Hybrid experiments on non-linear earthquake-induced soil-structure interaction

Non-linear seismic soil-structure interaction is studied through a hybrid procedure using the pseudo-dynamic testing (PDT) method which is modified to take into account frequency dependence and developed for foundation-soil systems. The numerical scheme used in conventional PDT is improved by introduction of a time-dependent pseudo-forcing function which is derived from frequency-dependent dynamic characteristics of the system by means of Hilbert transformation in the frequency domain. Surface, shallow and caisson foundation models that differed in size and depth of embedment were used. The mechanical characteristics of the systems were determined from static and forced vibration dynamic tests. An amplitude scaling technique was used for three recorded accelerograms.     

Monitoring the response and the back-radiated energy of a building subjected to ambient vibration and impulsive action: the Falkenhof Tower (Potsdam,Germany)

The response of the soil-structure system near the Falkenhof Tower, Potsdam, Germany, has been monitored during the controlled explosion of a bomb dating to World War II. We installed eight 3-component velocimetric stations within the building and three in the surrounding area. We recorded several hours of seismic noise before and after the explosion, allowing the dynamic characterization of the structure both with ambient noise and forced vibration. We then compared the frequencies values and modal shapes of the structural modes evaluated both by analysing in the frequency domain the transfer functions and in the time-domain the different signals. Moreover, we carried out an interferometric analysis of the recorded signals in order to study the structural behaviour and to characterize the soil-structure interaction. Furthermore, we used normalized Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) for the continuous monitoring of the structural response, in order to highlight possible frequency variations of the structural mode of vibration, and therefore of the structure’s behaviour. To assess structural frequencies and to compare them with those evaluated by transfer functions, we used azimuth-dependent Fourier spectra. We also verified the suitability of the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) for estimating the dynamic characteristics of buildings when only single station seismic noise measurements are available. Regarding the structure-soil interaction, we identified the presence of a wave field back-radiated from the structure within the low amplitude seismic noise signal. In fact, in the free-field seismic noise recording spectra, peaks at frequencies consistent with those of the first two modes of the structure were recognized.     

比例阻尼矩阵构建方法对高重力坝地震反应的影响

通过二维数值计算,讨论合理建立阻尼矩阵对高重力坝时域内进行地震反应计算的重要性。首先,以4个不同坝高的混凝土重力坝为计算对象,将三种地震波作为水平输入,解得6种不同的阻尼矩阵形式下坝体的地震反应。然后以频域内解为标准,研究各种阻尼矩阵的合理性。研究结果表明：坝高超过250 m高的重力坝在时域内进行的地震反应计算是长周期系统的动力分析问题,应重视阻尼矩阵的建模方式,不宜采用单频率参数的质量比例阻尼矩阵和刚度比例阻尼矩阵,应采用双频率参数的Rayleigh阻尼矩阵,在确定2个频率参数时除采用坝体基频外还应考虑激振地震波的频谱特性以获得合理的坝体地震反应计算结果。     

A frequency‐dependent and intensity‐dependent macroelement for reduced order seismic analysis of soil‐structure interacting systems

The computational demand of the soil‐structure interaction analysis for the design and assessment of structures, as well as for the evaluation of their life‐cycle cost and risk exposure, has led the civil engineering community to the development of a variety of methods toward the model order reduction of the coupled soil‐structure dynamic system in earthquake regions. Different approaches have been proposed in the past as computationally efficient alternatives to the conventional finite element model simulation of the complete soil‐structure domain, such as the nonlinear lumped spring, the macroelement method, and the substructure partition method. Yet no approach was capable of capturing simultaneously the frequency‐dependent dynamic properties along with the nonlinear behavior of the condensed segment of the overall soil‐structure system under strong earthquake ground motion, thus generating an imbalance between the modeling refinement achieved for the soil and the structure. To this end, a dual frequency‐dependent and intensity‐dependent expansion of the lumped parameter modeling method is proposed in the current paper, materialized through a multiobjective algorithm, capable of closely approximating the behavior of the nonlinear dynamic system of the condensed segment. This is essentially the extension of an established methodology, also developed by the authors, in the inelastic domain. The efficiency of the proposed methodology is validated for the case of a bridge foundation system, wherein the seismic response is comparatively assessed for both the proposed method and the detailed finite element model. The above expansion is deemed a computationally efficient and reliable method for simultaneously considering the frequency and amplitude dependence of soil‐foundation systems in the framework of nonlinear seismic analysis of soil‐structure interaction systems.     

横向非一致地震激励下埋地管道的动力响应分析

为研究埋地管道在地震激励时管-土相互作用的动力响应问题,研发双向层状剪切连续体模型土箱,建立管G土相互作用有限元分析模型,对横向非一致地震激励下埋地管道地震响应进行数值模拟分析,并与试验结果进行对比.结果表明:数值模拟和振动台试验结果中的管道应变峰值均呈现出沿管道中间大两端小的现象,管道中间应变峰值最小达到两端的1．6倍左右;管道加速度、 土体加速度峰值均随着加载等级的提高而增大,涨幅愈加明显,多峰频率由0~10Hz逐渐向10~ 20Hz频域扩散,管道运动更为自由;土体位移随着加载等级的提高呈现逐级增大的现象,在加载等级增加到0．4g 时位移曲线斜率减小,土体非线性表现明显.数值模拟和振动台试验对比分析的结论表明数值模拟分析的合理性和试验结果的可靠性,为研究横向非一致激励对埋地管道地震响应的影响提供了依据.     

强震区非对称连续梁桥地震响应及性能评价

为研究高烈度地区不等跨连续梁桥的抗震性能，依托某高速公路上一座主跨为（40+60+35）m的典型不等跨连续梁桥，建立其动力分析有限元模型，获得该桥的模态特性。在E1概率和E2概率两种地震水平作用下，同时采用反应谱分析和时程分析法，对不等跨桥梁结构的地震响应进行分析。最后根据桥墩验算截面的弯矩-曲率关系曲线，探讨该桥梁的抗震性能。研究结果表明：动态时程反应分析与反应谱分析所得的结果基本吻合，由于反应谱分析假定结构线弹性状态而时程反应分析考虑了材料的弹塑性，在E2概率水平下，两者个别响应值有较大差别；由于反应谱法是对各阶模态下最大响应的组合，动态时程反应分析是同一时刻各地震波引起的结构响应的组合，因而时域和频域计算结果会存在一些误差，频域结果偏于保守；E1、E2概率地震作用下，主桥桥墩检算截面仍然在弹性范围内工作，满足弹性设计要求。     

Stochastic seismic response of structures with added viscoelastic dampers modeled by fractional derivative

Viscoelastic dampers, as supplementary energy dissipation devices, have been used in building structures under seismic excitation or wind loads. Different analytical models have been proposed to describe their dynamic force deformation characteristics. Among these analytical models, the fractional derivative models have attracted more attention as they can capture the frequency dependence of the material stiffness and damping properties observed from tests very well. In this paper, a Fourier-transform-based technique is presented to obtain the fractional unit impulse function and the response of structures with added viscoelastic dampers whose force-deformation relationship is described by a fractional derivative model. Then, a Duhamel integral-type expression is suggested for the response analysis of a fractional damped dynamic system subjected to deterministic or random excitation. Through numerical verification, it is shown that viscoelastic dampers are effective in reducing structural responses over a wide frequency range, and the proposed schemes can be used to accurately predict the stochastic seismic response of structures with added viscoelastic dampers described by a Kelvin model with fractional derivative.     

Nonlinear seismic response analysis of arch dam-foundation systems- part I dam-foundation rock interaction

The arch dam–foundation rock dynamic interaction and the nonlinear opening and closing effects of contact joints on arch dam are important to the seismic response analysis of arch dams. Up to date, there is not yet a reasonable and rigorous procedure including the two factors in seismic response analysis. The methods for the analysis of arch dam–foundation rock dynamic interaction in frequency domain are not suitable to the problem with nonlinear behaviors, in this paper, so an analysis method in time domain is proposed by combining the explicit finite element method and the transmitting boundary, and the dynamic relaxation technique is adopted to obtain the initial static response for dynamic analysis. Moreover, the influence of arch dam–foundation dynamic interaction with energy dispersion on seismic response of designed Xiaowan arch dam in China is studied by comparing the results of the proposed method and the conventional method with the massless foundation, and the local material nonlinear and nonhomogeneous behaviors of foundation rock are also considered. The reservoir water effect is assumed as Westergaard added mass model in calculation. The influence of the closing–opening effects of contact joints of arch dam on the seismic response will be studied in another paper.     

地震作用下低层建筑砌体结构的动力特性分析

传统低层建筑砌体结构动力特性分析中,易受到外界环境的干扰,砌体结构的完整性欠缺,导致动力特性分析的准确度较低。为提高低层建筑砌体结构的抗震性能,提出地震作用下低层建筑砌体结构的动力特性分析方法。首先利用低层建筑砌体结构反应自功率谱,完成砌体结构的自振频率辨认;然后通过941B型超低频率测振仪测试自振频率,筛出振动波形中噪声干扰的区域,获取时域波形和频域波形;最后依据时域波形和频域波形塑造低层建筑砌体三维精细化模型,在该模型基础上,通过子空间迭代算法获取低层建筑砌体结构的模拟结果,分析地震作用下芯柱、圈梁等构造措施对建筑砌体结构动力特征的影响,完成砌体结构的动力特性分析。实验结果表明,利用所提方法对地震作用下低层建筑砌体结构的动力特性进行分析,得到的分析结果准确度较高。     

Response‐only modal identification of structures using strong motion data

Dynamic characteristics of structures — viz. natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes — are central to earthquake‐resistant design. These values identified from field measurements are useful for model validation and health‐monitoring. Most system identification methods require input excitations motions to be measured and the structural response; however, the true input motions are seldom recordable. For example, when soil–structure interaction effects are non‐negligible, neither the free‐field motions nor the recorded responses of the foundations may be assumed as ‘input’. Even in the absence of soil–structure interaction, in many instances, the foundation responses are not recorded (or are recorded with a low signal‐to‐noise ratio). Unfortunately, existing output‐only methods are limited to free vibration data, or weak stationary ambient excitations. However, it is well‐known that the dynamic characteristics of most civil structures are amplitude‐dependent; thus, parameters identified from low‐amplitude responses do not match well with those from strong excitations, which arguably are more pertinent to seismic design. In this study, we present a new identification method through which a structure's dynamic characteristics can be extracted using only seismic response (output) signals. In this method, first, the response signals’ spatial time‐frequency distributions are used for blindly identifying the classical mode shapes and the modal coordinate signals. Second, cross‐relations among the modal coordinates are employed to determine the system's natural frequencies and damping ratios on the premise of linear behavior for the system. We use simulated (but realistic) data to verify the method, and also apply it to a real‐life data set to demonstrate its utility. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南黄海6.1级地震前地震波动力学特征变化指标的研究

研究了南黄海６１级地震前地震波动力学特征的变化,诸如Ｓ波、Ｐ波频谱的峰值频率,拐角频率,相对频带宽度,相对频谱峰值,波速比,Ｐ波初始部分波形的时间线性度及Ｐ波初始段平均半周期等。结果表明：震前地震波动力学各特征指标均有一定的异常变化,且大多能较好地反映出约０５ａ左右的前兆异常。指出地震预报中同时使用这些指标的可行性。     

土-结构动力相互作用对结构控制的影响

本文研究了土-结构动力相互作用对采取不同控制措施的结构控制效果的影响。文中首先建立了主动调谐质量阻尼器(ATMD)、半主动磁流变阻尼器(MR)和被动多重调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD)等三种结构控制措施在时域中的控制算法和控制律，然后基于子结构法，采用间接边界元方法，通过傅里叶变换，推导了分别安装三种结构控制措施的受控结构在频域中的运动方程，数值仿真分析了某36层高层建筑的地震反应及其控制效果。结果表明，当采用ATMD或MTMD控制时，考虑土-结构动力相互作用后结构地震反应有所减小；当采用MR控制时，考虑土-结构动力相互作用后结构地震反应有很大程度的减小。由此看来，在设计软土地基上高层结构的结构控制措施时，不考虑土-结构动力相互作用对结构控制效果的影响是偏于安全的。     

Evaluation of the measured seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral

The seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral built of very soft soil deposits is evaluated by using motions recorded in various parts of the structure during several moderate earthquakes. This unique set of records provides significant insight into the seismic response of this and other similar historic stone masonry structures. Free‐field ground motions are carefully compared in time and frequency domains with motions recorded at building basement. The dynamic characteristics of the structure are inferred from the earthquake records by using system identification techniques. Variation of seismic response for different seismic intensities is discussed. It is shown that, due to the soil–structure interaction, due to large differences between dominant frequencies of earthquake ground motions at the site and modal frequencies of vibration of the structure, and due to a particularly high viscous damping, seismic amplifications of ground motion in this and similar historic buildings erected on soft soil deposits are much smaller than that induced in most modern constructions. Nevertheless, earthquake records and analytical results show that several components of the structure such as its central dome and the bell towers may be subjected to local vibrations that significantly amplify ground motions. Overall, results indicate that in its present state the structure has an acceptable level of seismic safety. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

竖向地震下双塔连体建筑的分析和设计

首先输入多条实际竖向地震记录,用时程分析考察了塔楼高度和连体跨度不同的多个算例。然后将其抽象成塔楼和连体桁架组成的双自由度体系,运用频域分析方法,得到竖向地震作用的变化规律：11随着桁架对塔楼频率比增加,连体地震放大作用越明显;2）当连体对塔楼质量比较小且两者频率比相近1,连体地震反应进一步加强。现行抗震规范的重力系数法提出的大跨度结构竖向地震的实用计算公式对于本文研究结构并不完全适用。提出考虑塔楼和桁架协同地震作用的实用算式,并对一个超高层工程实例进行竖向地震作用分析,与时程分析结果吻合较好。     

浙江珊溪水库地震震源参数特征研究

利用2014年1月-2015年12月浙江省区域数字地震台网记录的1 360次珊溪水库M_L0.5-4.4地震资料,采用Brune模式,将台站获取的速度记录进行几何扩散校正、介质衰减校正及仪器校正后得到速度谱,对速度谱在频率域进行傅里叶积分得到震源位移谱,之后使用遗传算法计算得到拐角频率和震源位移谱零频极限值,进而计算出该区的地震矩为1010-1014 N·m,震源破裂半径为33-550 m,拐角频率为2.4-39.7 Hz,地震应力降为0.04-6.74 MPa,视应力为0-2.75 MPa.在此基础上,对各参数特征及其关系进行系统性分析,结果表明:各震源参数之间表现出一定的对数线性或半对数线性关系;空间上,应力降和拐角频率在库区西北段较高,东南段较低;应力降与地震矩在空间上呈反向关系,拐角频率与破裂半径在空间上呈负相关.      

桩基-非线性框剪结构相互作用体系(下)-- 相互作用对结构地震反应的影响

本文研究桩基-非线性框剪结构相互作用体系的地震反应。其中上部框架和剪力墙结构分别用门型单元和四弹簧墙单元进行分析;桩基阻抗函数通过单桩阻抗和动力相互作用因于求得。采用频-时域混合法求解体系的动力方程,本文研究了在桩基-框剪结构相互作用体系地震反应分析中,桩基阻抗的频率相关性对结构地震反应的影响,并从土体剪切波速和地震波强度两个方面,研究了土-桩-结构相互作用对框剪结构地震反应的影响。     

钻孔倾斜仪高频实验观测数据的初步分析

利用测震数采器对昌平台CZB钻孔倾斜仪开展了100次/秒的高频采集实验,记录到了可靠的观测资料,其中蕴含的地震信息也更加丰富。同时利用十三陵台测震资料与昌平台钻孔倾斜高频观测资料进行对比分析,结果表明:两种仪器都记录到了地震波响应,但由于频响特性差异,钻孔倾斜仪记录的地震波所对应的P波震相较弱;通过频谱分析估计钻孔倾斜仪的频响偏低频,其频率上限大致在0.1Hz以内;对于一个近地震事件,钻孔倾斜仪的响应表现出与测震仪完全不一样的形态,其低频响应明显优于高频响应;对于远震,随着震中距的增加,两者响应特性逐渐趋于一致。     

地震的应变张量观测与应用前景

地震发生时的动态应变场,在研究地震触发、地震破裂、地面破坏、水文和岩浆变化等方面都具有重要应用意义.地震的应变张量观测和现有的惯性地震仪观测的物理量不同.前者可以直接记录到地震发生时震源辐射的应变(应力)波,而后者记录到的是位移、速度或加速度.地震频率的应变测量在地震学中的应用前景主要表现在:①测量震源机制解理论预言的辐射4象限分布;②测量库仑应力变化;③换算成动态应力以评估地震烈度;④测量地震波的能量密度;⑤测量地震断层形变加速和形变局部化过程.用惯性地震仪的记录虽然在理论上也可以解算出动态应变值,然而种种原因导致计算结果的误差很大,往往不可接受.应变张量地震仪若能与现有的惯性地震仪配套起来,形成大规模台阵,则有可能推动应变地震学的诞生,在地震观测和地震学科领域引起重大革新.     

Ambient noise energy bursts observation and modeling: Trapping of harmonic structure-soil induced–waves in a topmost sedimentary layer

We study the nature of energy bursts that appeared in the frequency range 3–5 Hz in ambient seismic noise recorded in the Grenoble basin (French Alps) during a seismological array experiment. A close agreement is found between the identified azimuths of such noise bursts with the location of an industrial chimney. In-situ measurements of the chimney dynamic characteristics show a coincidence between the frequency of the first harmonic mode of the chimney and the fundamental frequency of a thin surficial layer that overlay the deep sediment fill. The interaction between the chimney and the surficial layer is then numerically simulated using simple impedance models and two soil profiles. Simulations exhibit a satisfactory agreement with observations and suggest that energy bursts result of inertial structure-soil interaction favored by resonance effects between the first harmonic mode of the structure and the fundamental frequency of the topmost layer.     

Dynamic characteristics and seismic response of adjacent buildings linked by discrete dampers

Coupling adjacent buildings using discrete viscoelastic dampers for control of response to low and moderate seismic events is investigated in this paper. The complex modal superposition method is first used to determine dynamic characteristics, mainly modal damping ratio and modal frequency, of damper-linked linear adjacent buildings for practical use. Random seismic response of linear adjacent buildings linked by dampers is then determined by a combination of the complex modal superposition method and the pseudo-excitation method. This combined method can effectively and accurately determine random seismic response of non-classically damped systems in the frequency domain. Parametric studies are finally performed to identify optimal parameters of viscoelastic dampers for achieving the maximum modal damping ratio or the maximum response reduction of adjacent buildings. It is demonstrated that using discrete viscoelastic dampers of proper parameters to link adjacent buildings can reduce random seismic responses significantly. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.