碳酸盐岩生屑颗粒定量研究*——点计数法的理论分析与应用

碳酸盐岩中的生屑丰度数据为研究化石类群分异度、重建古生态环境提供了重要依据。点计数法易于定量统计各类生屑颗粒的丰度,比目估法、图像分析方法更适于碳酸盐岩组分的定量研究。在实际应用过程中,点计数法的最佳计点数常不易确定,往往会造成统计结果的精度不足,或统计工作耗时多、工作量大。应用点计数法和图像分析方法分别对视觉百分含量对比图和碳酸盐岩显微图像进行定量统计,分析沉积组分特征对点计数法测量误差的影响,以确定点计数法在碳酸盐岩生屑丰度统计时的最佳计点数。研究结果表明,点计数法适用于碳酸盐岩生屑颗粒丰度研究。对于大部分碳酸盐岩薄片定量分析工作,500点的计点数量基本可以将点计数法的测量误差控制在±2.5％以内。但是点计数法统计结果的精度受到薄片中生屑颗粒丰度、粒径大小、分选性甚至生屑分异度等沉积组分特征的影响。因此在实际工作中,应根据具体情况,适度调整计点数,从而在统计工作量和统计数据误差之间获得平衡。     

基于氮气吸附-核磁共振-氩离子抛光场发射扫描电镜研究川西须五段泥质岩储层孔隙结构

微观孔隙作为泥质岩的有效储集空间,其孔隙结构参数是作为气藏评价及资源量估算的重要依据。本文应用氮气吸附法(NAM)、核磁共振法(NMR)、氩离子抛光及场发射扫描电镜(AIP-FESEM)研究川西须五段泥质岩微观孔隙特征,结果表明:1氩离子抛光及场发射扫描电镜在表征微观孔隙形态与类别时有一定优势,但定量表征孔隙参数时,受图像二值化阈值的影响,表征结果偏差较大,可结合氮气吸附法来定量表征其孔径大小;2核磁共振受岩石骨架影响小,能够更精细反映岩石的物性条件,可定量计算孔隙度与可动流体饱和度,但对样品的孔隙形态反映较差;3综合上述三种方法,在须五段泥质岩中可识别出一定量的纳米级中、大孔,孔径大多介于几十纳米到几百纳米之间,孔隙连通性差,孔隙度主要介于2.3%~7.4%之间,孔隙类型以粒间孔、晶间孔最发育,有机孔隙、微裂缝次之,粒内孔隙最不发育。总体而言,融合了三种技术方法能更精确、更全面地反映泥质岩孔隙结构特征,能得到更完善的储层孔隙结构参数,在定量表征泥质岩孔隙结构中具有广泛的应用前景。     

碳酸盐岩铸体薄片面孔自动提取研究

岩石孔隙是储层储集油气的重要场所,通过铸体薄片进行岩石孔隙结构分析对储层质量评价具有重要意义。碳酸盐岩孔隙结构较为复杂,铸体薄片图像中存在大量噪声和干扰因素,致使常规方法面孔提取效果不佳,因此本文引入一种多阈值铸体薄片面孔自动提取方法（ctsPore方法）进行孔隙区域提取和面孔率估计,方法综合利用HSV色彩空间中不同参数提取孔隙区域。本文针对碳酸盐岩储层的特点确定了一套ctsPore阈值参数,以解决溶蚀孔与噪声易混淆的问题。实验以伊拉克A油田中新统 Asmari组A段碳酸盐储层为例对所使用算法进行了效果检验。算法精度和效率分析实验表明,基于ctsPore方法的碳酸盐岩铸体薄片面孔提取误差小于0.24%。全井段铸体薄片分析结果表明,A段储层面孔率范围主要分布在6%~8%,储层较为致密,从上到下A1~A3小层的储层平均面孔率分别为6. 9%、11.7%、5.4%,与储层物性、沉积微相和岩性等纵向分布规律较为吻合。     

碳酸盐岩铸体薄片面孔自动提取研究

岩石孔隙是储层储集油气的重要场所,通过铸体薄片进行岩石孔隙结构分析对储层质量评价具有重要意义。碳酸盐岩孔隙结构较为复杂,铸体薄片图像中存在大量噪声和干扰因素,致使常规方法面孔提取效果不佳,因此本文引入一种多阈值铸体薄片面孔自动提取方法（ctsPore方法）进行孔隙区域提取和面孔率估计,方法综合利用HSV色彩空间中不同参数提取孔隙区域。本文针对碳酸盐岩储层的特点确定了一套ctsPore阈值参数,以解决溶蚀孔与噪声易混淆的问题。实验以伊拉克A油田中新统 Asmari组A段碳酸盐储层为例对所使用算法进行了效果检验。算法精度和效率分析实验表明,基于ctsPore方法的碳酸盐岩铸体薄片面孔提取误差小于0.24%。全井段铸体薄片分析结果表明,A段储层面孔率范围主要分布在6%~8%,储层较为致密,从上到下A1~A3小层的储层平均面孔率分别为6. 9%、11.7%、5.4%,与储层物性、沉积微相和岩性等纵向分布规律较为吻合。     

本期文章导读

正595基于SEM图像灰度水平的页岩孔隙分割方法研究作者:王羽,金婵,汪丽华*,王建强,姜政,王彦飞导读撰文:本刊编辑部页岩孔隙结构定量表征是非常规油气研究的重点与难点。随着氩离子抛光-扫描电子显微镜技术在页岩孔隙结构研究中的普遍应用,页岩孔隙结构定性研究日趋完善,但是基于SEM的图像法定量化研究仍然相对     

基于深度学习的页岩扫描电镜图像有机质孔隙识别与比较

将深度学习模型引入地质图像分析中,可以大幅提高工作效率,增加研究定量化程度,开拓图像研究新领域。本文以上扬子鄂西地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩的离子抛光扫描电镜图像为例,通过对图片二值化等预处理后,利用Mask-RCNN、FCN和U-Net 3种深度学习模型对页岩中主要矿物、有机质及孔隙等进行识别,比较运行时间与识别结果的准确度,讨论了不同深度学习模型在地质图像识别和处理过程中的适用性和差异性。并优选效果最优的U-Net模型与JMicroVision、Adobe Photoshop等通用图像处理软件识别结果进行孔隙识别对比。结果显示：FCN模型能够基本识别图像中的主要矿物、有机质与孔隙,但对颜色相近的组分和裂缝识别效果较差;Mask-RCNN模型可识别分割性强的主要矿物,但对分辨率较低的孔隙和裂缝识别效果较差;U-Net模型对主要矿物、有机质及孔隙识别效率大大提高,在页岩地质图像识别方面具有优势。相较于通用图像处理软件,U-Net模型识别速度提高了300多倍。基于深度学习U-Net模型识别结果,研究区牛蹄塘组页岩孔隙结构类型可分为矿物内圆状孔、矿物间随机不规则孔、有机棱角状孔和有机密集微孔。...     

基于扫描电镜和CT成像技术的碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用微观结构和变化规律研究

为研究溶蚀作用下碳酸盐岩孔隙的演变规律及控制作用,文章选取三峡地区4种类型碳酸盐岩开展溶蚀实验。同时结合扫描电镜、CT成像对实验前后岩石的溶蚀特征及孔隙结构进行测试。结果表明:溶蚀总发生在低晶格能的矿物处且沿矿物晶体的菱形解理面以及薄弱部位发育,表现为对矿物和孔隙等结构的选择性溶解;碳酸盐岩的孔隙度对溶蚀过程影响较小,岩石的孔径大小是影响碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率的重要因素;小孔径岩石的溶蚀多在样品表面发育小型溶孔,大孔径岩石的溶蚀主要发生在孔隙隙壁且有向岩石内部溶蚀的痕迹;经溶蚀改造,孔喉半径和连通性均呈现出增长趋势。本研究对碳酸盐岩差异性岩溶作用机理及岩溶发育规律的认识有一定指导意义。      

碳酸盐岩储层渗透率研究现状与前瞻

在塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩储层实际评价工作基础上,结合近期大量发表文献,系统地总结当前碳酸盐岩储层渗透率研究新进展。基于孔隙结构是影响储层岩石渗透率的重要因素,首先论述应用2D/3D数字化成像技术定量地表征岩石孔隙结构;重点讨论将这些孔隙结构参数与储集岩类型的概念相结合,形成一种新的储集岩类型划分方法;接着综述了应用NMR和FMI测井及三维地震评价碳酸盐岩储层渗透率的研究新进展,进一步指出,综合2D/3D数字化成像技术、新储集岩类型划分方法、NMR和FMI测井及三维地震,将是一套新的碳酸盐岩储层渗透率评价思路。     

计算机辅助岩石图像分析技术的应用

在储层孔隙系统演化过程,方解石胶结作用常常是一个重要的因素。计算机辅助岩石图像分析技术（ＰＩＡ）的开发使用可以定量研究方解石胶结作用减少的孔隙度和渗透率值。利用这一技术,可以计算出孔隙面积和目前孔隙系统的比表面,从而求得孔隙度,同时建立孔隙系统的渗透率模型,估算渗透率。通过估计方解石胶结前孔隙系统的孔隙度和渗透率,恢复早期的孔隙系统。对目前的和方解石胶结之前孔隙网络的孔隙度和渗透率进行对比,可以看     

水泥土微观结构特征的定量评价

介绍了利用图像处理技术对土体进行微观结构定量分析方法,讨论了表征结构单元体和孔隙大小、形态及定向性等结构要素的定量评价指标。通过对加入水泥固化后软土的微观结构图像分析,论证了水泥土的微观结构特征定量分析方 法,得出了以此来分析评价土体微观结构特征的方法。     

Textural identification of basaltic rock mass using image processing and neural network

A new approach to identify the texture based on image processing of thin sections of different basalt rock samples is proposed here. This methodology uses RGB or grayscale image of thin section of rock sample as an input and extracts 27 numerical parameters. A multilayer perceptron neural network takes as input these parameters and provides, as output, the estimated class of texture of rock. For this purpose, we have use 300 different thin sections and extract 27 parameters from each one to train the neural network, which identifies the texture of input image according to previously defined classification. To test the methodology, 90 images (30 in each section) from different thin sections of different areas are used. This methodology has shown 92.22% accuracy to automatically identify the textures of basaltic rock using digitized image of thin sections of 140 rock samples. Therefore, present technique is further promising in geosciences and can be used to identify the texture of rock fast and accurate.     

Evaluation of image analysis methods used for quantification of particle angularity

Angularity is an important parameter in the characterization of particle morphology that is used to interpret the transport history of particles in sedimentary deposits. In the past, visual classification using silhouette charts was widely used to determine particle angularity, but this approach is subjective and time‐consuming. With advances in modern image analysis techniques and low‐cost software packages, it is possible to rapidly quantify particle angularity more objectively than using visual classification methods. This study re‐examines the performance of three existing image analysis methods and one new image analysis procedure, applied to six rock and sediment samples that were visually different in angularity. To facilitate comparison between the angularity results, measurements were reduced to rankings for each aggregate sample. These results show that the four image analysis methods rank the angularity of the samples differently, and that none rank the mean angularity index in the same order as the angularity ranking using visual classification. Therefore, further research is needed to develop an image analysis method that can quantify the angularity of sedimentary particles more precisely.     

AdobePhotoshop图像系统在地学数据图像化处理中的应用

简要地介绍了ＡｄｏｂｅＰｈｏｔｏｓｈｏｐ图像系统的运行环境与主要功能。通过与地学数据图像化处理流程的对比分析表明，一般用户只要获得一些其他软件与应用程序的支持，便可在微机上以Ｐｈｏｔｏｓｈｏｐ为依托，组织进行各种深入有意义的地学数据图像化处理工作。     

Textural characterisation of rocks

Textural characteristics are a major factor in determining the mechanical behaviour of rocks and in the prediction of performance of rock cutting and drilling equipment. The principal textural characteristics of rocks are grain size, grain shape, grain orientation, relative proportion of grains and matrix material which were herein quantitatively measured using a modern image analysis system. These features resulted in a texture coefficient represented by a single number for each rock specimen. In this study a range of both textural and mechanical data for a range of rock types are given with some of the textural determination methodology. Correlation between textural and physical properties are also highlighted. The results of drilling tests using polycrystalline diamond compact (pin and hybrid) and impregnated diamond core bits in the rocks are presented which demonstrate the influence of rock texture on drillability. The rock texture can be used as a predictive factor for assessing the drillability and cuttability, mechanical and wear performance of rocks.     

Quantitative assessment of rock texture and correlation with drillability and strength properties

Summary A dimensionless quantitative measure of rock texture, describing grain: —shape, orientation, degree of grain interlocking and relative proportions of grains and matrix (packing density) has been developed. Data required for the model are obtained by image analysis of thin sections and concerns percentage areas of grains and matrix, length, breadth, perimeter, orientation and area of each grain in the viewing window. The results of rock strength, diamond and percussion drillability tests in eleven sandstones, marbles and igneous rocks are reported, and correlated with the developed texture coefficient. The texture coefficient returns highly statistically significant correlations with rock strength and drillability data. Sandstones have low texture coefficients and high drillability whereas igneous rocks have high texture coefficients and low drillability. With particular reference to percussive drillability it is suggested that extensional crack propagation in the sandstones in an energy efficient process since fracture paths propagate through the weak phyllosilicate matrix. Extensional crack propagation in the igneous rocks is an energy intensive process since a significant proportion of the available drilling energy is consumed in the formation of intra-granular fracture paths. Observational and correlated data are supportive of the suggestion that the texture coefficient is a measure of the resistance of the microstructure of a rock to crack propagation, whether it be inter-or intra-granular. The texture coefficient can be used as a predictive tool for the assessment of drillability and rock strength properties. The technique offers a useful approach in understanding fracture initiation and growth as controlled by the texture of intact rock samples.     

A new algorithm using image colour system transformation for rock grain segmentation

Summary The present paper is concerned with the development and application of an effective automatic algorithm of image analysis in order to detect grain boundaries on microscope images of Redziny dolostone and Wisniowka quartzite. The algorithm utilises sets of 6 colour images for each measurement field on thin sections, which are recorded using an optical polarizing microscope in different polarization set-ups. The proposed method is based on an image pre-processing procedure that is focused on colour system transformation, followed by rock grain boundaries segmentation using the image analysis methods for each colour image. For the image pre-processing procedure, several colour system transformations were selected and compared. By using the alternative colour systems that concentrate on colour information we are able to minimise the effects of internal micro-structures in the grain boundaries segmentation procedure. The grain boundary maps obtained confirm that the use of an approximately perceptually uniform colour system as an image pre-processing procedure can significantly improve the rock grain segmentation. This newly-developed method may facilitate petrographical and stereological studies of rock structures.     

面向对象的喀斯特地区石漠化遥感信息提取研究——以贵州省大方地区为例

针对现有基于像素的监督和非监督分类方法在地质环境复杂、地形起伏较大、阴影明显的喀斯特石漠化地区难以满足石漠化信息提取精度要求的问题,采用基于纹理特征数据和地形数据辅助面向对象方法进行喀斯特地区石漠化信息的提取。该方法首先依据石漠化分布在TM/ETM+影像面积大小不均匀的特征,利用纹理和地形因子计算最优分割参数进行多尺度分割;然后根据植被覆盖率、岩石裸露率以及坡度因子构建石漠化分级指标;最后参照石漠化分级标准、光谱信息以及纹理特征等建立的分类规则提取喀斯特地区石漠化信息。选取贵州省石漠化严重的大方县时序TM/ETM+影像进行石漠化信息提取试验,结果表明:与基于像素的监督分类和非监督分类方法相比,基于面向对象的分类可以有效地减少因复杂地形导致石漠化信息提取结果"椒盐化"现象,提取精度明显优于基于像素的监督分类和非监督分类方法。      

岩石结构分形维数与岩石压缩强度关系的探讨

运用分形几何学的理论和方法研究煤层顶板岩石的结构，发现岩石的粒度结构和孔隙结构均具有自相似性，粒度分形维数和孔隙分形维数与岩石压缩强度之间有良好的相关关系，故可以用岩石结构的分形维数定量表述岩石的压缩强度。     

Characterisation of rock aggregate breakage properties using realistic texture‐based modelling

Realistic texture‐based modelling methods, that is microstructural modelling and micromechanical modelling, are developed to simulate the rock aggregate breakage properties on the basis of the rock actual microstructure obtained using microscopic observations and image analysis. The breakage properties of three types of rocks, that is Avja, LEP and Vandle taken from three quarries in Sweden, in single aggregate breakage tests and in inter‐aggregate breakage tests are then modelled using the proposed methods. The microstructural modelling directly integrates the microscopic observation, image analysis and numerical simulation together and provides a valuable tool to investigate the mechanical properties of rock aggregates on the basis of their microstructure properties. The micromechanical modelling takes the most important microstructure properties of rock aggregates into consideration and can model the major mechanical properties. Throughout this study, it is concluded that in general, the microstructure properties of rock aggregate work together to affect their mechanical properties, and it is difficult to correlate a single microstructure property with the mechanical properties of rock aggregates. In particular, for the three types of rock Avja, LEP and Vandle in this study, crack size distribution, grain size and grain perimeter (i.e. grain shape and spatial arrangement) show good correlations with the mechanical properties. The crack length and the grain size negatively affect the mechanical properties of Avja, LEP and Vandle, but the perimeter positively influences the mechanical properties. Besides, the modelled rock aggregate breakage properties in both single aggregate and inter‐aggregate tests reveal that the aggregate microstructure, aggregate shape and loading conditions influence the breakage process of rock aggregate in service. For the rock aggregate with the same microstructure, the quadratic shape and good packing dramatically improve its mechanical properties. During services, the aggregate is easiest to be fragmented under point‐to‐point loading condition, and then in the sequence of multiple‐point, point‐to‐plane and plane‐to‐plane loading conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

矿物粒径对花岗岩单轴压缩特性影响的试验与模拟研究

高放废物深部地质处置目前受到世界各国的高度重视。花岗岩是我国高放废物地质处置工程的候选围岩,深入了解处置库花岗岩的强度及破坏特性对于处置系统的设计及性能评价具有十分重要的意义。作为矿物颗粒的集合体,花岗岩是一种由石英、长石和黑云母等矿物组成的非均质岩石,矿物粒径对其宏观力学特性影响明显。以我国高放地质处置库预选区阿拉善花岗岩为例,选取矿物粒径差异明显的似斑状花岗岩和中粒花岗岩两类岩石,采用单轴压缩试验与数值模拟相结合的方式研究了矿物粒径对岩石力学特性的影响。单轴压缩试验在MTS815岩石力学试验系统进行,数值模拟采用基于离散元的颗粒流程序PFC2D完成。数值模拟过程中,以试件表面图像为基础,采用数字图像处理技术获取岩石内部矿物组分的实际空间分布,从而建立了精确反映花岗岩内部矿物种类及其空间位置的数值模型。利用该模型对花岗岩的单轴压缩试验进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果对比,论证了模型的可靠性。试验及模拟结果表明,阿拉善花岗岩破坏形式为脆性张拉破坏,裂纹大多平行于轴压方向,数字图像数值分析方法可真实地反映材料细观结构。矿物粒径对材料力学特性的影响主要表现为:细粒、等粒结构的岩石强度高,粗粒、不等粒结构的岩石强度低。研究成果可为掌握矿物粒径对岩石强度及变形特性的影响提供依据。