云南雨季的时空特征及与大气环流变化的关系

为了系统了解和认识云南雨季变化的气候特征、年际特征及其影响因子,利用云南116个气象观测站1961—2015年20时—20时的逐日降水资料,根据新定义的西南雨季单站标准,系统分析云南雨季变化的时空特征以及相应的大气环流特征。结果表明:（1）对于1981—2010年的气候平均,云南全省平均雨季的开始和结束日期分别为5月22日和10月15日,雨季变化的空间差异较大,雨季开始大致表现为从东南向西北推进,结束则从西北和东南逐渐向西南推进,由此导致云南雨季长度和雨季总降水量变化由南至北逐渐减小;（2）云南雨季变化的年际差异显著,全省平均雨季开始日期最早在5月8日,最晚在6月8日,结束日期最早在9月30日,最晚在11月2日,早晚相差近1个月;（3）云南雨季开始日期主要受西南季风和中纬度冷空气活动的共同影响,季风建立偏早和中纬度冷空气活动频繁有利于雨季开始早,反之有利于雨季开始晚;而雨季结束日期主要受热带季风环流变化的影响,夏季风向冬季风季节转换早则云南雨季结束早,反之雨季结束晚。      

青藏高原雨季特征及其对气候增暖的响应

利用青藏高原气象台站逐日观测资料,采用候雨量稳定通过临界阈值的方法对高原雨季起讫期进行客观定量划分,在此基础上,进一步分析增暖背景下雨季起讫期和雨季降水演变特征,并对比增暖前后高原雨季起讫期及不同等级降水的响应特征。结果表明：青藏高原雨季平均开始期为5月第3候、结束期为9月第6候、共持续28候;青藏高原雨季降水集中期为6月中旬至9月中旬,并在7月上旬、下旬和8月下旬出现3个峰值,7月上旬为雨季主峰期;1961—2017年雨季降水量总体呈增加趋势,雨季降水量自东南向西北逐渐递减,高值区位于青藏高原东南部的横断山脉;青藏高原雨季气候于1997年开始增暖,增暖前后雨季起讫期区域间差异较大,增暖后雨季开始期在青藏高原西部明显推迟,其余地区均提前,结束期则总体推迟;气候增暖后中雨以上日数增多,雨季降水极端性显著增强且空间覆盖范围明显扩大。     

秦岭邻近地区旬降水气候学及其大气环流特征

利用秦岭及其邻近地区76个气象台1961～2000年的旬降水量和NCEP／NCAR850hPa格点风场资料。分析了该地区的降水气候时空特征及其与大气环流变化的联系。结果表明。秦岭地区多年平均汛期出现在6月下旬至10月上旬，其间7月上旬和9月上旬先后出现两次降水峰值。该地区平均汛期降水量为403mm，占年总降水量的60％。秦岭南侧气候平均汛期降水量明显高于秦岭北侧，但秦岭南、北汛期降水年际变化基本一致。从流场分析看，秦岭及其邻近地区的汛期降水既受西南季风，又受到东南季风系统的影响。合成分析表明，汛期降水量偏多(少)的年份通常对应于同期对流层低层研究区南侧偏南气流的增强(减弱)。回归分析发现，汛期中旬雨量增加与超前2旬索马里急流和热带印度洋西南气流增强。以及超前1旬及同期台湾附近距平反气旋的发展密切相关。     

河西走廊的雨季

本文分析了河西走廊雨季的起始、结束时间,雨季长度、降水强度和变率等。并通过对典型多雨年和少雨年环流特征分析,提出了雨季降水量预报的着眼点。一、河西走廊的雨季河西走廊属于温带干旱沙漠气候,除雨季外,降水量少。利用河西各地降水资料,用旬降水相对系数累年平均某旬降水量/累年平均旬降水量大于等于2为雨季。按照上述     

中国雨季的气候学特征

利用中国740站气候平均逐候降雨量对中国的主雨季进行定义,并对雨季（包括主雨季,春雨和秋雨）的气候学特征进行了讨论。结果表明:全国主雨季最早爆发于华南中部,最晚结束于华西地区。主雨季能持续4到14候不等,雨量占年总降水的30%～60%。主雨季在中国东部为季风雨季,自南向北推进;在西部受西风带影响,北方略早于南方, 且局地性强。中国雨季具有明显的区域性和阶段性特征。中国气候的夏季降水时间序列主要反映了季节循环特征, 但气候季节内振荡（CISO）对东部雨季的持续和推进具有明显的调制作用,其中长江中下游及其以南地区以30～60天周期为主。     

中国地区降水持续性的季节变化特征

本文利用我国588个气象站1969-2008年逐12小时的降水资料,分析了中国地区降水持续性的空间分布特征及其季节演变规律。分析结果表明,35°N以南,西部和东部年平均的降水平均持续时间较长,中部略短;35°N以北,西北和内蒙西部最短,东北地区北部略长。将降水事件按持续时间分类自南向北,东南地区、江淮和黄淮地区、东北和华北北部地区短时降水（持续一个时次,12小时）的降水量和降水频率占全年总降水的比例逐渐增加,持续性降水（持续3个时次及以上）的比例减少。降水平均持续时间随季节的变化基本能反映出江南春雨、江淮梅雨、东北和华北夏季雨季、关中盆地和汉水谷地的秋雨以及青藏高原地区和西南地区夏季雨季。同时,东南地区秋冬季节、江淮和黄淮地区10月上旬和西南地区10月下旬存在降水平均持续时间的峰值,与降水量的变化不一致,是由持续性降水频率的增加和短时降水频率的减少造成的。此外,东部三个区域降水平均持续时间的夏季季节内变化对应了季风雨带的“北跳和南撤”过程。     

嫩江、松花江流域降水与暴雨分析

利用1951－2000年夏季（6－8）月嫩江、松花江流域39个基本地面气象观测站的降水资料分析了夏季降水和暴雨的天气气候特征，利用NCAR／NCEP的再分析资料讨论了形成这些特征的原因，并分析了降水量出现异常时的环流状况。结论指出：嫩江、松花江流域夏季多年平均降水量基本上是呈南北的带状分布，历年的分布中以嫩江和第二松花江流域的差别较大，逐年变化的起伏比较大，但有较明显的阶段性；暴雨日的空间分布与季降水量分布基本一致，集中出现在7、8月，以7月下旬最多，其次是7月中旬和8月上旬；第二松花江流域暴雨日出现的机会要比嫩江和干流流域都多，7月中间以前基本上是嫩江流域大于干流流域，7月下旬开始干流流域明显大于嫩江流域；850hPa高度候平均图表明，影响嫩江、松花江流域夏季降水的环流系统为西风带阻塞形势下的低值系统和东亚夏季风，包括西南季风和东南季风两支；当这两个系统发展强盛时，该流域暴雨日出现较多，降水量偏多。     

云南雨季开始期时空变化特征及其与ENSO的关系

利用1971—2015年云南省124个气象台站雨季开始日期、美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CPC热带太平洋海温指数等数据,运用数理统计方法分析了云南雨季开始期的时空变化特征及其与前期热带太平洋海温的关系。结果表明:(1)云南雨季主要从东、南、西3个方向呈半包围态势向西北腹地推进,具有明显的季风交汇区特征;(2)前期热带太平洋海温对云南雨季开始期的第一空间分布模态(全区一致型)影响显著,即除了雨季开始最早的滇西北、滇西、滇东北和滇东南等少数边缘地区,云南大部分区域的雨季开始期与热带太平洋海温存在显著的正相关关系,其中与前期3—4月Ni1o3.4指数相关性最好;(3)云南雨季开始期对前期3—4月Ni1o3.4指数的响应具有非对称性,对暖事件的响应大于对冷事件的响应;(4)前期热带太平洋海温主要通过影响低纬Walker环流和季风系统进而影响云南雨季的开始。     

秦巴山区旱涝的环流背景

秦巴山区地处内陆,受东亚季风环流的影响,旱涝的分布具有明显的季节性。降水80％左右集中在夏半年。冬半年降水很少,不足全年降水的20％。冬季降水量仅占全年的3％。形成明显的冬旱。就是在多雨的夏季也有明显的干旱时段（伏旱）。图1为旬降水量的多年平均值点聚图。可以看出,从头年11月中旬到3月中旬,旬降水量不足10mm。而夏季7月上旬达80mm左右。夏季两个高峰值间的低谷则为伏旱（7月中旬到8月下旬）。旱涝的形成是一定时段内某种大环流形势维持所造成的。所以使用月平均高度场为背景来讨论季节性的旱涝最为合适。秦巴山区旱涝的地区…     

亚洲季风季节进程的若干认识

简要归纳了不同时期随着观测资料的更新对亚洲季风季节进程的若干认识。南海季风试验前,研究认识了东亚季风系统与南亚季风系统的区别。南海季风试验后,对季风进程有了更多的认识,江南副热带雨季开始于4月初,中印半岛热带雨季开始于4月底,南海热带雨季突然建立于5月中旬,都具有半年际的干湿转换。南海中部季风爆发后,亚洲季风在南亚、青藏高原东侧和东亚-太平洋地区全面爆发并由南向北推进。利用近年来高分辨率资料并考虑热带地区半岛陆海地形与热力的影响,认识到亚洲存在5个夏季季风槽与降水相联系的系统,它们分别是西南亚(阿拉伯海)夏季热带季风、南亚(孟加拉湾)夏季热带季风、东南亚(南海)夏季热带季风、西北太平洋夏季热带季风和东亚夏季副热带季风。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.