大柳树坝址区松动岩体中硐室围岩破坏变形特征

以黄河大柳树坝址为例,对松动岩体硐室围岩破坏变形特征进行了研究,松动岩体具有断裂张开、节理错动、岩体架空、岩石高强度、岩体波速等特征。研究得出松动岩体硐室围岩破坏变形特征为结构松散、塌落范围大、变形破坏受水影响大及围岩压力以重力为主等特点。     

岩体卸荷松动模式及其离散元模拟

以黄河黑山峡大柳树坝址为例，概化了坝址区岩体卸荷松动变形模式，同时建立了地质模型。利用2D—Block离散元程序进行数值模拟，显现坝址区岩体卸荷松动过程，为坝址松动岩体的利用和改良提供科学的依据。     

岩体卸荷松动模式及其离散元模拟

以黄河黑山峡大柳树坝址为例,概化了坝址区岩体卸荷松动变形模式,同时建立了地质模型。利用2D-Block离散元程序进行数值模拟,显现坝址区岩体卸荷松动过程,为坝址松动岩体的利用和改良提供科学的依据。     

我院两项科研成果通过鉴定

黄河黑山峡大柳树坝址区地质构造格架及断裂活动性研究 该项研究是甘肃省计委委托项目,由我院杜东菊副教授负责,彭建兵、张骏、胡高社、苏生瑞等同志共同完成,于今年元月十九日在兰州通过专家评审鉴定,认为居国内领先地位,部分内容达国际先进水平。 研究成果以1/万地质填图为基础,全面、系统地开展了大柳树坝址区的地质构造格架和断裂活动性以及地裂缝的调查研究工作。该区在区域上位于青藏高原东北缘逆冲推覆构造     

黄河黑山峡小观音、大柳树坝址区域稳定性工程地质论证

小观音、大柳树两坝址同处于黄河黑山峡河段,二者相距48公里。在国家地震区划中属西北强震带。在区域上,南部有海原17/2级地震,北部有中宁15/2级和中卫7级地震强震史。地壳活动强烈地受到沿原——景泰、中宁——中卫南北两大活断裂带控制。所以,区域稳定性条件便成为两坝址选择比较的关键。经对区域稳定性的地质、地震地质背景,活断裂特征和区域稳定性基本指标的系统分析论证,获得初步结论:黑山峡地区虽属中国地震区划强震区,但南北两大活动构造带之间的黑山峡——香山地块则属基本稳定地区。小观音,大柳树坝址区域稳定性条件较好。二者都具建坝条件,今后100年内地震烈度按八度考虑,可认为安全度保证率可靠。     

雷坪测区地质物探特征及成矿分析

根据雷坪测区有利的区域地质条件和地质物探特征,推测深部存在隐伏岩体,在构造有利部位可能存在热液多金属矿才华床.     

浅析如何提高地质测量工作

一、不同地质现象与氡异常的关系 在各种动力作用下,氡、地下水、气体等流体主要沿各种岩石孔隙和裂隙运动。如果地下地质体的分布是均匀的、连续的,那么在地表所测的氧值应符合一定的规律性,不存在异常区,当地下发生地质变化时,地质体的连续性受到破坏,这时岩石中氡的聚集条件和运移条件发生变化,     

临震前地壳变形不动点现象与机制研究

在综合分析国内外地形变前兆研究现状的基础上,结合汶川8.0级地震前GPS、应变、重力等研究结果,提出临震前震源区域可能出现变形不动点现象。地壳变形过程中的不动点现象是临震前区域应力场进入临界状态的重要标志,是地震潜在危险区域划定的重要依据。借助不动点理论,给出汶川地震前变形不动点集合的演化,结合大区域地震活动空区与远场显著形变异常分布,探讨变形不动点现象发生的动力学背景,验证了汶川地震前地壳变形的不动点现象是大区域应力场有序运动的结果。     

渤海与黄河三角洲地震活动性差异初探

黄河三角洲地区地震强度小,频度低,但与之相毗邻的渤海地区却是华北地区强震多发区之一,地震强度大、频度高,成为影响黄河三角洲地区地震危害性最大最严重的区域。从地震地质角度出发,通过对深部地球物理场、构造应力场、地温场及断裂活动性等方面的研究,发现渤海强震构造区与黄河三角洲在这些方面存在明显的差异,这些差异造成了两个地区在地震活动性方面的差别,渤海更具备发生强震的条件。     

渤海与黄河三角洲地震活动性差异初探

黄河三角洲地区地震强度小,频度低,但与之相毗邻的渤海地区却是华北地区强震多发区之一,地震强度大、频度高,成为影响黄河三角洲地区地震危害性最大最严重的区域。从地震地质角度出发,通过对深部地球物理场、构造应力场、地温场及断裂活动性等方面的研究,发现渤海强震构造区与黄河三角洲在这些方面存在明显的差异,这些差异造成了两个地区在地震活动性方面的差别,渤海更具备发生强震的条件。     

Engineering geological investigations for the foundations of large structures-examples of a concrete dam and a long bridge in Portugal

The safety of large structures requires adequate foundations, which implies a good knowledge of the geological and geotechnical conditions of the respective ground. In general, that is only possible through engineering geological studies which include proper site investigation techniques, adapted to the nature of the ground (rock mass or soil) and to the associated engineering problems. The paper illustrates the studies carried out for the design of the foundations of Ribeiradio 76 m high concrete gravity dam in a difficult rock mass and of Vasco da Gama Bridge, 13 km long, crossing the Tagus River in Lisbon, Portugal, through piles 75 m deep.     

秦皇岛市青龙县城工程场地动力特征及分区评价

工程场地动力分区评价（即地震影响小区划），是在工程场地地震危险性分析的基础上，根据场地岩土动力特征及地形地貌、地质构造条件等对地震动影响的反应程度，从而对不同类型场地的地震效应作出评价．其成果可做为建筑抗震设计、工程加固、震害预测与对策的制定及土地合理利用和总体规划布局的依据．本文以秦皇岛市青龙县城工程场地为例，进行了工程场地动力特征研究与分区评价及震害预测（即工程场地地震影响小区划）。     

Prediction research of deformation modulus of weak rock zone under in-situ conditions

Weak rock zone (soft interlayer, fault zone and soft rock) is the highlight of large-scale geological engineering research. It is an important boundary for analysis of rock mass stability. Weak rock zone has been formed in a long geological period, and in this period, various rocks have undergone long-term consolidation of geostatic stress and tectonic stress; therefore, under in-situ conditions, their density and modulus of deformation are relatively high. Due to its fragmentary nature, once being exposed to the earth’s surface, the structure of weak rock zone will soon be loosened, its density will be reduced, and its modulus of deformation will also be reduced significantly. Generally, weak rock zone can be found in large construction projects, especially in the dam foundation rocks of hydropower stations. These rocks cannot be eliminated completely by excavation. Furthermore, all tests nowadays are carried out after the exposure of weak rock zone, modulus of deformation under in-situ conditions cannot be revealed. In this paper, a test method explored by the authors has been introduced. This method is a whole multilayered medium deformation method. It is unnecessary to eliminate the relatively complete rocks covering on weak rock zone. A theoretical formula to obtain the modulus of deformation in various mediums has also been introduced. On-site comparative trials and indoor deformation modulus tests under equivalent density conditions have been carried out. We adopted several methods for the prediction researches of the deformation modulus of weak rock zone under in-situ conditions, and revealed a fact that under in-situ conditions, the deformation modulus of weak rock zone are several times higher than the test results obtained after the exposure. In a perspective of geological engineering, the research findings have fundamentally changed peoples’ concepts on the deformation modulus of weak rock zone, provided important theories and methods for precise definition of deformation modulus of deep weak rock zone under cap rock conditions, as well as for reasonable engineering applications.     

Characteristics and triggering mechanism of Xinmo landslide on 24 June 2017 in Sichuan,China

At 5: 39 AM on 24 June 2017, a huge landslide-debris avalanche occurred on Fugui Mountain at Xinmo village, Diexi town, Maoxian county, Sichuan province, China. The debris blocked the Songpinggou River for about 2 km, resulting in a heavy loss of both human lives and properties (10 deaths, 3 injuries, 73 missing, and 103 houses completely destroyed). The objectives of this paper are to understand the overall process and triggering factors of this landslide and to explore the affecting factors for its long term evolution before failure. Post event surveys were carried out the day after the landslide occurrence. Information was gathered from literature and on-site investigation and measurement. Topography, landforms, lithology, geological setting, earthquake history, meteorological and hydrological data of the area were analysed. Aerial photographs and other remote sensing information were used for evaluation and discussion. Eye witnesses also provided a lot of helpful information for us to understand the process of initiation, development and deposition. The depositional characteristics of the moving material as well as the traces of the movement, the structural features of the main scarp and the seismic waves induced by the slide are presented and discussed in detail in this paper. The results show that the mechanism of the landslide is a sudden rupture of the main block caused by the instability of a secondary block at a higher position. After the initiation, the failed rock mass at higher position overloaded the main block at the lower elevation and collapsed in tandem. Fragmentation of the rock mass occurred later, thus forming a debris avalanche with high mobility. This landslide case indicates that such seismic events could influence geological hazards for over 80 years and this study provides reference to the long term susceptibility and risk assessment of secondary geological hazards from earthquake.     

Analysis on dam-breaking mode of Tangjiashan barrier dam in Beichuan county

Tangjiashan landslide is a typical high-speed consequent landslide of medium-steep dip angle. This landslide triggered by earthquake took place in about semi-minute. The relative sliding displacement is 900 meters, so average sliding speed is about 30 meters per second. The longitudinal length of barrier dam which is formed by high-speed landslide along river is 803.4 meters; and maximum width crossing river is 611.8 meters. And its volume is estimated about 20.37 million steres. Through detailed geological investigation of the barrier dam, together with early geological information before earthquake, geological structures of the barrier dam and its stability of upstream and downstream slopes are studied when water level reaches different elevations in condition of continual after shocks with seismic intensity of 7 or 8 Richter scale. On this basis, dam-breaking mode of barrier dam is discussed deeply. Thereby, analytic results provide significant guidance and advices to front headquarters of Tangjiashan barrier dam, so that some proper engineering measures can be implemented and flood discharge can be carried out well.     

Simulation study of the void space gas effect on slope instability triggered by an earthquake

This study aims at exploring the void space gas effect of earthquake-triggered slope instability and providing a new method for studying the formation mechanism of earthquake-triggered landslides. We analysed the basic characteristics, kinematic characteristics, initiation mechanisms and physical mechanical parameters of the Daguangbao landslide, generalized a landslide prototype, and established a geological model and performed simulation tests. Based on the seismic wave propagation theory of rock-soil mass, rock fracture mechanics and the effective stress principle, we found that the void space gas effect is due to the occurrence of excess void space gas pressure when the dynamic response of seismic loads impacts the void space gas in weak intercalated layers of the slope. The excess void space gas pressure generated by the vibration(earthquake) damages the rock mass around the void space with a certain regularity. The model test results show that the effective shear strength of the rock mass can be reduced by 4.4% to 21.6% due to the void space gas effect.     

A contrast analysis on the load character of the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River

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A modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion considering the damage to reservoir bank slope rocks under water saturation-dehydration circulation

After water is impounded in a reservoir, rock mass in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the reservoir bank slope is subject to water saturationdehydration circulation (WSDC). To quantify the rate of change of rock mechanical properties, samples from the Longtan dam area were measured with uniaxial compression tests after different numbers (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20) of simulated WSDC cycles. Based on the curves derived from these tests, a modified Hoek- Brown failure criterion was proposed, in which a new parameter was introduced to model the cumulative damage to rocks after WSDC. A case of an engineering application was analyzed, and the results showed that the modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion is useful. Under similar WSDC-influenced engineering and geological conditions, rock mass strength parameters required for analysis and evaluation of rock slope stability can be estimated according to this modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion.     

A contrast analysis on the load character of the Changjiang River and the Huanghe River

According to the analysis of grain size, mineral composition and inclusion in quartz grain of the suspended and bed load sampled from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and the Huanghe (Yellow) River, the authors reveal the differentiation of loads between the two rivers. In the Huanghe River the size of suspended load is coarser than that in the Changjiang River, while the bed load is on the contrary. Through heavy mineral analysis, the biotite content of the Huanghe River loads is much higher than that of the Changjiang River, and the monomorillonite content of the former is about two times higher than the latter. All those may be attributed to the effects of different material sources and hydraulic conditions on load. The analysis of inclusion in quartz grain definitely illustrates the environmental difference of material sources between the two rivers. In the meantime, it provides a new method in seeking source of river load. Subsidized by the National Natural Science Foundation. This paper is attributed to careful guidance from Prof. Wang Ying & Prof. Shi Yunliang.     

Wave-induced seepage and its possible contribution to the formation of pockmarks in the Huanghe (Yellow) River delta

Wave-induced seepage and its possible contribution to the formation of pockmarks in the Huanghe (Yellow) River delta were investigated experimentally and numerically. Laboratory experiments were carried out to explore the response of a layered silty seabed with various saturation conditions under cyclic wave loads, in which the pore pressure and seepage-related phenomena were particularly monitored. Numerical models to simulate wave-induced seepage in the seabed were presented and evaluated, then applied to the Huanghe River delta. The experimental results show that the excess pore pressure decreases more rapidly at the surface layer, while the seepage-related phenomena are more pronounced when large cyclic loads are applied and the underlying layer is less saturated. The proposed numerical models were verified by comparing with the experiments. The calculated seepage depth agreed well with the depth of the pockmarks in the Huanghe River delta. The experimental and numerical results and the existing insitu investigations indicate that the wave-induced seepage may be a direct cause of the pockmarks in the Huanghe River delta. Extreme storm waves and the dual-layered structure of hard surface layer and weak underlying layer are essential external and internal factors, respectively. Wave- or current-induced scour and transport are possible contributors to the reformation of pockmarks at a later stage.