海洋垂直剖面水温实时监测浮标系统研制与应用

为了实时、连续地监测獐子岛海洋牧场养殖区域不同深度的温度状况,为海洋牧场构建和运行提供数据支持,项目组自行研制了海洋垂直剖面水温实时监测浮标系统,可以在水深≤50 m、风速≤60m/s、波高≤15 m的环境下应用。该浮标系统主要包括水面浮标载体子系统和剖面链观测子系统两部分,浮标载体子系统提供了安全可靠的工作平台;而剖面链子系统上的不同位置挂有多个水下传感器,用于测量相应位置的海水温度。耐压试验、温度标定、室内拷机、现场比测、海上拷机的检定数据表明该系统无渗漏、误差小、数据接收率100%。海上运行18个月的结果同样表明,浮标系统运行稳定,数据采集和接收率高,浮标电压稳定。实践表明该浮标系统具有测温精度高、结构简单、使用方便的优点,具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于观测网的海底动力环境监测系统的设计与实现

海底动力环境监测系统是南海海底观测网试验系统的重要课题。在"十一五"观测网的基础上,对系统的稳定性与可靠性进行改进,设计使用CAN现场总线通信、ARM双冗余备份、Modem声学网关通道、DC/DC并联冗余与备份电池。该系统主要搭载声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)、国家海洋技术中心温盐深测量仪(CTD)、高精度压力传感器等设备,集成岸基监测与反馈子系统、控制与数据采集子系统、通信与电源管理子系统,实现了对海底边界层速度剖面场、湍流速度、温度、盐度、压力等海洋动力要素的长期实时稳定监测。经过试验测试,该系统稳定可靠,利于传感器扩展集成,为海底观测网提供了可靠的验证观测节点。     

SBE 917plus CTD剖面仪及其自容式作业

SBE 917plus CTD是目前最先进的自容式温盐深剖面测量仪,广泛应用于对海水温度、电导率和压力等基本物理海洋参数的测量。结合多年的SBE 917plus CTD现场使用经验,简要论述该系统的结构及工作原理,并介绍现场自容式作业及数据后处理的关键技巧。     

USV-LIF遥测系统的控制系统设计与实现

无人船作为一种新型平台,在海洋环境监测中具有布放灵活、自动测量等优势。对于近岸港口等溢油事故发生频繁区域的环境监测,相比于传统的机载和船载溢油激光荧光遥感技术,采用无人船平台搭载激光荧光传感器进行探测更为方便有效。本文对基于无人船的激光荧光(USV-LIF)遥测系统进行总体方案设计,并详细设计了其控制系统,该系统包括岸基远程控制模块和USV-LIF现场机控制模块两部分。利用无线网络通信链路实现从岸基终端对USV-LIF现场机的远程控制与通信,并通过现场机的控制模块实现对USV-LIF现场机的仪器状态控制、数据采集以及时序控制等功能。在实验室条件下,对USV-LIF遥测系统的整体运行、远程控制数据传输以及系统长时间连续工作进行了模拟联调测试,结果表明,所研发的控制系统的功能基本达到了现场探测需求。     

船载风控大容量气溶胶采集系统的开发和应用

在"我国近海环境综合调查与评价"的海洋气溶胶调查研究中,开发研制了新型船载风控大容量气溶胶采集系统。该系统由风向风速控制器、大容量采样器、自动控制器和抗风防雨防腐蚀箱体等组成。经过海上2 a 4个季度的海洋环境作业,表明该系统具有的大容量采集海洋空气体积,满足海洋气溶胶的微量组分的检出要求;具有的风速风向控制系统,能有效避免所采集的大气气溶胶样品受到船上发动机排出烟尘污染的影响。该系统还具防海水降雨、防腐蚀、结构牢固、流量稳定及抗风能力强等优点。系统采用单片机控制信号的采集、处理和显示,配有温度和压力补偿编程设定以及断电保护、自动修复等功能。海洋现场使用表明,该系统设计合理、数据可靠、灵敏度高,可满足海上大容量气溶胶采样要求。     

现场多功能定点观测系统

现场多功能定点观测系统是为潮汐河口及沿海地区进行水文测验而研制的。它由传感器组件、压力仓、电子电路、数据采集和处理装置等组成。传感器组件有流速、流向、温度、压力、电导率和含沙量等传感器，能测量流速等６种水文参数。该系统的使用既可长期定点锚泊测量，也可短期随船测量。长期锚泊测量能适应恶劣环境。     

水下储油保温监控系统研究

为了实现水下高效安全储油,对油水置换式水下储油及其监控技术进行了深入地研究,提出了油水隔离柔性储油方法.运用现场总线技术研制了水下储油保温监控系统.该系统采用基于神经网络的软测量方法实现隔离保温腔内高凝原油温度监测;运用热线测试技术实现保温性能在线监测;基于泛布尔代数的模糊逻辑控制方法进行原油保温加热控制.     

SZC11-1型深海水文仪的盐度测量

ＣＴＤ测量系统和ＳＴＤ测量系统是海洋调查中现场测量海水盐度、温度和压力的常规调查设备。两种系统的盐度测量技术分别采用计算法和补偿法。这两种方法具有各自的优势，也都在某些方面存在不足或在应用中受到各种技术条件的限制。本文介绍一种新的深海盐度测量方法。它充分发挥了计算法和补偿法测量技术的优势，而克服了单独应用某种方法带来的困难。这种新技术首先应用在我国研制的ＳＺＣ１１－１型深海水文仪系统之中，取得了满意的效果     

基于C/S与B/S混合模式的海洋预报信息产品制作发布系统

针对海洋预报工作的特点,通过综合应用网络、数据库、GIS(地理信息系统)等信息技术,采用C/S与B/S相结合的混合模式,设计开发了一套集预报资料采集、管理、分析,以及预报产品制作、发布等为一体的海洋预报信息产品制作发布系统。该系统自2010年7月起在厦门海洋预报台开始业务化运行,稳定可靠,综合效益明显。现场应用表明,该系统能极大的减少预报员的工作量,提高海洋预报的工作效率和公益服务水平,具有一定的推广价值和应用前景。     

海底原位在线观测节点电能管理系统设计

为了保证海底原位在线观测节点安全、稳定运行,研制了一套电能管理系统,该系统由电能分配模块、节能控制模块、参数采集模块、控制模块、故障隔离模块、管理软件模块组成。方案设计中首次采用含有现场可编程逻辑门阵列(FPGA)的嵌入式控制器,实现远程供电和管理、运行状态实时监控以及突发故障快速隔离。文中重点介绍了电能管理系统参数采集、电能分配、节能控制以及故障隔离等模块的硬件和软件设计。观测节点在蓬莱海域成功布放后,在两个月的试验期内电能管理系统稳定运行。海试结果证明,电能管理系统达到了功能设计要求。     

Validation of a new generation system for bottom boundary layer beneath solitary wave

Understanding of sea bottom boundary layer characteristics, especially bottom shear stress acting on the sea bed, is an important step needed in sediment transport modeling for practical application purposes. In the present study, a new generation system for bottom boundary layer under solitary wave is proposed. Applicability of this system is examined by comparing measured and numerical solution velocities. Moreover, transitional behavior from laminar to turbulence was investigated. It is concluded that the critical Reynolds number in the experiments shows good agreement with DNS result of Vittori and Blondeaux (2008) and laboratory data of Sumer et al. (2010), indicating validity of the generation system. Since the present generation system enables continuous measurement to obtain ensemble averaged quantities, it can be effectively utilized for future experimental studies on solitary wave boundary layers, including sediment transport experiments with movable bed.     

台风天气条件下地基微波辐射计反演产品精度分析

利用中国气象局上海台风研究所台风试验获取的4个典型台风个例数据,对地基微波辐射计反演的温度、水汽密度廓线与同址GP S探空资料得到的廓线进行对比分析,发现二者的温度、水汽密度相关系数分别为0.988、0.928.微波辐射计的探测精度在不同高度上有很大差异,整体来说,在高层温度探测精度较优于低层,而在低层水汽密度探测精度...     

Pattern recognition techniques for visualizing the biotropic waveform of air temperature and pressure

It is known that long periods of adverse weather have a negative effect on the human cardiovascular system. A number of studies have set a lower limit of around 5 days for the duration of these periods. However, the specific features of the negative dynamics of the main weather characteristics—air temperature and atmospheric pressure—remained open. To address this problem, the present paper proposes a conjunctive method of the theory of pattern recognition. It is shown that this method approaches a globally optimal (in the sense of recognition errors) Neumann critical region and can be used to solve various problems in heliobiology. To illustrate the efficiency of this method, we show that some quickly relaxing short sequences of temperature and pressure time series (the so-called temperature waves and waves of atmospheric pressure changes) increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and can lead to serious organic lesions (particularly myocardial infarction). It is established that the temperature waves and waves of atmospheric pressure changes increase the average morbidity rate of myocardial infarction by 90% and 110%, respectively. Atmospheric pressure turned out to be a more biotropic factor than air temperature.     

相似路径台风“摩羯”（1814）和“温比亚”（1818）影响南通降水差异成因分析

为探讨相似路径台风“摩羯”（1814）和“温比亚”（1818）影响南通降水的差异原因,从天气形势、物理量场等方面进行分析,利用水汽通量、假相当位温、湿位涡、垂直螺旋度等物理量对降水进行诊断,得到以下主要结论：1）两台风移动路径主要受副热带高压和冷空气的影响,副热带高压边缘气流为主要引导气流。两台风均有追随200 hPa辐散中心移动的趋势。2）较强冷空气的侵入、鞍形场中的缓慢移动、强正涡度和强盛上升运动、强水汽输送且低空长时间水汽辐合、大气斜压性增强和风垂直切变增大均是台风“温比亚”造成南通更强降水的原因。3）水汽通量辐合增强,低层正涡度中心、强上升运动,低层假相当位温大值区叠加上空假相当位温梯度带,垂直螺旋度增大与正值发展高度均与台风强降水有明显对应。     

粉砂淤泥质海岸开敞航道淤积模式探讨

粉砂淤泥质海岸开挖的开敞航道,普遍存在淤积问题,而且在风暴浪作用过后,经常出现泥沙大量骤淤现象．根据已有的研究成果,指出航道淤积除存在悬移质淤积、推移质淤积、层移质淤积外,还有泥沙流滑淤积、航道侧面土体滑坡淤积2种方式,并概念性地分析了粉砂淤泥质海岸航道淤积．在常浪状况下,主要为“悬移质＋推移质＋层移质”的淤积组合模式;在风暴浪状况下,主要为“悬移质＋推移质＋层移质＋泥沙流滑＋航道侧面土体滑坡”的淤积组合模式。     

海底管线水平向整体屈曲及失效判断方法研究

海底管线是海洋石油的重要输运手段。为满足输送工艺的需要,正常工作条件下管线往往被施加较高的温度和压强,高温高压使管线内产生附加应力,当附加应力大于土体对管线的约束力时,管线就会发生整体屈曲。过度的水平向整体屈曲会导致截面产生较大的弯曲应力和压缩应变,对管线系统的安全运行造成威胁,因此需要对发生水平向整体屈曲后的管线进行验算。采用解析解法、规范法和有限元法对管线的整体屈曲进行分析,提出了应用临界屈曲荷载值域空间和值域下限来判断不同缺陷大小下管线是否发生水平向整体屈曲的方法。结合工程实例,分别采用内力控制标准和位移控制标准对管线水平向整体屈曲后是否失效进行了验算。研究指出,相较于位移标准,内力控制标准更为严格。     

IPN turbines: A source of underwater power

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the basic performance of a simple isopropyl nitrate (IPN) power turbine is discussed, with particular reference to the choice of suitable design parameters for systems operating at depths down to 3100 ft. It is shown that the decomposition heat energy available from a perfect turbine system decreaseswith increasing depth, from 19·9 kWh/ft³ at sea level to 2·34 kWh/ft³ for a critical pressure ratio design. Approximately two-thirds of this energy may be recoverable in a practical system as usable power on the sea bed.     

Boundary layer approach in the modeling of breaking solitary wave runup

The boundary layer is very important in the relation between wave motion and bed stress, such as sediment transport. It is a known fact that bed stress behavior is highly influenced by the boundary layer beneath the waves. Specifically, the boundary layer underneath wave runup is difficult to assess and thus, it has not yet been widely discussed, although its importance is significant. In this study, the shallow water equation (SWE) prediction of wave motion is improved by being coupled with the k–ω model, as opposed to the conventional empirical method, to approximate bed stress. Subsequently, the First Order Center Scheme and Monotonic Upstream Scheme of Conservation Laws (FORCE MUSCL), which is a finite volume shock-capturing scheme, is applied to extend the SWE range for breaking wave simulation. The proposed simultaneous coupling method (SCM) assumes the depth-averaged velocity from the SWE is equivalent to free stream velocity. In turn, free stream velocity is used to calculate a pressure gradient, which is then used by the k–ω model to approximate bed stress. Finally, this approximation is applied to the momentum equation in the SWE. Two experimental cases will be used to verify the SCM by comparing runup height, surface fluctuation, bed stress, and turbulent intensity values. The SCM shows good comparison to experimental data for all before-mentioned parameters. Further analysis shows that the wave Reynolds number increases as the wave propagates and that the turbulence behavior in the boundary layer gradually changes, such as the increase of turbulent intensity.     

Penetration Depth of Torpedo Anchor in Two-Layered Cohesive Soil Bed by Free Fall

The penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was experimentally investigated. A total of 177 experimental data were obtained in laboratory by varying the undrained shear strength of the two-layered soil and the thickness of the top soil layer. The geometric parameters of the anchor and the soil properties (the liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, undrained shear strength, density, and water content) were measured. Based on the energy analysis and present test data, an empirical formula to predict the penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was proposed. The proposed formula was extensively validated by laboratory and field data of previous researchers. The results were in good agreement with those obtained for two-layered and single-layered soil bed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis on the parameters in the formula was performed.     

两种陆面方案对陆雾与海雾模拟效果的对比研究

利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,针对1次陆雾与1次同时包含近海雾区与开阔海域雾区的海雾个例,开展了2种陆面方案——SLAB(five-layer thermal diffusion scheme)方案与Noah(Noah land surface scheme)方案—...