北太平洋原子弹14C分布的模拟

利用一个开边界的北太平洋海盆尺度环流模式模拟了北太平洋原子弹14C的分布和吸收。为了考察开边界与闭边界模式的不同以及开边界模式中不同等密度面扩散系数对模拟结果的影响,相应地做了一个闭边界实验和开边界的两组不同等密度面扩散系数的实验。结果表明,打开南边界改善了赤道以南海区的模拟结果,增大等密度面扩散系数使得模拟的北太平洋中层水强度增大,相应地在165°E等断面模拟的含高浓度原子弹14C的海水向南、向下输送的强度和影响范围都有比较明显的加强,改善了模式的模拟结果,证明大的等密度面扩散系数可以改善模式的模拟结果,能较好地再现在副热带海区原子弹14C水柱总量的梯度由西向东的观测特征。     

边界条件对北太平洋自然^14C分布的影响

利用一个北太平洋海盆尺度环流模式模拟了北太平洋自然14C的分布和吸收.为了考察开边界与闭边界模式的不同以及不同的开边界条件对模拟结果的影响,相应地做了两个开边界的试验和一个闭边界试验.结果表明,由于自然14C的模拟需要长时间的积分才能达到稳态,因而边界的处理对模拟结果有很大的影响;在闭边界试验中,总体上模拟结果偏大,采用开边界条件打开南边界改变了闭边界中模拟结果偏大的状况.但是,在开边界试验中,边界处观测资料的影响也是显著的.当在边界考虑了出流和入流的不同时,与入流时采用零梯度边界条件的试验相比,入流时边界值给定为观测数据的试验得到了较好的模拟结果,与观测结果更为接近.     

热带太平洋平均环流数值模拟

用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的高分辨率自由表面热带太平洋环流模式(区域为南北纬30°,经纬圈方向水平分辨率分别为1°和2°,垂直方向分为不等距14层),在观测到的海表面风应力和热量及淡水通量驱动下,对热带太平洋平均环流进行了数值模拟.结果表明,模式成功地模拟了海面起伏中赤道槽、赤道脊、北赤道逆流槽及中小尺度涡旋(如棉兰老涡)系统等分布;与这些槽脊分布相对应的北赤道流,南赤道流和北赤道逆流等热带流系;对气候有重大影响的海表温度分布;次表层温跃层结构和赤道潜流等.文中特别讨论了海面起伏与模式其他变量场间的关系及其应用.     

近惯性内波破碎混合方案对MOM4模式的影响

风生近惯性内波破碎引起的跨等密度面混合在海洋内部混合中起重要作用。然而其参数化对海洋模式的模拟影响仍有待进一步认识。本文给出的是在模块化海洋模式（MOM）中海洋表面边界层以下引入一个考虑风驱动近惯性内波破碎引起的跨等密度面混合参数化方案的研究工作。模拟结果显示,该方案有效改善MOM4模拟的上层1 000 m以上的温盐偏差,特别是在北太平洋和北大西洋的通风地区。数值试验表明,风生近惯性内波破碎有可能是维持海洋通风过程的重要机制之一,它使得海洋通风区的位温变冷,盐度变淡,整层等位密面加深。维持的通风过程使得北太平洋副极地大涡的影响延伸到副热带大涡。从而模拟的北太平洋中层水源头及其副热带大涡东侧的温盐更接近观测实际。同时,模拟的北大西洋经圈翻转环流强度也更为合理。     

黑潮——一支世界著名的大洋強流

翻开世界大洋的海流图,在北太平洋赤道与付热带区域之间,有一个巨大的顺时针转动的环流系统映入我们的眼帘。这就是由北赤道流-黑潮-黑潮延续体-北太平洋流-加利福尼亚流共同组成的付热带环流。黑潮位于大洋的西部边界,它以流幅窄、流速强、厚度大著称,成为这个大环流系统中最重要的环节。黑潮是与大西洋中的湾流齐名的世界大洋两大强流。     

南海上层海流的数值模拟

用一个水平分辨率较高的太平洋区域海洋模式计算了太平洋的上层海流.太平洋海域大的海流流系,如黑潮、亲潮、北(南)赤道流、北赤道逆流、加利福尼亚海流和东澳大利亚海流等都再现在模拟结果之中了.本文只给出了南海四季代表性月份的上层环流的数值模拟结果.结果表明:南海黑潮分支是南海北部最重要的一支海流,它不仅是南海暖流的水体来源,而且构成了南海环流重要的一翼.除了个别月份外,终年都有一支较强的NE向海流穿过台湾海峡进入东海.这些计算结果有的已被观测结果所证实.     

赤道太平洋西部的上层环流

讨论了赤道太平洋西部的上层海洋环流、结果表明：（１）棉兰老涡气旋式环流随着深度的增加而减小。由于埃克曼抽吸作用，它是一个低盐冷涡；（２）对棉兰老岛—巴布亚新几内亚岛之间穿越流的观测表明：该断而北部（５°—６°Ｎ）的Ｓ向流是棉兰老海流的Ｓ向延伸；Ｗ向的巴布亚新几内亚沿岸潜流可达该断而的东南部门（２°Ｎ一２°Ｓ）；北赤道逆流则在两者之间沿表层的盐度锋作Ｅ向流动。据此，赤道太平洋西部次表层盐度分布状况可得到圆满解释。关键词：     

ENSO相联系的热带太平洋上层海洋异常环流

本文使用SODA(simple ocean data assimilation)海洋同化资料,系统分析了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)循环中冷暖位相期间热带太平洋上层海洋环流的演变规律,探讨了形成海洋环流异常的新机制。结果表明,在厄尔尼诺成熟期,热带中东太平洋赤道潜流最弱,赤道两侧出现反气旋性环流异常;西太平洋赤道外热带海域出现气旋性环流异常,该区南、北赤道流、棉兰老流、黑潮、新几内亚沿岸潜流及南赤道逆流增强;北赤道逆流区出现异常气旋性环流串,北赤道逆流接近正常。在厄尔尼诺衰退期和拉尼娜发展期,热带中西太平洋赤道潜流达到极强,赤道两侧出现气旋性环流异常;西太平洋赤道外热带海域异常环流减弱,该处主要流场的强度减弱或处于正常状态;北赤道逆流区反转为异常西向流。结果表明, ENSO循环期间的上层海洋环流异常受到热带太平洋温跃层深度异常产生的压强梯度力异常调控,在赤道外热带海洋温跃层深度异常和科里奥利力共同作用产生大尺度海洋环流异常,而在赤道海域,海洋温跃层深度异常和Gill效应造成赤道潜流异常以及关于赤道对称的气旋或反气旋性环流异常。     

1987及1988年夏季西北太平洋主流系和水位与大气环流关系的数值研究

用一个包括风应力顶的二维绝热非线性数值模式计算分析了１９８７年１９８８年夏季北太平洋主流系和水位与大气环流的关系。将模拟的１９８７年和１９８８年流场作比较可知：１９８７年南赤道较弱，而弱赤道逆流、北赤道流及太平洋流较强，同时各流系位置也都偏南１－２个纬距；模拟的１９８７年黑潮及对马暖流也明显比１９８８年强。分析表明，１９８７年夏季南赤道流弱、北赤道逆流强的主要原因是该年东南信风弱，而弱赤道流、黑潮     

赤道太平洋的环流

一.引 言 赤道太平洋上层海洋环流的主要特征已被建立十多年了。1942年斯维尔德鲁普等人描述了中太平洋的表面流:往西流的北和南赤道流以及往东流的北赤道逆流。随后,南赤道逆流也被用表面动力高度图表示出来(Reia,1961),Cromwell等人(1954)发现了赤道潜流,从而对上述环流的描述进行了主要修正。Hisard和Rual(1970)发现了赤道潜流下面     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,