2014年日本地震调查研究事业的政府预算概算申请

目前,日本地震调查研究推进本部正在根据地震防灾对策特别措施法,对相关行政机关的地震调查研究预算等事项进行调整.这次,提出了2014年度地震调查研究事业的政府预算概算申请,这里将介绍此次预算概要（2013年8月28日地震调查研究推进本部调研）.2014年度概要预算申请额：政府全部为180亿日元,是上年度（2013年为125亿日元）的144％（不包括对部分独立行政法人的运营费支付金）.     

日本2006年度地震调查研究项目简介

日本地震调查研究推进本部于2005年8月30日召开第22次本部会议,汇总文部科学省、经济产业省、国土交通省等有关部门的2006年度地震调查研究预算,概算要求总额达131亿日元(不包括独立行政法人等运作经费),比2005年度预算额增加41%。在此之前,地震调查研究本部政策委员会的预算小     

2011年度日本地震调查研究主要项目与经费概算

日本地震调查研究推进本部基于地震防灾对策特别措施法,对有关行政机关2011年度地震调查研究项目与预算等进行了汇总和调整。2010年8月31日地震调查研究推进本部公布了2011年度日本地震调查研究的主要项目与经费概算。     

日本以东南海和南海地震为对象加强调查观测的计划(第一次报告)

日本地震调查研究推进本部(以下称“推进本部”)对于制定有关地震的综合调查观测计划酝酿已久。1997年8月,制定出一部《有关地震的基础调查观测计划》(以下称“基础计划”)。当前,相关机构(指相关行政机构和相关独立行政法人、特殊法人等研究开发法人,下同)正按照基础计划,     

日本确定2007年度地震调查研究预算总额177亿日元

日本地震调查研究推进总部于2006年8月31日在日本文部科学省召开推进总部会议，汇总总务省、文部科学省、经济产业省、国土交通省等相关部门的地震调查研究有关预算，确定了2007年度地震调查研究预算概算要求，概算要求总额为177亿日元（不含独立行政法人等运营交付金），比2006年度预算额增44％。     

日本2002年度地震调查研究政府预算概算总额107.7亿日元

日本地震调查研究推进总部 (总部长 :文部科学大臣远山敦子 )于 2 0 0 1年 8月 2 8日召开总部大会 ,确定 2 0 0 2年度地震调查研究政府预算 ,概算总额是 1 0 7.7亿日元。在此之前 ,总部的政策委员会预算小委员会从 2 0 0 1年 4月起广泛听取有关行政部门的概算要求构想 ,在进行调查后 ,各省又据此作出概算。独立行政法人的运营费交付金有关事项 ,未在总额之内。2 0 0 2年地震调查研究政府预算概算总额为 2 0 0 1年度总额的 86.7%。在这次会议上 ,政策委员会代理委员长原幸男根据调查观测等进展情况对推进总部1 997年 8月制定的“地震基础调…     

日本地震调查研究体制的改革

随着日本中央省厅的改革 ,地震调查研究体制也进行了调整。改革前的地震调查研究推进总部以阪神·淡路大震灾为契机 ,以进一步完善推进地震调查研究的体制为目的 ,1995年日本制定了地震防灾对策特别措施法。同年 7月 ,根据该项法律 ,在总理府设置了以科学技术厅长官为总部部长的地震调查推进总部。该部有关地震的调查研究内容为 :1起草综合性的、基本的政策措施 ;2调整有关行政机构的预算等事宜 ;3制定综合性的调查观测计划 ;4收集、整理和分析有关行政机构及大学等的调查结果 ,并在此基础上作出综合性的评估 ;5公布评估结果。地震调查研究…     

日本2005年度地震调查研究经费预算93亿日元,增长2%

日本地震调查研究推进本部汇总有关部门的预算,提出日本2005年度地震调查研究政府预算方案,总额为93亿日元,比上年度增加2％。2005年地震调查研究方面投入巨资主要用于3个方面。     

日本2012年度地震调查研究项目计划

2011年9月30日,日本地震调查研究推进本部根据日本地震防灾对策特别措施法,对日本各有关机关2012年度地震调查研究项目及其预算等事务进行协调,并就2012年度日本地震调查研究项目及其预算要求进行汇总,初步结果如下.     

有关日本地学方面的消息4则

1　 2 0 0 1年度政府有关地震调查研究的预算总额约为 1 60亿日元　　地震调查研究推进本部的统计结果表明 ,2 0 0 1年度政府有关地震调查研究的预算比上一年度减少约 4亿日元 ,总额为 1 60 .41亿日元。本年度预算将用于以下几个方面 :1 )为实现地震调查委员会 2 0 0 4年制成地震动预测图的目标 ,防灾科学技术研究所着手研究新的制作方法。2 )在有关地震的地基调查观测设施方面 ,防灾科学技术研究所还将不断添置高灵敏度地震观测设施和宽频带地震计。3 )政策委员会调查观测计划分会将建立一种更完善的高精度地震观测数据的流通体制。在上一…     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.