基于电阻率的非饱和土基质吸力预测

针对非饱和土吸力测量与计算的困难,提出了一种利用土的电阻率结构参数预测基质吸力的方法。通过滤纸法测试重塑膨胀土的基质吸力,分析了非饱和土的基质吸力与体积含水率的关系,即土-水特征曲线的变化规律。在测试非饱和土横向与竖向电阻率的基础上,探讨了非饱和土的电阻率与其体积含水率的关系,并进一步研究了土的电阻率结构性参数 、 和 随体积含水率的变化规律。发现基质吸力与电阻率结构参数 之间存在良好的抛物线关系,利用这种关系可以准确预测非饱和土的基质吸力。利用土的电阻率结构参数预测吸力,避免了吸力量测与计算的困难,简单实用。     

基于电阻率法的膨胀土膨胀性评价研究

目前膨胀土的膨胀率一般只能通过室内试验获取,无法通过简单快速的测试得到。结合课题组前期的相关膨胀土电学特性试验研究发现,膨胀土吸水膨胀会改变土体内部结构,而土体内部结构的变化会引起电阻率的改变。通过对取自合肥的膨胀土进行电阻率、膨胀率等相关性能的试验,分析电阻率指标,并对膨胀土的吸水膨胀特性进行预测评价。研究发现,膨胀率随着初始电阻率的增大而增大,且随着上覆荷载的增大而减小;竖向电阻率与实时膨胀率基本呈直线增加关系,直至土体电阻率达到孔隙液电阻率为止。根据膨胀土基本电学试验和膨胀土吸水膨胀及相应横纵向电阻率实时测试试验研究发现,膨胀土的膨胀性能与电阻率结构参数吻合很好,因此,可以通过电阻率相关指标对膨胀土的膨胀特性进行预测。由于相应膨胀率为无量纲指标,故通过黏性土电阻率结构参数去除孔隙率影响,建立了无量纲综合电阻率指标Er与膨胀率之间的关系,以供后期膨胀土的膨胀率预测。     

考虑吸湿膨胀及软化的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

膨胀土是一种具有显著的吸水膨胀和失水收缩特性的特殊黏性土,暴露于大气中的膨胀土边坡处于连续的干湿循环过程中,在降雨条件下极不稳定。基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,对降雨条件下膨胀土边坡的非饱和渗流过程和吸湿过程进行了数值模拟。编写了相应的FORTRAN语言程序,考虑了渗流过程中基质吸力变化、渗流软化和吸湿膨胀的影响,分析了强度衰减、渗流软化和湿胀对膨胀土边坡整体稳定性的影响。结果表明,在降雨作用下,经过多次干湿循环后,膨胀土边坡的破坏模式为浅层牵引式崩塌,破坏面位于风化区,与普通黏性土边坡的深层圆弧滑坡有较大区别。在考虑湿胀软化效应后,边坡最大位移增大了一个数量级,稳定性系数显著降低,膨胀性是边坡浅层滑坡的主要原因。研究结果较好地解释了膨胀土滑坡特有的牵引性、反复滑动性和浅层破坏性。     

考虑裂隙非饱和膨胀土边坡入渗模型与数值模拟

包含裂隙的非饱和膨胀土中的渗流具有随时间变化的特性。采用常规试验测定非饱和膨胀土膨胀时程曲线,定量地描述了膨胀土中裂隙在入渗过程中逐渐愈合的特征, 建立了考虑裂隙的非饱和膨胀土边坡入渗的数学模型;用有限元数值模拟方法分析了边坡地形、裂隙位置、裂隙开展深度及裂隙渗透特性等对边坡降雨入渗的影响。结果表明, 坡上位置的裂隙对边坡入渗影响较大;裂隙对边坡入渗的影响随裂隙深度的增大而增大,且存在一最大的影响程度;裂隙的存在加快了膨胀土的入渗速率;考虑裂隙随入渗而愈合时, 入渗达到平衡的时间有所延长。     

冻融循环下初始含水率对非饱和膨胀土剪切特性试验

为探究冻融循环条件下初始含水率对膨胀土偏应力-应变关系和剪切特性的影响,本文对不同初始含水率的非饱和膨胀土进行了不固结不排水三轴剪切试验。结果表明：1）非饱和膨胀土的偏应力-应变曲线的形式随含水率增大由应变软化逐渐转变为应变硬化,偏应力峰值随含水率增大而降低;2）非饱和膨胀土的抗剪强度随初始含水率的增加呈线性下降趋势;3）非饱和膨胀土在第1次冻融循环后偏应力及抗剪强度大幅度下降,在3~7次冻融循环后达到稳定。初始含水率是影响非饱和膨胀土力学性质的主要原因。     

非饱和膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

Bishop和Fredlund的非饱和土强度公式参数不易工程应用,文中基于双曲线的非饱和土强度公式,采用简化Bishop法建立非饱和土边坡的稳定方程,分析膨胀土边坡的稳定性,讨论了吸力、分层及其边坡表层裂隙对非饱和膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响。通过分析与比较,揭示了膨胀土边坡浅层滑坡的原因。     

原状膨胀土的强度变形特性及其本构模型研究

对南阳原状膨胀土进行了不同吸力下的三轴剪切试验，试验结果表明原状膨胀土在剪切过程中呈脆性破坏形式，原生裂隙和软弱面是决定原状膨胀土强度的主要因素，建议采用四屈服面的非饱和弹塑性模型描述原状膨胀土的湿胀干缩特性和剪胀剪缩特性。     

膨胀土CBR强度特性机制分析

以在建的周集-六安高速公路为依托工程,采集典型弱、中膨胀土开展系统的试验研究,探讨了膨胀土CBR强度随含水率、击实功和膨胀潜势的变化规律。试验研究表明：CBR峰值含水率要大于最优含水率,且膨胀潜势越高,击实功越大,CBR峰值含水率与最优含水率的差值越大。结合非饱和土气水状态理论,分析了膨胀土CBR强度特性的内在机制。研究发现,CBR强度特性的上述规律性,主要是由不同饱和度条件下膨胀土所处的气水状态所决定的。当饱和度小于界限饱和度时,土体处于非饱和状态,CBR强度随饱和度的增加呈指数增长,说明膨胀土的固有特性对CBR强度的影响很大;当饱和度大于等于界限饱和度时,膨胀土强度特性与饱和土类似,CBR强度主要受干密度控制。     

考虑非饱和渗流与增湿膨胀下的膨胀土隧道稳定性分析

降雨入渗条件下,膨胀土的非饱和渗流与膨胀效应会降低隧道稳定性,研究两者对围岩变形与结构受力的影响非常必要。基于有限差分软件FLAC~(3D),根据其内置的渗流与温度场模块分别模拟降雨条件下的非饱和渗流过程与膨胀土增湿膨胀过程。通过编制相关FISH语言程序,考虑了膨胀土隧道非饱和渗流过程中基质吸力变化、土体软化和膨胀效应的影响。以某浅埋膨胀土隧道为工程背景,分析了降雨入渗时间、渗透与膨胀系数对膨胀土隧道围岩变形及支护结构受力的影响。结果表明:膨胀土隧道在降雨入渗过程中,围岩水平应力增大明显,而垂直应力变化不大;支护结构逐渐由竖向挤压变形转变为水平挤压变形;土体渗透和膨胀系数对支护结构受力影响很大,当渗透和膨胀系数增加到一定值后,衬砌弯矩显著增大,隧道安全性和稳定性大幅降低。     

膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流及渐进性破坏耦合分析

膨胀土边坡受降雨影响产生膨胀变形,是典型的非饱和土多场耦合问题。为探究降雨入渗对其渐进性破坏的失稳过程,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论、膨胀土弹塑性本构关系和应变软化理论,利用应变软化模型、FLAC3D二次开发平台和内置FISH语言,提出了一种综合考虑非饱和渗流、膨胀变形和应变软化的多场耦合数值分析法。结合工程实例,通过该方法探讨了降雨入渗条件下膨胀土边坡非饱和渗流、位移响应及渐进性破坏的变化规律。结果表明:膨胀变形和应变软化受控于非饱和渗流的时空分布,对边坡位移响应过程影响显著,也易导致饱和-非饱和分界带形成剪应力集中区。膨胀土边坡渐进性破坏由局部破坏转变为整体性失稳,其塑性破坏区首先随悬挂型暂态饱和区的变化向坡内扩展,雨后逐渐形成第二条由坡脚向坡顶扩展的滑动带,呈现出多重滑动性和后退牵引式的破坏特征。     

非饱和红粘土和膨胀土抗剪强度的比较研究

红粘土是对环境湿热变化敏感的塑性粘土,具有一般膨胀土吸水膨胀失水收缩的特性。与普通粘性土相比,红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性更为复杂。它既是土体抵抗剪切破坏能力的表征,也是计算路堑、渠道、路堤、土坝等斜坡稳定性以及支挡构筑物土压力的重要参数。通过试验研究讨论了红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性以及与一般粘性土的差别及其各种影响因素,并探讨了非饱和红粘土与膨胀土的抗剪强度指标与含水量之间的相关关系。试验结果表明,红粘土与一般膨胀土的吸水膨胀规律完全相同。其试验结果可为红粘土与膨胀土地区工程设计与建设提供参考依据。     

The combined effect of clay and moisture content on the behavior of remolded unsaturated soils

The behavior of unsaturated clayey soil is highly influenced by the coupled interaction between water and clay content. Various aspects of the behavior of artificial clay–sand mixtures with variable water content were experimentally studied. Laboratory tests were utilized for the determination of consistency limits, the stress–strain relationship, strength parameters, hydraulic conductivity, and volume change characteristics for various combinations of water and clay content in soil mixtures.

Results presented for various clay–sand mixtures include: new normalized consistency limits; the combined effect of clay content and water content on the stress–strain relationship and on the strength parameters (c and φ); and the effect of clay content on hydraulic conductivity and swelling potential. The cohesion of clayey sand is found to increase with increasing water content to a certain limit, above which it decreases. The angle of internal friction for clayey sand is found generally to decrease with increasing water content. The degree of saturation is found to be better than the water content in explaining the strength behavior. The hydraulic conductivity sharply decreases with increasing clay content up to 40% beyond which the reduction becomes less significant. Simple empirical equations are proposed for predicting the swelling potential of clayey soils as a function of either the clay content or plasticity index.     

Influence of diesel fuel contamination on the electrical properties of unsaturated soil at a low frequency range of 100 Hz–10 MHz

In this study, the effect of diesel fuel contamination on the electrical properties of unsaturated soils was estimated in the low frequency ranges. For the soils having 5% water content, the electrical resistivity increased with the diesel fuel contents while the permittivity decreased at higher diesel contents. However, at 15% water content, the variation of electrical properties was not significant possibly because most of the electric currents should occur through the pore water. The linear relationship between the electrical resistivity and the diesel fuel contents in soil was developed at 5% water content, which implied that the electrical resistivity could be used to quantify the extent of diesel fuel contamination in soil. The results indicated that the electrical properties including the resistivity and the permittivity could give the reliable estimation on the diesel contamination with the low water content in soil and the frequency applied below 1 MHz.     

武汉地区一级阶地黏性土电阻率试验研究

通过电阻率原位测试和室内土工试验,研究黏性土电阻率特性及电阻率与岩土参数的相互关系。在武汉市轨道交通7号线勘察过程中,沿轨道走向,在长江一级阶地共布置完成电阻率测井22组,并于测井位置采取原状土样进行常规土工试验、无侧限抗压试验、直剪快剪试验及三轴UU试验。通过研究发现:黏性土电阻率随含水量及孔隙比的增加而增加,随无侧限抗压强度增加而减小。根据黏性土三轴UU试验结果,其电阻率随黏聚力、内摩擦角的增加而减小。通过拟合,给出了黏性土电阻率与岩土参数间的经验公式,其相关性显著。     

土的电阻率室内测试技术研究

土的电阻率可反映土的组成和结构特征。室内测试是研究土电阻率的主要方法之一。本文在分析影响电阻率因素的基础上,总结了国内外现有土电阻率测试的原理与方法,介绍了作者研制的一种实用土电阻率测试仪,并通过典型试验,论证了该测试仪器的可行性,可以在室内土电阻率测试试验中应用。     

黏性土渗透性温度效应实验研究

由于全球气候变暖、城市热岛效应加剧和核废料地质处置等原因,温度对黏性土工程性质的影响日益受到关注。本文在实验的基础上,采用直接测量法,对南京下蜀土、淤泥质土以及混合土3种试样,进行了5°～45°温度下的变水头渗透实验,分析了温度对黏性土渗透性的影响。实验结果表明:温度对3种试样的渗透性均有较大影响。温度越高,渗透性越大;试样的密度越大,渗透系数随温度变化率越低;在3种试样中,混合土的渗透系数高于淤泥质土和下蜀土的对应值,而淤泥质土的渗透系数又略大于下蜀土。最后对黏性土渗透性的温度效应机理进行了分析,认为水的动力黏滞性,黏粒的双电层厚度以及土的微结构三方面因素的共同作用引起了黏性土渗透性的温度效应。     

天津滨海地区深部黏土层弹塑性变形特征与地面沉降关系研究

利用在滨海新区施工的2眼全取芯钻孔（G2和G3）,通过原状土样工程特性指标测试、固结压力试验、0-P0反复加、卸荷试验及地面沉降分层标监测数据分析等,系统阐述了滨海地区深部黏性土层弹塑性变形特征与地面沉降的关系。结果表明：天津滨海地区100 m以浅主要为欠固结土层;100～400 m土层处于超固结和微超固结状态,主要是由过去地下水超量开采造成的;400 m以下土层以正常固结为主。G2和G3孔不同层位黏性土层在反复加、卸荷试验过程中表现出塑性变形量逐渐减小,而弹性变形量几乎不变,与反复加、卸荷次数无关,表明黏性土层在水位反复升降条件下,逐渐变为以弹性变形为主。黏性土层这种特性显示,在地下水位反复升降多次后,黏性土层将会逐渐变成弹性体,在水位恢复时,将产生同步回弹,对防治地面沉降具有重要意义。分析弹塑性变形与黏性土层深度、天然含水率和黏粒含量的相关性发现：弹性变形量与黏性土层深度、天然含水率及黏粒含量呈正相关性;塑性变形量与深度相关性不明显,与天然含水率和黏粒含量呈负相关性。     

A study of the correlation between electrical resistivity and matric suction for unsaturated ash-fall pyroclastic soils in the Campania region (southern Italy)

In the territory of the Campania region (southern Italy), critical rainfall events periodically trigger dangerous fast slope movements involving ashy and pyroclastic soils originated by the explosive phases of the Mt. Somma-Vesuvius volcano and deposited along the surrounding mountain ranges. In this paper, an integration of engineering-geological and geophysical measurements is presented to characterize unsaturated pyroclastic samples collected in a test area on the Sarno Mountains (Salerno and Avellino provinces, Campania region). The laboratory analyses were aimed at defining both soil water retention and electrical resistivity curves versus water content. From the matching of the experimental data, a direct relationship between electrical resistivity and matric suction is retrieved for the investigated soil horizons typical of an ash-fall pyroclastic succession. The obtained relation turns out to be helpful in characterizing soils up to close saturation, which is a critical condition for the trigger of slope failure. In such a regime, the water content and the matric suction have small variations, while electrical resistivity variations can be appreciated in a larger range of values. For this reason, besides suction measurements on very small soil volumes through classical tensiometers, our analyses suggest the direct monitoring of in situ electrical resistivity values as an effective tool to recognise the hydrological state of larger and more representative soil volumes and to improve early warning of dangerous slope movements.     

Monitoring of wastewater percolation in unsaturated sandy soil using geoelectrical measurements at Gabal el Asfar farm,northeast Cairo,Egypt

The use of wastewater for irrigation in sandy soil increases the pollution risk of the soil and may infiltrate to the shallow groundwater aquifer. In such environment, some important parameters need to be obtained for monitoring the wastewater in the unsaturated zone over the aquifer. These parameters include clay content, heterogeneities of the upper soils, depth to the aquifer and the variations of groundwater quality. In the present work, the efficiency of DC resistivity method in forms of 1-D and 2-D measurements was studied for wastewater monitoring in the Gabal el Asfar farm, northeast of Cairo, Egypt. Forty-one Schlumberger soundings (VES) were performed then followed by three pole-dipole 2-D profiles along some considered regions within the area. The resistivity measurements were integrated with the boreholes, hydrogeological and hydrochemical (surface and groundwater samples) information to draw a clear picture for the subsurface conditions. The obtained results were presented as cross sections and 3-D visualization to trace the clay intercalations within the unsaturated zone. In addition, a vulnerability map was created using the obtained results from 1-D Schlumberger survey and confirmed with the 2-D resistivity profiling. The obtained results have shown that the 2-D resistivity imaging technique is a powerful tool for mapping the small-scale variability within the unsaturated zone and the wastewater infiltration. However, limitations of resistivity techniques were observed in the area with limited resistivity contrast such as thin clay layers with brackish water background. Under that condition, the measured pattern of resistivity distributions depends on the applied electrode array, electrode spacing and using the available geological information during the inversion process.