天祝电磁波地震前兆异常特征分析

天祝电磁波出现前兆异常时对应地震很好,在短临预报中发挥了作用,天祝县地震局根据前兆异常作出的几次较好的预报,得到了甘肃省地震局的高度关注和评价。本文整理并总结了从1996~2004年这9年间的观测资料,并统计分析了前兆异常的特征,为天祝地区在短临预报方面提出了地震三要素的参考量。     

中强地震前天祝电磁波信息变化的初步研究

分析了天祝电磁波观测资料在5次MS>4.0地震前的异常特征.结果表明一般地震前20天以内出现趋势异常变化,前兆表现为日均值由一位数突然上升到4位数以上.     

单台电磁波异常与地震短临预报的研究

对河南省濮阳市地震台电磁波的观测资料进行了研究,总结了其异常变化特征。结果表明电磁波观测作为一种地震前兆短临观测项目,在地震短临预报中具有较好的效果     

地震前兆与短临预报探索

针对地震短临预报面临的科学问题,分析研究了地震前兆(近场前兆、远场前兆和大尺度动态前兆)预报地震的物理基础;总结了地震短临前兆时空演化特征和同步耦合现象。高空技术在地震前兆观测中的应用将有利于短临预报实践与探索。     

MDCB型地震前兆监测仪的监震信息浅析

应用震前电磁波异常信息进行地震短临预报研究了有着重要的意义。大庆地震台经过近两年多的观测及实际震例验证,基本说明了ＭＤＣＢ型地震前兆监测仪监测的时变曲线图、日变曲线图等七种图件与地震三要素密切相关的规律性以及使用ＭＤＣＢ型地震前兆监测仪资料进行地震短临预报的可行性科学性。     

MDCB型地震前兆监测仪的临震信息浅析

应用震前电磁波异常信息进行地震短临预报研究有着重要的意义,大庆地震台经过近两年多的观测及实际震例验证,基本说明了ＭＤＣＢ型地震前兆监测仪监测的时变曲线图、日变曲线图等七种图件与地震三要素密切相关的规律性以及使用ＭＤＣＢ型地震前兆监测仪资料进行地震短临预报的可行性和科学性。     

河西地区地温场与地震关系的探讨

地热前兆观测的目的是要解决短临地震预报问题,1990年4月我们在张掖地震危险区选井架设了高精度、高分辨率的石英钻孔测温仪,开始了地震前兆观测研究。从现已取得的资料分析,在1990年10月20日景泰—天祝—古浪6.2级地震发生前(8月16日——8月17日),地温值在长趋势连续缓慢下降背景值基础上显示了最大变幅为     

2008年10月5日乌恰6.9级地震短临异常研究

对2008年10月5日乌恰6.9级地震前短临异常特征进行了分析总结。强震前短临前兆特征为:①在空区内发生标志地震后围空区附近断裂发生预警地震;②与背景性条带相交出现前兆性小震条带;③地震波低值区出现高值回返;④地震活动异常增强—前兆性平静基础上出现短期增强及新疆大范围地震活动增强;⑤地磁垂直分量低值回返。     

华北北部几次中强地震前的地磁前兆特征

阐述并分析了华北北部几个中强地震前地磁前兆异常的时空特征,即以在震前几天到几个月出现的中短期、短临前兆异常为主,短临异常尤为突出,空间分布范围较大。异常展布有一定规律性,并与地震有较好的对应关系。     

玉门Ms5.9地震前兆异常特征分析

对玉门Ms5．9地震前的原震区历史地震进行了简要叙述，并用地震活动性各项异常指标作了趋势判定，对地电前兆临震异常特征进行了分析。从甘肃12个地电观测台32个测项中检索到了7个地电观测台13个测项电阻率(电磁波)有异常存在，同时地震活动性频度、C值、6值、GL值、η值在玉门5．9级地震前也出现了中、短临异常。利用这些异常现象分析研究了玉门5．9级地震前地震活动性趋势异常和前兆临震异常变化特征。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.