影响着TC引导气流的方向:在APO强(弱)年,西北太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)偏北和偏东(偏南和偏西),副高南侧偏东气流减弱(加强),有利于TC的向西北行或在偏北(南)纬度西行,进入中国东部近海的TC增多(减少);(4)APO强弱也影响着南海-热带西太平洋TC源地上空的大气环流,在APO强(弱)年,南海-热带西太平洋季风槽偏北、偏西(偏南、偏东),热带西太平洋TC活动偏北和偏西(偏南和偏东),有利于进入中国东部近海TC的增多(减少).     

Characteristics of intensity change in tropical cyclones affecting the South China Sea from 1977 to 2007

The best track data of tropical cyclones (TCs) provided by Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo for the South China Sea (SCS) from 1977 to 2007 are employed to study the spatiotemporal variations (for a period of 12 hours) and the rapid (slow) intensification (RI/SI) of TCs with different intensity. The main results are as follows. (1) Over this period, the tropical storms (TSs) and severe tropical storms (STSs) mostly intensify or are steady while the typhoons (TYs) mostly weaken. The stronger a TC is initially, the more observation of its intensification and the less its variability will be; the more observation of its weakening is, the larger its variability will be. (2) The TC intensifies the fastest at 0000 UTC while weakening the fastest at 1200 UTC. (3) In the intensifying state, TSs, STSs, and TYs are mainly active in the northeastern, central-eastern, and central SCS respectively. The weakening cases mainly distribute over waters east off Hainan Island and Vietnam and west off the Philippines. Some cases of TSs and STSs weaken over the central SCS. (4) The RI cases form farther south in contrast to the SI cases. The RI cases are observed in regions where there are weaker vertical shear and easterly components at 200 hPa. The RI cases also have stronger mid-and lower-level warm-core structure and smaller radii of 15.4 m/s winds. The SI cases have slightly higher SST.     

On the Forced Tangentially-Averaged Radial-Vertical Circulation within Vortices. Part II: The Transformation of Tropical Storm Haima (2004)

A real case study for the transformation of Tropical Storm (TS) Haima (2004) into an extratropical cyclone (EC) is carried out numerically since,after landfall,Haima (2004) (as an EC) brought severe weather to a large area (from the south to the north) in China during 13-16 September 2004.With the linear diagnostic model (derived in a previous study) for the tangentially-averaged radial-vertical circulation within vortices moving on the spherical Earth,Haima’s (2004) life cycle is reconstructed noticeably well.Therefore,the major contributor could be identified confidently for Haima’s (2004) extratropical transition based on the diagnostic model outputs.The quantitative comparison shows that up to a 90% contribution to the innerregion updraft and a 55% contribution to the upper-layer outflow come from latent heating during Haima’s (2004) TS stage.Up to a 90% contribution to the inner-region updraft and nearly a 100% contribution to the upper-layer outflow come from the upper-layer eddy angular momentum advection (EAMA) during Haima’s (2004) EC stage.Representing the asymmetric structure of the storm,the predominantly positive contribution of the upper-layer EAMA to Haima’s (2004) transformation is closely associated with the Sshaped westerlies in the upper layer with two jets.One jet in the cyclonic-curvature area carries cyclonic angular momentum into the storm,and the other jet in the anticyclonic-curvature area carries anticyclonic angular momentum out of the storm.Consequently,the newly-increased cyclonic tangential wind is deflected by the Coriolis force to the right to form the upper-layer outflow accompanied by the central-area rising motion,leading to Haima’s (2004) extratropical transition after its landfall.