四维重力反演方法初探

为利用重复水准、重力资料来解释一些地球动力学过程，本文在分析了国内外三维重力反演的基础上，提出了四维重力反演的概念，并推导了界面随时间变化时的四维重力反演公式。对于无穷大水平薄板，我们得到的公式与无穷大水平薄板的重力效应对时间求导的结果是一致的。尽管本文推导的只是密度差不变时的四维重力反演公式，但用本文的思路与类似的方法，不难导出其它情况下的四维重力反演公式。     

极大验后估计及其在扩建网中的应用

本文基于未知参数具有先验正态分布的广义Ｇ－Ｍ模型，推导了未知参数和方差因子的极大验后估计公式，证明了未知和的极大验后估计是无偏、有效估计量，方差因子的极大验后估计有偏，并推导了方差因子的边缘极大验后估计，证明了它的无偏及有效性，作为应用，本文最后证明了扩建网极大验后平差成果等于新旧网整体平差成果。     

误差曲线中极值E,F表示任意方向佼差的推导

文献「１」的这一公式的推导较为繁琐，不易理解，且理论性不强，给教学带来不便，本文则给出一简洁的推导，而且其原理较为严密和简单，学生易于掌握。     

误差曲线中极值E,F表示任意方向位差的推导

文献[1]对这一公式的推导较为繁琐，不易理解，且理论性不强，给教学带来不便，本文则给出一简洁的推导，而且其原理较为严密和简单，学生易于掌握。     

透水航空摄影曝光因子的确定

曝光因子的确定是航空摄影中的一个关键技术。本文根据透水航空摄影的特点，推导了海底景物的亮度模型，在分析曝光因素的基础上，提出了由海底景物亮度计算曝光时间的方法，实践证明，该方法是可行的。     

改变部分独立观测值权对平差结果的影响

基于等价观测值的思想，利用间接平差函数模型，推导了改变部分独立观测值权对最终平差结果的影响，并给出了相应的精度评定公式。在推导过程中，把权的改变等价于观测值的改变进行处理，使推导过程简便直观。     

傅科第一类回转仪运动的扰动级数分析

本文对只在陀螺力矩作用下傅科第一类回转仪的运动规律进行了扰动级数分析，推导了其运动周期公式，并与其线性解进行了比较，同时用动能法分析了该系统的稳定性．     

墨卡托投影的反解算法

本文利用墨卡托投影公式，借助计算机代数系统软件Mathematica，对其反解公式进行了严密推导，从而得到了适用于计算机计算的反解算法。     

经典测量平差中基本模型和通用模型的参数估计及相互转换

对经典平差模型中参数的估计，往往是一种模型进行一次公式推导，为了克服这种推导方法所产生的不必要的麻烦，本文以条件平差和间接平差这两个经典测量平差的基本模型出发，推导了带有参数的条件平差和附有约束条件的间接平差模型的参数估计公式，总结出经典测量平差的通用函数模型，推导出该模型的参数估计公式。利用某一水准网数据，进行了条件平差和间接平差结果一致性的检验。结果表明：经典测量平差模型是通用平差模型的特殊情况，而通用平差模型是经典平差模型的总结和概括。     

变形模型的Lp估计及其抗差性

本文讨论了变形模型的抗差问题。在先验信息不足的情况下，根据抗差估计原理，推导了变形模型的Ｌｐ估计形式，讨论了Ｌｐ估计的抗差性，最后以算例验证Ｌｐ估计的抗差性及在变形分析中应用的可能性。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。