新疆天山地区强震前地震条带不清晰的原因初探

新疆地区在强震前地震条带不明显.本文对比分析了新疆天山与川滇地区区域构造背景和地震震源机制解,得到:①新疆天山地区区域地震构造以逆冲型为主,而川滇地区区域地震构造以走滑型为主.②1970年以来的天山地区中强地震以逆断层和走滑型地震类型为主,走滑型地震多数包含较大的倾滑分量;而川滇地区6级强震以走滑型地震类型为主,地震主要以水平错动为主.认为弱震条带适用于以水平剪切错动为主的地震,而新疆天山地区地震倾滑分量较大,因此中强地震前弱震条带图像不清晰,中短期地震预报意义不显著.     

川滇地区走滑型地震烈度衰减特征研究

为分析走滑型地震的烈度衰减特征, 我们搜集并整理1900年以来川滇地区的145个5级以上震例和其中70个5级以上、 破裂方式以走滑型为主的典型震例, 利用联合椭圆衰减模型, 建立该区域此类型地震烈度衰减关系。 对比已有研究成果, 结果表明, 川滇地区破裂方式以走滑型为主的地震烈度衰减速度慢于西南地区, 可能与该地区地震破裂方式、 动力学过程等有关, 但与川滇地区和中国西部的衰减规律相比没有明显差异。 本文给出的烈度衰减关系在该区域此类地震的灾害快速评估和地震应急中具有一定参考价值, 其他区域的适用性需进一步分析。     

由震源机制解资料研究川滇地区构造应力场

利用1978 ～2009年川滇地区的124个地震震源机制解资料,采用对震源机制参数统计的方法,详细分析了地震断层类型和川滇地区的现代构造应力场特征.结果表明,云南地区(21°～28°N,97°～108.8°E)主要受近N-S向的水平挤压力影响,区域应力场背景以水平作用力为主;四川地区(28°～34.5°N,97°～108.8°E)由于平均P,T轴的仰角接近水平,构造应力场接近水平,主要受近E-W向挤压力作用,断层面较陡,受水平剪切力作用.川滇地区走滑型地震较多,主要分布于云南地区,四川地区内发生的地震类型较为分散且每种类型都有.     

利用P波、S波初动和振幅比计算2000年姚安M_S6.5地震序列震源机制解

利用P波、SV波和SH波的初动和振幅比计算了2000年姚安6.5级地震序列中14次M≥3.0地震的震源机制解.结果表明,姚安6.5级地震的主要发震断裂走向为北西,高倾角,在北北西向近水平主压应力作用下,呈现出以右旋走滑为主的断层错动性质;姚安地震序列以走滑型为主,个别地震为斜滑型,是在北北西向水平或近水平的主压应力作用下的构造运动方式;主震发生后1～3天断层错动以走滑型为主,个别为斜滑型,主震发生后3～30天断层错动为走滑型;P轴和T轴的方位总在按与构造应力场走向由一致到不一致再到一致的规律反复变化;在强余震明显活动期间,地震以水平或近水平向主压应力作用下的断层错动方式为主,有一定的斜向作用,然后为水平或近水平的主压应力作用方式,主震后应力场有明显的调整变化过程.     

云南地区现代构造应力场研究

利用云南及周边地区中强地震震源机制解资料,采用对震源机制参数进行统计的方法,详细分析了地震断层类型和云南地区的现代构造应力场特征.结果表明,云南地区发生的中强地震走滑型地震占绝大多数,比例为80%,正断型和正走滑型与逆断型和逆走滑型地震所占的比例相当,分别约为8%.云南地区应力场接近水平,地震错动面的倾角较陡.云南地区...     

北天山地区中强地震震源机制解分析

利用北天山地区历史上24次中强地震震源机制解,进行系统聚类及应力场反演分析.结果表明,北天山地区中强地震震源断错性质主要以倾滑逆断层为主.多数地震的主破裂面为NW向.与其附近地震构造走向基本一致.主压应力P轴方位近NS向,倾角较小;主张应力T轴倾角较大,显示出区域应力场主要受近NS向水平挤压作用.最大主应力方向从东到西呈现出NNE-Ns-NW的渐变过程.     

川滇地区强震活动分布特征及其与地壳块体构造背景关系的研究

研究了川滇地区强震活动分布特征及其与地质构造背景，重点是与川滇、川青地壳块体的关系，认为: ①川滇强震主要集中分布在川滇和川青两个地壳块体. 其外侧的中强震活动也明显受这两块体向南东方向滑移侧压的影响；②川滇和川青块体的强震主要分布在边界断裂带上. 块体内部的活断层上也有一些强震或中强震发生. 规模较大的也许是划分次一级块体的边界；③也确有个别强震与活断层关系不明显，表现出地震与地质构造关系的复杂性；④这两块体各边界带的地震活动性，包括盛衰交替性有一定程度的相关性，但也各有特点. 川滇块体东带7级以上地震比西带的多，且最大地震强度达8级，而西带的中强震频度高于东带. 东带的b值低于西带. 无论是地质证据，还是近年GPS观测资料都表明，东带左旋走滑速率都大于西带右旋走滑速率. 川青块体的西边界鲜水河带的地震活动性总的来说高于东边界松潘、龙门山带，且震级越高，差异越大. 前者的b值低于后者. 说明块体各带介质的不均匀性或应力状态是有所不同的；⑤ 川滇和川青块体的边界断裂带在地壳深部速度结构上都有异常变化. 多数边界断裂带切割了莫霍面，尤以倾滑为主的龙门山断裂带切割得最明显. 典型的走滑型鲜水河断裂带虽无切割莫霍面的明显迹象，但确在不同深度上都是明显的低速异常带.      

川滇菱形块体中部现今构造应力场精确求解

自Global CMT和前人文献中搜索了1973～2015年间的34条中小地震震源机制解并进行分析,根据震级对每个地震震源机制解进行加权处理,采用网格搜索法反演了川滇菱形块体中部区域现今构造应力场。结果表明,川滇菱形块体中部区域整体以走滑断层类型为主,而西部呈现正断层类型;整个区域应力场受到近NW向挤压,NE向拉张,应力形因子为0.1。该区域应力场主张应力轴方向近水平,表明有横向的拉张作用。较低的应力形因子表明几乎处于NW-SE向和垂直向的双轴挤压及NE-SW向拉张的应力状态。这种应力状态来源于2种动力作用:(1)在青藏高原物质东流和华南块体阻挡作用下呈现NW-SE向挤压和NE-SW向拉张的走滑应力状态;(2)印度板块缅甸弧对该地区深部的NEE向低角度俯冲作用导致浅部地壳物质具有NEE-SWW向的拉张分量。这2种动力的共同作用导致该地区既出现走滑型地震,又出现正断型地震。     

缅甸弧强震对川滇地区主要断裂的应力影响

收集并分析了1969—2018年缅甸弧地区共170次地震的震源机制解,发现浅源地震主要分布在缅甸弧西侧和实皆断裂,且震源机制解以走滑为主;逆冲型地震主要位于缅甸弧中部,且以中源地震为主;正断型地震主要分布在缅甸弧南侧。基于缅甸弧至川滇地区粘弹性介质模型,以川滇地区51条主要断裂、129个断层段、2 112个断层离散点作为接收断层模型,分别计算了缅甸弧单次地震模型和1969—2018年所有M_W≥6.0地震在川滇地区产生的静态和累积库仑应力。结果表明:缅甸弧中源地震对川滇地区库仑应力影响较小,一般情况下可忽略不计;浅源地震在川滇地区产生的库仑应力大小明显高于中源地震;1969—2018年缅甸弧所有M_W≥6.0地震对川滇地区的最大累积库仑应力小于0.1 bar,应力加载作用最强的区域集中在小滇西—滇西北附近地区。     

新疆及周缘构造破裂特征及地震序列类型

横亘新疆境内的天山及其周边的西昆仑、阿尔金和阿尔泰是中国大陆著名的强构造运动区和地震活动带。在对新疆构造区应力环境、动力过程、断层运动变形特征和地震序列分析讨论的基础上,对新疆及其周缘主要构造区地震破裂方式和序列类型进行研究,得出如下结论:(1)西昆仑构造区受来自青藏块体和塔里木块体NS和NW向水平压应力和垂向力的作用,构造运动呈现出走滑与逆冲特征,震源破裂以走滑型为主,数量较少的逆断型地震主要分布在西昆仑帕米尔一侧的深震挤压区,正断型地震主要出现在西昆仑与阿尔金交汇的拉张盆地及附近。该区主余型地震占63%,6级以上地震序列也存在多震类型。(2)阿尔金断裂带位于西昆仑北缘断裂和北祁连断裂过渡带,受青藏块体向北和向西的推挤,断裂本身的左旋位移量通过两端逆冲挤压而转化,使得青藏高原北边界不断向外扩展。在此力源下,阿尔金断裂带震源破裂以走滑为主,也有少量的逆冲型地震。地震序列中主余型和孤立型地震占比相同(占44%)。(3)在印度板块和亚欧大陆碰撞效应影响下,天山地区产生近NNE向水平压应力,构造运动显现出带旋性特征的逆冲和走滑,震源破裂方式与之相吻合。而天山构造大跨度的空间展布、扩展形式的多样性和地震破裂的两重性,又影响到地震序列类型的多样性,使得主余型、孤立型和多震型地震在不同构造部位呈现优势分布。(4)阿尔泰的构造运动可能受到了来自印度板块与亚欧板块碰撞的远程效应和西伯利亚块体南向运动的双向影响,形成NNE和SW向水平挤压力,主要大型发震断裂做右旋剪扭错动,而一些深断裂则以逆冲运动为主。震源破裂呈现出走滑(占64%)和部分的逆冲(占27%),6级以上地震序列主要为主余型,5级左右地震则多为孤立型。     

Study on distribution characteristics of strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan area and their geological tectonic background

Introduction Both Sichuan and Yunnan are provinces with more earthquakes. Based on catalogue of strong earthquakes in China compiled by the Prediction Department of China Earthquake Administration, there are 639 M5.0 earthquakes during 26 B.C.~A.D. 2001. Among them, 475 are M=5.0~5.9 events, 124 are M=6.0~6.9 events, 39 are M=7.0~7.9 events, and one is M=8 event occurred in Sichuan and Yunnan area. Here is one of the areas where seismic activities are most active in China. Sichuan-Yun…     

Relative location and source mechanism of inland earthquakes in Northern Egypt

We have relocated 259 inland earthquakes in northern Egypt using the double-difference hypocenter technique. Among this dataset we are able to determine source mechanisms of 200 events using P-wave polarities and amplitude ratios as well. The studied earthquakes have been recorded by the Egyptian National Seismological Network from October 1997 to December 2006 with local magnitude (M_L) varies between 1.5 and 5.0. Three earthquake dislocations have been defined namely: Dahshour, southeast Beni-Suef, and Cairo-Suez district. Earthquake activities tend to occur in clusters along the first dislocation (Dahshour) however, relatively scattered along the second (southeast Beni-Suef) and the third (Cairo-Suez district) dislocations. At Dahshour dislocation three distinct clusters have been distinguished. Source mechanism solutions of Dahshour earthquakes displayed normal faulting with a strike-slip component to strike-slip faulting with a minor normal dip-slip component. Most of earthquake focal mechanism orientations are varying from NE-SW to NW-SE. The fault plane solutions of Beni-Suef earthquakes represented normal faulting with a strike-slip component. If the NNW-SSE striking plane has been chosen to be the actual fault plane, some solutions would indicated normal faulting with a sinistral strike-slip motion and other reflect normal faulting with a dextral strike-slip component. The fault plane solutions of Cairo-Suez district earthquakes are compatible with E-W to ENE-WSW striking normal fault with a dextral strike-slip motion.     

EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECANISMS IN THE DALIANGSHAN SUB-BLOCK AND ADJACENT AREAS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGIONAL STRESS FIELD

The Daliangshan sub-block is a boundary region among the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block. It hosts four major fault systems:The southwest to south trending Xianshuihe-Zemuhe Fault zone in the west, the Longmenshan fault zone is the northern boundary, the Zhaotong-Lianfeng fault zone in the south, and the NS-trending Mabian-Yanjin fault zone in the east. This study focused on focal mechanisms and the regional stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block to help understand the earthquake preparation process, tectonic deformation and seismic stress interaction in this area. We collected broadband waveform records from the Sichuan Seismic Network and used multiple 1-D velocity models to determine the focal mechanisms of moderate and large earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.5)in the Daliangshan sub-block by using the CAP method. Results for 276 earthquakes from Jan 2010 to Aug 2016 show that the earthquakes are dominated by strike-slip and trust faulting, very few events have normal faulting and the mixed type. We then derived the regional distribution of the stress field through a damp linear inversion(DRSSI)using the focal mechanisms obtained in this study. Inversion results for the spatial pattern of the stress field in the block suggest that the entire region is predominantly under strike-slip and trust faulting regimes, largely consistent with the focal mechanisms. The direction of maximum compression axes is NW-NWW, and part of the area is slightly rotated, which is consistent with the GPS velocity field. Combining geodynamic background, this work suggests that because the Sichuan-Yunnan block is moving to SE and the Tibetan plateau to SE-E along major strike-slip faults, the stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block and its adjacent regions is controlled jointly by the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block.     

海城、盖州地区地震震源机制及一致性参数特征研究

本文选取辽宁海城、 盖州地区(40°~41°N, 122°~123°E)作为研究区, 利用广义极性振幅技术(GPAT)方法, 反演得到研究区2012—2017年6月共184个地震震源机制解, 并利用Misfit角度分析震源机制一致性参数特征。 研究结果表明: ① 研究区地震震源机制解以走滑型和正断型为主。 海城地区地震震源机制解以NW—SE向节面的左旋走滑型和NWW向节面的正断型为主。 发震构造以NW向海城河断裂为主, NE向节面为主的地震可能受到NE向金州断裂带的控制。 ② 青石岭地区的发震构造为与九寨—盖县北段共轭的NW向未知断裂, 西海域的地震活动可能是NE向的雁式断裂和NW向共轭的未知断裂共同作用的结果。 ③ 震源机制一致性结果显示, 一致性增强后发生了震级相对较大的地震。 研究区的震源机制一致性较强, 表明该区域的应力较为集中。 但由于2016年以来活动趋于平静, 尚难以根据震源机制解一致性程度做出当前应力状态的判断。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCAL MECHANISMS AND STRESS FIELD IN THE EASTERN BOUNDARY OF SICHUAN-YUNNAN BLOCK AND ITS ADJACENT AREA

This study is devoted to a systematic analysis of the stress state of the eastern boundary area of Sichuan-Yunnan block based on focal mechanisms of 319 earthquakes with magnitudes between M3.0 and M6.9, occurring from January 2009 to May 2018. We firstly determined the mechanism solutions of 234 earthquakes by the CAP method, using the broadband waveforms recorded by Chinese regional permanent networks, and collected 85 centroid moment tensor solutions from the GCMT. Then we investigated the regional stress regime through a damp linear inversion. Our results show that:1)the focal mechanisms of moderate earthquakes are regionally specific with three principal types of focal mechanisms:the strike-slip faulting type, the thrust faulting type and the normal faulting type. The strike-slip faulting type is significant in the eastern boundary area of Sichuan-Yunnan block along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault, the Daliangshan Fault, and the Zhaotong-Lianfeng Fault. The thrust faulting type and the combined thrust/strike-slip faulting type are significant along the Mabian-Yanjin Fault, Ebian-Yanfeng Fault and the eastern section of Lianfeng Fault; 2)The most robust feature of the regional stress regime is that, the azimuth of principal compressive stress axis rotates clockwise from NWW to NW along the eastern boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan Block, and the clockwise rotation angle is about 50 degrees. Meanwhile, the angels between the principal compressive axis and the trend of eastern boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan Block remain unchanged, which implies a stable coefficient of fault friction in the eastern boundary fault zone of Sichuan-Yunnan Block. The movement of the upper crust in the southeastern Tibetan plateau is a relatively rigid clockwise rotation. On the whole, the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault is a small arc on the earth, and its Euler pole axis is at(21°N, 88°E). The Daliangshan Fault is surrounded by the Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault, which formed a closed diamond shape. When the Sichuan-Yunnan block rotates clockwise, the Daliangshan Fault locates in the outer of the arc, while the Anninghe-Zemuhe Fault is in the inward of the arc, and from the mechanical point of view, left-lateral sliding movement is more likely to occur on the Daliangshan Fault. Our results can be the evidence for the study on the "cut-off" function of the Daliangshan Fault based on the stress field background; 3)The regional stress regime of the eastern boundary faults zone of the Sichuan-Yunnan Block is the same as the south section of the Dalianshan Fault, and the focal mechanism results also reveal that the Dalianshan Fault is keeping left-lateral strike-slip. There may be the same tectonic stress field that controls the earthquake activities in the southern section of Daliangshan Fault and Zhaotong-Lianfeng Fault. The regional stress regime of Zhaodong-Lianfeng Fault is also the same with the Sichuan-Yunnan Block, which implies that the control effect of the SE movement of the Sichuan-Yunnan block may extend to Weining.     

新疆4次中强地震前小震震源机制变化特征

采用点源位错模型、层状介质速度结构,利用地震波垂直向记录的直达P珔、S珔波最大振幅,计算小地震震源机制。通过系统聚类,利用矢量合成方法,计算得到各类解的平均震源机制解。采用上述方法,针对2003年以来新疆北天山西段和中天山地区4次中强地震前,震源区周围中小地震震源断错性质和P轴方位的变化进行分析。结果显示,中强地震前2～3年中小地震震源机制解类型随机分布,震前1年表现出明显的优势分布特点,主压应力P轴方位发生较明显的偏转变化。     

Focal Mechanism Solutions and Stress Field Inversion of Moderately Strong Earthquakes in the Northern Tianshan Area

Using the focal mechanism solutions of 24 moderately strong earthquakes in the northern Tianshan area, we carried out system cluster and stress field inversion analysis. The result indicates that, the focal mechanism solutions of moderately strong earthquakes are mainly dipslip reverse faulting in the northern Tianshan area. The principal rupture planes of earthquakes are NW-oriented. It is basically consistent with the strike of earthquake structure in its adjacent area. The direction of the principal compression stress P axis is nearly NS, and its inclination angle is small; while the inclination angle of the principal extensional stress T axis is large. It shows that the regional stress field is mainly controlled by the near-NS horizontal compressive stress. The direction of the maximum principal stress shows a gradation process of NNE-NS-NW from east to west.     

2003—2008年新疆区域构造应力场特征探讨

给出了2003—2008年新疆74次MS≥4.5地震的震源机制解。分析了该期间震源机制反映出的新疆区域应力场特征,并结合1990—2008年的地震活动图像和区域应力场进行了讨论。结果认为:1990—2003年与2004—2008年新疆MS≥5地震活动空间分布图像存在较大的差异性;震源机制得到的主压应力P轴方位为NNW向,与新疆近SN向的背景应力场和作者前期给出的NNE向结果略有差异,反映出不同时期新疆大区域应力场的变化特点;中强地震震源机制主压应力P轴仰角的大小变化与新疆地震活动的强弱相关性明显。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCAL MECHANISMS IN THE DOWNSTREAM RESERVOIR AREAS OF JINSHA RIVER

We select the Xiluodu-Wudongde reservoir area in the downstream of Jinsha River as the research area, and use the CAP and GPAT method to obtain focal mechanisms of M_L ≥ 2.0 earthquakes from 2016 to 2017 in this region. Then, we analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of focal mechanism solutions in each local region and investigate the relationship between seismicity and regional structures. According to 414 focal mechanism solutions we get following conclusions:1)The Xiluodu dam began to impound water on May 4, 2013, and seismicity increased significantly after impoundment. We get 49 focal mechanisms in the Xiluodu dam and its adjacent area which are dominated by thrust faulting and next by strike-slip faulting, which are mainly distributed near the middle section of the Ebian-Jinyang fault zone. The distribution of nodal planes striking in NNW to NE direction is consistent with that of regional faults, and some large earthquakes are controlled by regional structures. 2)There are 39 and 24 focal mechanisms obtained in the unimpounded Baihetan and Wudongde dams and adjacent areas, and the spatial distribution of focal mechanism solutions are relatively consistent, dominated by strike-slip faulting with a small amount of thrust and normal faulting. The sinistral strike-slip earthquakes are consistent with the activity of Xiaojiang fault zone and Puduhe-Xishan Fault. The strikes of the nodal planes are distributed discretely, and many groups of faults intersect with each other in the area, suggesting that the seismogenic environment is relatively complex. 3)The seismicity in Ludian continues to be active after the Ludian M6.5 earthquake. By the end of 2017, we got 260 focal mechanism solutions in the aftershock area of the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake of Aug 3rd, 2014, which show an "L-shape" in distribution and are dominated by thrust and strike-slip faulting. The long axis is distributed in EW direction, and the short axis is distributed in near NNW direction. The strikes of nodal planes are mainly near EW and near NE, and the nodal planes in the NW direction are less. According to characteristics of a large number of focal mechanism solutions, we deduce that there may exist a buried structure in the EW direction, the seismicity is controlled by different types of faults and the seismogenic structure is very complex. 4)The centroid depth in each region is concentrated in the range of 5~15km, indicating that the seismogenic layer in the study area is 5~15km deep in the middle and upper crust.     

欧亚地震带现代构造应力场及其分区特征

利用美国哈佛大学矩心矩张量目录中的2818个地震的震源机制解资料,分析了欧亚地震带及其5个分区现代构造应力场的基本特征,给出了5个分区的震源机制主压应力方向分布图。结果表明:①欧亚地震带以逆断型和走滑型断层活动为主;②地中海地震区以走滑断层活动为主,主压应力方向为SSW向;③伊朗—阿富汗—巴基斯坦地震区以逆断型断层活动为主,主压应力优势方向为NNE—NS向;④喜马拉雅地震以逆断型为主,主压应力优势方向为NS和NE向;⑤川—滇—缅地震区以走滑断层活动为主,主应力场方向为NNE向;⑥印度尼西亚地震区以逆断型断层活动为主,主压应力优势方向为NE—SSW向。各分区的主压应力方向明显受其所在区域板块运动的影响,由此推测板块运动可能是产生欧亚地震带构造应力的主要力源。