热流计法测定导热系数

本方法试验装置分为两个系统:恒温系统和测温测热系统。恒温系统由两台低温循环浴与恒温箱组成;测温测热系统由热流计和两支热电偶及数据采集仪组成。试样要求制成0.25×0.25×0.05m~3的试样块,若是颗粒或粉沫试样,可装入两个侧面及底部是胶木、两个平壁面是铜板构成的0.25×0.25×0.05m~3的试样盒内。将试样粘贴好热流计与热电偶后放入恒温箱内夹紧,使其两个壁面与试样之间接触紧密。接通低温循环浴和测温测热线路电源,调好所需温度,待温度状况稳定后,采集热流计读数和两壁面温度,据此计算出导热系数。     

冻土侧限压缩试验仪的研制及应用

随着寒区高等级道路工程等基础设施的建设,迫切需要对冻土压缩特性和静止土压力系数（K₀系数）开展试验研究,但目前缺乏开展相关研究的专用仪器。本文基于融土侧限压缩试验的原理,结合冻土力学性质受温度控制的特性,自主研发了冻土侧限压缩试验仪。该仪器采用冷却罐内冷液循环和冷却罐外恒温箱实现二级控温,控温范围为-50℃至90℃,控温精度达±0.1℃;采用全数字伺服测控器实现温度闭环控制;采用高性能负荷框架结构,刚度大、重量轻,保证仪器在大荷载下平稳运行。利用该仪器对冻结饱和标准砂进行侧限压缩试验,试验结果验证了仪器可靠性。本仪器能准确快捷地测定冻土静止土压力系数和压缩性参数,是研究冻土力学特性并服务于寒区岩土工程建设的有力工具。     

适用于检测冻土的超声波测试系统的设计与研制

超声波波速测试作为一种无损检测已经广泛应用到岩土工程行业,该测试方法也是获得岩土体物理力学参数的有效方法.目前鲜有关于冻土的声波测试的技术和方法的报导,已有的冻土声波测试都是在垂直方向上忽略换能器的质量并在常温下快速测试声波通过时间,难以满足测试精度.鉴此,在购置常温声波测试主机的基础上,充分考虑冻土对温度敏感的特性、换能器在水平方向的测试以及土样与换能器之间的耦合程度,设计了一种适用于多种类型的冻土超声波换能器支架和恒温箱的测试系统,恒温箱意在提供适合不同温度下土体的测试环境（-30℃～+30℃）,换能器支架可供低温、提供多种尺寸冻土试样的横波和纵波的测试平台.为避免垂直测试中换能器和土样自身对测试的影响,除了支架提供水平测试平台外,在调节换能器与土样接触距离的螺杆顶端放置应变片测试冻土样与换能器之间的接触程度以提高冻土声波波速的测试精度.利用该测试系统对不同负温下冻土样品进行测试,数据结果证明了该测试系统的实用性和良好的测试精度.     

考虑循环温度驱动的土−水特征曲线滞后模型

在温度、水头等边界条件往复变化时,土体内的水分迁移过程会出现滞后效应。为了模拟非饱和土在经历温度循环时水力特性,提出了一个能够反映滞后效应的经验模型,该模型假定各扫面线的曲线形态与对应边界线相似,因此利用土−水特征曲线中两条边界线的方程,无需引入新的参数,即可得到任意状态出发的扫描线方程。以高岭土为介质,设计了循环温度驱动下的土柱试验,在不透水的土柱内,利用水浴加热的方式使土样一端进行升降温循环。试验结果表明,升温后孔隙水会从高温端向低温端迁移,温度降低到初始状态后,含水率的分布不会完全恢复到初始状态,而是表现出一定的滞后效应。利用该滞后模型进行数值计算,可以较好地反映试验过程中滞后效应对土体含水率变化的影响,并结合已有的砂土、粉土试验结果,验证了该模型的有效性。该模型计算方法简单,易于通过程序实现,可应用于地质处置、供热管道设计等工程问题。     

温度变化条件下重塑黄土水分迁移试验

土体内部由于所处环境差异会造成水分场的不均匀分布,为了探究不同影响因素下重塑黄土水分迁移的规律,配置不同干密度、初始含水率水平的重塑土样,在不同温度梯度、不同温度水平下进行重塑黄土水分迁移室内试验,分析在4种不同因素变化下黄土体内部水分场的变化规律及机理。结果表明:土样两端施加的温度梯度越大,水分迁移速率就越快,温度势是引起土体内部水分迁移的主要驱动力;土样的干密度越大,基质势越大,同时渗透系数越小,阻碍了水分的迁移,故水分迁移速率越慢;当土样含有较大的含水率时,由于渗透系数较小,造成迁移速率较小,当土样初始含水率较小时,由于总土水势较小,造成迁移速率较小,当初始含水率在一定范围内时,其迁移速率较快;在土样两端施加的温度水平越低,导致总土水势越大,故水分迁移速率越快。      

次高温高压煤变形产气装置及试验

为了研究次高温高压条件下、在变形作用过程中煤是否发生化学变化而产生气体以及产气机理和规律,研制了一种次高温高压煤变形产气试验装置,并对装置密封、气体观测收集等关键技术难点进行了分析。该试验装置主要由加载系统、密封反应釜系统、温控加热系统以及气体观测收集系统4个部分组成。最大加载轴压为100 MPa,最高加热稳定温度200℃,试样尺寸为Φ50 mm×100 mm。该装置具有如下特点:气密性良好,并可长时间进行恒温恒压加载,最长可连续加载360 h;结构简单,易操作,成本低,系统可靠性高。试验初期,利用该装置对两种不同煤级煤进行轴压10~50 MPa,温度100℃和150℃的变形产气试验,得到不同温度、不同压力条件下煤的变形产气特征。试验结果表明,该试验装置为煤变形产气的相关试验研究提供了有效的手段,具有较大的实用价值。      

赤铁矿—水体系氧同位素分馏的实验研究

本文分别以3种不同的可溶性三价铁盐作为Fe~(3+)源物质的强迫水解法和以针铁矿和四方纤铁矿为起始物质的溶液转化法,在90～315℃范围内合成赤铁矿,测定了赤铁矿与水之间的氧同位素分馏。矿物合成实验和氧同位素分析结果显示,在90～225℃范围内,实验获得的赤铁矿与水之间氧同位素分馏为亚稳态分馏,并且不同合成实验方法得到不同的分馏关系,前者相对于后者富集(18)O约为2‰,即:10~31nα_(赤铁矿-水)=1.17±0.02×10~6/T~2-9.14±0.20(强迫水解法);10~31nα_(赤铁矿-水)=1.46±0.18×10~6/T~2-14.52±0.03(溶液转化法)。但温度在315℃以下,无论强迫水解法还是溶液转化法,在实验误差范围内实验测定的分馏值几乎不可区分,并且与增量方法的理论预测相近,表明该温度下获得的赤铁矿与水之间氧同位素分馏代表了赤铁矿-水体系氧同位素平衡分馏。此外,两种不同方法获得了不同的分馏关系,显示低温下赤铁矿-水体系氧同位素分馏不仅依赖于赤铁矿形成的温度,而且取决于赤铁矿的成因机制,因此对应于不同形成环境下的动力学亚稳态平衡,这对解释低温环境中赤铁矿的氧同位素数据具有重要意义。     

有机-锌络合物稳定性的实验研究

实验结果证明,天然腐殖酸对Pb、zn元素有很强的结合能力,如每克溶解的胡啡酸可结合487mg Pb、165mg Zn,每克溶解的河流胡敏酸可结合262mg、Pb、308mg Zn;有机-金属络合物具有较高的热分解温度,如在饱和蒸汽压条件下,胡啡酸-Zn络合物开始分解的温度为190±5D℃,乳酸-Zn络合物为180±5℃,EDTA-Zn为200±5℃以及苯醌-Zn为240±5℃。作者认为,在层控铅-锌矿床形成过程中,有机-金属络合物可能是一种重要的迁移形式。     

温度梯度作用下非饱和土水分迁移研究

为了探明非饱和土中的水分在温度梯度作用下的迁移规律,开展了非饱和土在不同温度梯度作用下的气态水迁移试验和混合态水迁移试验。试验结果表明土样内部的温度场在24 h内均能达到稳态且稳定后的温度场沿土样长度方向线性变化。气态水迁移量和液态水迁移量均随着温度梯度的增加而增加,气态水迁移量的增幅显著大于液态水迁移量的增幅。在气态水迁移中,温度效应随着土样初始含水率的增加而显著增加;在液态水迁移中,温度效应与土样初始含水率的关系不大。最后建立了非饱和土在不同温度梯度作用下,当其水分场接近稳态时,土样内部含水率梯度的表达式,该表达式包含温度梯度和初始含水率两个影响因素。     

海底玄武岩中斜长石研究及其岩石学意义

冲绳海槽海底玄武岩中存在着三种不同世代的斜长石 :斑晶、微晶和基质斜长石 ,它们的平均粒径分别为 10 0 μm±、13μm±和 2μm±。斑晶斜长石在结构上存在核部与边部之分 ,在成分上反映为 An值出现明显的两级“台阶”,即 An值在80～ 90间波动的核部“平台”和 An值在 60～ 70间波动的边部“平台”,边部“平台”的成分与微晶斜长石一致。斜长石的结晶温度显示 ,斑晶核部温度为 12 50℃± ,边部温度为 10 50℃± ,而基质斜长石的结晶温度在 950℃±。笔者认为斜长石的这些特征 ,基本反映了该玄武岩浆的活动过程 :斑晶斜长石的核部记录了源区特征 ,边部及微晶斜长石反映了岩浆房中活动的特征 ,基质斜长石则记录了岩浆喷出洋壳后的过程。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with