基于双通道参考技术的磁共振地下水探测电磁噪声分布规律研究

磁共振地下水探测(MRS)技术能直接测量水中氢质子的拉莫尔进动,可表征地下水含水量和介质孔隙度等信息,因而获得了广泛应用.然而,MRS信号微弱,实际探测中电磁噪声强度大,若噪声未被有效去除,会导致后续水文参数解释不准确,采用“8”字形线圈或运用带参考线圈的噪声抵消等方法可抑制噪声干扰,但这些方法消噪效果的好坏取决于电磁噪声的空间分布.另外,在强噪声或多噪声源环境下应用MRS方法,选择恰当的探测位置对提高探测效率以及增加探测结果的有效性具有重要意义.因此,本文使用双通道噪声采集装置在实验前记录环境中的电磁噪声,通过双通道参考技术推导同一时刻不同测点的噪声强度,再得到测区电磁噪声分布结果,该噪声分布情况对MRS方法探测方式的选取具有指导性的作用.同时,可根据噪声分布情况为探测线圈选择最佳测点以避开噪声强度大的区域,进而提高采集信号的信噪比.最后,通过采集室外环境下的电磁噪声,验证本文提出的基于双通道参考技术的电磁噪声分布规律研究方法的有效性,为可靠高效地开展磁共振地下水探测提供了新的技术手段.     

二维阵列线圈核磁共振地下水探测理论研究

核磁共振法(Magnetic Resonance Sounding,MRS)是一种直接探测地下水的地球物理方法,目前只能对水平层状的含水层进行一维测深,对于尺寸小于线圈直径的二维或三维含水构造成像时,其灵敏度和横向分辨率很低.本文从研究二维阵列线圈核磁共振地下水探测方式的可行性出发,推导了地面发射线圈产生的椭圆极化激发...     

2D magnetic resonance tomography applied to karstic conduit imaging

Karstic conduits play a crucial role for water supply in many parts of the world. However, the imaging of such targets is generally a difficult task for most geophysical methods. Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) is a geophysical method designed for imaging of water bearing structures. Initially, MRS was developed for characterizing horizontally stratified aquifers. However, when applying a 1D MRS measuring setup to the imaging of 2D–3D targets, the size of which may be much smaller than the loop, the accuracy and the lateral resolution may not be sufficient. We have studied the possibility of simultaneously processing several MRS aligned along a profile to perform a Magnetic Resonance Tomography (MRT). This work emphasizes the gain of resolution for 2D–3D imagery of MRT versus the interpolation of 1D inversion results of MRS along the same profile. Numerical modelling results show that the MRT response is sensitive to the size and location of the 2D target in the subsurface. Sensitivity studies reveal that by using the coincident transmitting/receiving (TX/RX) setup and shifting the loop around the anomaly area, the depth, section and position of a single karstic conduit with a size smaller than the MRS loop size can be resolved. The accuracy of the results depends on the noise level and signal level, the latter parameter being linked to the depth and volume of the karstic conduit and the water content in the limestone matrix. It was shown that when applying MRT to the localization of 2D anomalies such as karstic conduits, the inclination of the geomagnetic field, the orientation of the MRT profile and the angle of crossover of the conduit by the MRT profile must be taken into account. Otherwise additional errors in interpretation should be expected. A 2D inversion scheme was developed and tested. Both numerical and experimental results confirm the efficiency of the developed approach.     

2D magnetic resonance tomography applied to karstic conduit imaging

Karstic conduits play a crucial role for water supply in many parts of the world. However, the imaging of such targets is generally a difficult task for most geophysical methods. Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) is a geophysical method designed for imaging of water bearing structures. Initially, MRS was developed for characterizing horizontally stratified aquifers. However, when applying a 1D MRS measuring setup to the imaging of 2D–3D targets, the size of which may be much smaller than the loop, the accuracy and the lateral resolution may not be sufficient. We have studied the possibility of simultaneously processing several MRS aligned along a profile to perform a Magnetic Resonance Tomography (MRT). This work emphasizes the gain of resolution for 2D–3D imagery of MRT versus the interpolation of 1D inversion results of MRS along the same profile. Numerical modelling results show that the MRT response is sensitive to the size and location of the 2D target in the subsurface. Sensitivity studies reveal that by using the coincident transmitting/receiving (TX/RX) setup and shifting the loop around the anomaly area, the depth, section and position of a single karstic conduit with a size smaller than the MRS loop size can be resolved. The accuracy of the results depends on the noise level and signal level, the latter parameter being linked to the depth and volume of the karstic conduit and the water content in the limestone matrix. It was shown that when applying MRT to the localization of 2D anomalies such as karstic conduits, the inclination of the geomagnetic field, the orientation of the MRT profile and the angle of crossover of the conduit by the MRT profile must be taken into account. Otherwise additional errors in interpretation should be expected. A 2D inversion scheme was developed and tested. Both numerical and experimental results confirm the efficiency of the developed approach.     

基于自适应遗传算法的MRS-TEM联合反演方法研究

地面磁共振法(MRS)因具有定性、定量分析地下水能力,而备受关注.传统磁共振地层含水量反演多采用均匀半空间模型,忽略电阻率分布信息对结果的影响.针对这一问题,本文基于多层电介质中磁共振响应理论,提出MRS与瞬变电磁(TEM)联合反演方法,通过电阻率分布信息对含水量反演过程的实时修正,提高了解释结果的准确度.反演算法采用自适应遗传算法(AGA)进行,基于繁殖规则,动态调整交叉概率和变异概率,解决了标准遗传算法易未成熟收敛而难以得到全局最优解问题.模型数据表明,含噪10%情况下,联合反演仍能较准确地反映地下含水单元模型结构,对比MRS单独反演优势明显.同时,内蒙古白旗野外观测数据联合反演结果与钻井资料基本一致,充分验证了AGA反演算法的实用性及MRS-TEM联合反演的实际意义.     

MRS applicability for a study of glacial sedimentary aquifers in Central Jutland, Denmark

Intensive geophysical measurements are currently being carried out in Denmark to comply with the Danish Government's environmental plans of dense hydrogeological mapping to ensure high quality non-treated drinking water supply based solely on groundwater. A MRS-TDEM combined geophysical survey was conducted to measure the applicability and the contribution of MRS to running drilling programs.Despite complicated electromagnetic noise conditions, the MRS method proved to be applicable in the Danish context. An example of the practical application of MRS combined with TDEM in two selected areas of the former County of Vejle in Denmark, demonstrates the efficiency of the technique. The MRS results clearly suggest optimal locations for water supply boreholes within subsurface structures with homogeneous resistivity conditions mapped by TDEM. These results reveal the interest of using MRS as a new geophysical tool for the Danish water supply policy, which can provide a foundation for optimising drilling site locations within areas with resistivities in the aquifer range. However, more MRS soundings need to be carried out in order to improve MRS calibration in the Danish context, which will allow quantitative MRS characterization of aquifers.     

Reducing Uncertainty in Calibrating Aquifer Flow Model with Multiple Scales of Heterogeneity

Modeling and calibration of natural aquifers with multiple scales of heterogeneity is a challenging task due to limited subsurface access. While computer modeling plays an essential role in aquifer studies, large uncertainty exists in developing a conceptual model of an aquifer and in calibrating the model for decision making. Due to uncertainties such as a lack of understanding of subsurface processes and a lack of techniques to parameterize the subsurface environment (including hydraulic conductivity, source/sink rate, and aquifer boundary conditions), existing aquifer models often suffer nonuniqueness in calibration, leading to poor predictive capability. A robust calibration methodology is needed that can address the simultaneous estimations of aquifer parameters, source/sink, and boundary conditions. In this paper, we propose a multistage and multiscale approach that addresses subsurface heterogeneity at multiple scales, while reducing uncertainty in estimating the model parameters and model boundary conditions. The key to this approach lies in the appropriate development, verification, and synthesis of existing and new techniques of static and dynamic data integration. In particular, based on a given set of observation data, new inversion techniques can be first used to estimate aquifer large‐scale effective parameters and smoothed boundary conditions, based on which parameter and boundary condition estimation can be refined at increasing detail using standard or highly parameterized estimation techniques.     

Complex Inversion of MRT Signals under Different Loop Configurations for Groundwater Exploration

Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) is a relatively new geophysical method for non‐invasive groundwater exploration and aquifer characterization. Conventional SNMR surveys based on one‐dimensional (1‐D) inversion of amplitude data recorded only using coincident loops provide limited or distorted groundwater distribution information, especially in regions with strong lateral heterogeneity and complicated hydrological environments. The simplistic approach limits the applicability and efficiency of SNMR, which was therefore made more effective in this study using a sophisticated signal response formulation. The elliptical polarization parameters of the excitation magnetic fields and 2‐D sensitivity kernels (including real and imaginary parts) of three commonly used loop configurations were first calculated. After all the individual complex signals of five simulated measurement series along a profile were incorporated. The 2‐D magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) complex inversion scheme was then used to perform high resolution tomography of synthetic models under the three loop configurations, taking full advantage of the different sensitivity distributions offered by the different loop configurations and the high sensitivity of the imaginary parts of signals to deep structures. Contrast analyses of the tomographic results showed that the complex inversions significantly decreased model ambiguities and increased depth resolution even with artificial noise added. Coincident loop measurements usually gave the best vertical resolution, and separated loops provided better lateral resolution. However, various factors would influence phase data, meaning that the complex inversion of field data is neither very reliable nor very common at present.     

MRS applicability for a study of glacial sedimentary aquifers in Central Jutland,Denmark

Intensive geophysical measurements are currently being carried out in Denmark to comply with the Danish Government's environmental plans of dense hydrogeological mapping to ensure high quality non-treated drinking water supply based solely on groundwater. A MRS-TDEM combined geophysical survey was conducted to measure the applicability and the contribution of MRS to running drilling programs.Despite complicated electromagnetic noise conditions, the MRS method proved to be applicable in the Danish context. An example of the practical application of MRS combined with TDEM in two selected areas of the former County of Vejle in Denmark, demonstrates the efficiency of the technique. The MRS results clearly suggest optimal locations for water supply boreholes within subsurface structures with homogeneous resistivity conditions mapped by TDEM. These results reveal the interest of using MRS as a new geophysical tool for the Danish water supply policy, which can provide a foundation for optimising drilling site locations within areas with resistivities in the aquifer range. However, more MRS soundings need to be carried out in order to improve MRS calibration in the Danish context, which will allow quantitative MRS characterization of aquifers.     

Interpretation of magnetic resonance soundings in rocks with high electrical conductivity

Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is an electromagnetic method designed for groundwater investigations. MRS can be applied not only for studying fresh-water aquifers, but also in areas where intrusion of saline water is rendering the subsurface electrically conductive. In the presence of rocks with a high electrical-conductivity attenuation and a phase shift of the MRS signal may influence the efficiency of the MRS method. We investigated the performance of MRS for allowing us to propose a procedure for interpreting MRS data under these conditions. For numerical modeling, we considered a subsurface with a resistivity between 0.5 and 10 Ω m. The results show that the depth of investigation with MRS depends upon the electrical conductivity of groundwater and surrounding rocks, on the depth of the saline water layer, and on the amount of fresh water above the saline water. For interpreting MRS measurements, the electrical conductivity of the subsurface is routinely measured with an electrical or electromagnetic method. However, due to the equivalence problem, the result obtained with these methods may be not unique. Hence, we investigated the influence of the uncertainty in conductivity distribution provided by transient electromagnetic measurements (TEM) on MRS results. It was found that the uncertainty in TEM results has an insignificant effect on MRS.     

Using 2D inversion of magnetic resonance soundings to locate a water-filled karst conduit

A new methodology for magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) data acquisition and interpretation was developed for locating water-filled karst cavities. This methodology was used to investigate the Ouysse karst system in the Poumeyssens shaft in the Causse de Gramat (France). A new 2D numerical MRS response model was designed for improved accuracy over the previous 1D MRS approach. A special survey performed by cave divers confirmed the accuracy of the MRS results. Field results demonstrated that in favourable conditions (a low EM noise environment and a relatively shallow, large target) the MRS method, used with a coincident transmitter/receiver loop, can be an effective tool for locating a water-filled karst conduit. It was shown numerically that because an a priori orientation of the MRS profile with the karst conduit is used in the inversion scheme (perpendicular for instance), any error in this assumption introduces an additional error in locating the karst. However, the resulting error is within acceptable limits when the deviation is less than 30°. The MRS results were compared with an electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey. It was found that in Poumeyssens, ERT is not able to locate the water-filled karst. On the other hand, ERT provides additional information about heterogeneities in the limestone.     

Practical aspects of wavefield separation of two-component surface seismic data based on polarization and slowness estimates

The processing of multicomponent seismic data, carried out individually on the different wavetypes (P-, S- and converted waves), should result in an improved image of the subsurface. We examine the wavefield‐separation method proposed by Cho and Spencer . We discuss practical aspects related to the separation of interfering waves on two-component surface seismic data and illustrate these using synthetic data. A sliding spatial window is used for analysis. The choice of its width represents a trade-off between stabilizing the method in the presence of random noise and ensuring a good spatial resolution. No a priori knowledge of the subsurface is required, but locally, the characteristic parameters of the waves, i.e. horizontal slowness and polarization, are assumed to be constant inside the analysis window. These parameters are estimated at each frequency, but a statistical analysis provides a more robust estimate, especially in the presence of random noise. This approach also solves the problem of eigenvalue sharing and switching. Additional smoothing of the estimates according to a model may further improve the results. The width of the analysis window may be decreased if the waves inside the data window differ significantly in amplitude. The dominant wave in each case is separated from the lower-amplitude waves and subtracted from the data. This novel iterative approach thereby allows for the isolation of low-amplitude events.     

基于能量运算的磁共振信号尖峰噪声抑制方法

磁共振探测信号微弱,使用高灵敏度的核磁共振地下水探测仪,极易受到环境噪声干扰.其中,工频谐波噪声和尖峰噪声,是影响信号质量最严重的两类噪声.国内外研究表明,通过参考线圈的布设,依据探测线圈和参考线圈中噪声相关性,利用自适应参考对消算法,能够有效抑制工频谐波噪声.然而,尖峰噪声的存在严重影响了主通道与参考道的数据相关性,成为了参考对消算法应用的难题与障碍.为解决这一问题,本文提出磁共振信号中尖峰噪声的抑制方法,推导了能量域磁共振信号表达式,通过计算信号能量,可有效检测尖峰噪声并突出不易识别的小幅度尖峰噪声,采用基于中位数的绝对偏差法确定阈值,进而剔除尖峰噪声.为了验证去噪效果,与应用较广的统计叠加法进行对比研究.仿真结果表明,对于干扰幅度较大、持续时间较长的尖峰噪声,能量运算法和统计叠加法均能识别并剔除,且不损失有效的磁共振信号,标准差偏差控制在0.3%以内,可以满足实际应用的要求;对于小于信号幅度1.5倍的尖峰噪声,能量运算法可有效识别并剔除,而统计叠加法无法实现.针对多通道探测系统,使用能量运算法剔除尖峰噪声后,可明显提高主通道和参考道的数据相关性,为后续自适应参考对消算法的应用奠定了基础.实测数据处理结果进一步证明了本文方法的实用性.     

Magnetic resonance sounding applied to aquifer characterization

Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is distinguished from other geophysical tools used for ground water investigation by the fact that it measures a magnetic resonance signal generated directly from subsurface water molecules. An alternating current pulse energizes a wire loop on the ground surface and the MRS signal is generated; subsurface water is indicated, with a high degree of reliability, by nonzero amplitude readings. Measurements with varied pulse magnitudes then reveal the depth and thickness of water saturated layers. The hydraulic conductivity of aquifers can also be estimated using boreholes for calibration. MRS can be used for both predicting the yield of water supply wells and for interpolation between boreholes, thereby reducing the number of holes required for hydrogeological modeling. An example of the practical application of MRS combined with two-dimensional electrical imaging, in the Kerbernez and Kerien catchments area of France, demonstrates the efficiency of the technique.     

基于谐波建模和自相关的磁共振信号消噪与提取方法研究

磁共振探测技术（Magnetic Resonance Sounding,MRS）以其无损、定量、直接等优势,被广泛应用于地下水调查、水文环境评价以及灾害水源预警等领域.在实际应用中,强工频谐波和随机噪声等严重影响MRS信号的质量,导致后续水文参数解释不准确.针对这一问题,提出谐波建模和自相关相结合的方法进行消噪以及信号特征参数提取.首先构建工频谐波模型,针对建模算法严重依赖工频基频精度的问题,采用自适应扫描方式搜索方案,大幅提高搜索准确度和速度;其次推导了MRS信号自相关表达式,提出了自相关参数提取的非线性拟合方法.仿真数据结果表明,建模消噪方法有效消除了工频谐波,信噪比平均提升了17.03 dB;自相关处理后,信噪比进一步提升了16.10 dB,初始振幅和弛豫时间参数提取结果的准确度比处理前分别提高了3.8倍和2.8倍.通过不同信噪比和弛豫时间的重复实验,得到当噪声水平小于200 nV和弛豫时间大于200 ms时,自相关参数提取具有较高的稳定性.最后,通过野外实测数据处理实验,进一步验证了联合消噪和参数提取方法的有效性.     

A velocity projection framework for inferring shallow water currents from surface tracer fields

To the extent that sea surface temperature and colors can be considered passive tracers, their motions can be tracked to estimate the current velocities, or a conservation equation can be invoked to relate their temporal variations to the velocities. We investigate the latter, the so-called tracer inversion problem, with a particular focus on (1) the conditions under which the problem can be rendered over-determined for least squares solutions, (2) the possibility of using the tracer conservation equation within the “velocity projection” framework to estimate subsurface current profiles in shallow coastal waters, and (3) the accuracy of the tracer inversion calculation in terms of the data resolution and noise. The velocity projection framework refers to relating surface motion, either measured directly or made visible by tracers, to the subsurface current motion through the equations of motion. The accuracy of the tracer inversion calculation is quantified in terms of the spatial and temporal resolution of the tracer distribution. In the presence of irreducible tracer noise, the accuracy of the inversion rapidly degrades, and it is shown that the inversion with velocity projection can help improve accuracy. The tracer inversion method developed in this study is applied to the satellite sea surface temperature data, and the velocity result is compared to the velocity measurements made with the shore-based HF Coastal Current Radar. The potential of improving the velocity estimation with the present approach is indicated.     

Resolution of MRS applied to the characterization of hard-rock aquifers

The performance of the Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) method applied to the investigation of heterogeneous hard-rock aquifers was studied. It was shown using both numerical modeling and field measurements that MRS could be applied to the investigation of the weathered part of hard-rock aquifers when the product of the free water content multiplied by the thickness of the aquifer is >0.2 (for example, 10-m-thick layer with a 2% water content). Using a currently available one-dimensional MRS system, the method allows the characterization of two-dimensional subsurface structures with acceptable accuracy when the size of the subsurface anomaly is equal to or greater than the MRS loop. However, the fractured part of hard-rock aquifers characterized by low effective porosity (<0.5%) cannot be resolved using currently available MRS equipment. It was found that shallow water in the weathered part of the aquifer may screen MRS signals from deeper water-saturated layers, thus further reducing the possibility of investigating deeper fractured aquifers. A field study using the NUMIS(plus) MRS system developed by IRIS Instruments was carried out on an experimental watershed in southern India. A heterogeneous unconfined aquifer in a gneissic formation was successfully localized, and MRS results were confirmed by drilling shortly after the geophysical study. The top of the aquifer revealed by MRS was found to be in a good agreement with observed static water level measurements in boreholes.     

磁总场异常垂直梯度三维相关成像

本文提出了磁总场异常垂直梯度三维相关成像方法,用于成像地下等效磁源分布.它首先将地下待成像空间划分为三维规则网格,然后直接计算每个网格节点磁偶板子在观测面理论磁总场异常垂直梯度与实测磁总场异常垂直梯度的互相关,其相关系数值表征等效磁偶极子分布(即磁偶极子发生的概率).理论长方体组合模型数据和实际某矿区磁测资料试验结果表明本文方法计算得到的相关系数值能基本反映地下的磁源分布,且分辨率明显高于磁总场异常三维相关成像的分辨率,也高于基于熵滤波分离异常的磁总场异常三维相关成像的分辨率.     

Seismic imaging of the shallow subsurface: shear-wave case histories

Obtaining high-resolution images of the geology and hydrogeology of the subsurface in the depth range from ground level to 50 m is one of the major challenges of modern geophysics. The methods which are commonly used (such as compressional-wave surveys and ground-penetrating radar) often suffer from adverse effects caused by the near-surface conditions, changes in water saturation and various sources of noise. This paper demonstrates some of the advantages offered by the use of shear-wave seismology and by the combination of shear- and compressional-wave seismic methods in shallow subsurface investigations.
Multicomponent shallow seismic tests were carried out at four different sites to examine the effectiveness of different acquisition geometries under a variety of near-surface geological conditions. Near-surface conditions encountered at the sites included thick clays, clay/sand sequences overlying Chalk, mudstone overlying granodiorite bedrock and landfill material.
Under all conditions, shear-wave data acquisition was found to have advantages over compressional-wave acquisition for the investigation of the shallow subsurface. Shear head waves, being unaffected by water saturation, achieved penetration to greater depths at a site in Crewkerne, Dorset where compressional head-wave penetration was limited to the near-surface layers. Better vertical resolution was achieved at shallow depths using shear-wave reflection energy at a landfill site. Shear-wave reflections from shallow interfaces were in some cases less affected by noise compared with the equivalent compressional-wave reflections. Combinations of shear- and compressional-wave data recording allowed the measurement of a Poisson's ratio log and gave indications of seismic anisotropy at two sites where dipping clay layers were present.