地震应急联动信息服务技术平台设计探讨

地震应急联动与紧急救援服务能力是国家地震社会服务能力建设的核心内容,我国的地震应急联动与紧急救援服务能力在研究和建设方面尚处于初级阶段,在未来一段时间将开展地震应急联动信息服务技术平台的建设.因此,地震应急联动信息服务技术平台的构成、设计和实现方式还有许多方面有待进一步研究和探讨.本文根据国家地震社会服务工程的初步设计,对应急联动信息服务技术平台几个方面的内容进行了初步探讨,并在此基础上讨论了其未来的进一步发展.     

由大震现场救援分析制定标准工作程序的必要性

一个高效、实用和可操作的地震应急救援管理体系,需要在灾害预防、应急准备、应急处置及灾后恢复四个阶段有足够的建设指导和标准规范,而我国地震应急预案在这方面存在明显的不足.通过分析大震现场救援暴露的问题,借鉴国外先进经验,讨论了制定地震紧急救援标准工作程序的必要性,并提出9条标准工作程序的制定建议.     

贵州地震应急救援中存在的问题及建议

历史上,贵州地震几乎都存在小震大灾的共同特点。笔者参与了近十多年来贵州各类地震的应急处置工作,根据历史地震的灾害情况,结合工作经验,总结贵州地震应急救援工作中的特殊性及存在的问题,并提出相应的对策及建议。     

关于建设地震紧急救援队伍有关问题的探讨

对建立专业和社会多级地震紧急救援力量的必要性、作用、任务、组建形式以及灾害综合应急管理等问题进行了探讨。     

地震灾害时空分布与紧急救援响应研究

地震灾害是我国自然灾害的众灾之首,对震后灾情时空分布的快速认识以及紧急应对的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义,也是目前灾害应对领域与政府工作的热点。地震灾害研究是一门交叉综合学科,涉及构造地质学、社会学、灾害学、公共管理和危机管理等众多领域,必须在多学科综合的框架下,研究“地震-地震灾害-地震灾害应对”这个链条上的各个环节。但目前地震灾害时空分布研究的尺度对一次特定地震紧急处置的应用价值有限;构造地质学研究地震发生发展规律,偏重于地震灾害的自然属性,而在震后应急救援中的应用研究比较薄弱;地震紧急救援的指挥布局等也未进行详细分析,缺少可借鉴的理论依据和模式。     

云南地震应急救援管理与发展

本文综合评述了国际灾害搜索救援工作的起源、发展现状和管理理念,以及在联合国框架下实施国际灾害应急救援的相关组织和机构的职能及其在国际灾害紧急救援行动中的重要作用。还介绍了我国地震灾害应急救援事业的发展和当今应急指挥体制。详细阐述了云南省地震局在推进地震应急管理工作方面从经验型向规范化、制度化、法制化迈进的历程和经验。并就今后进一步搞好云南的地震灾害危险性管理工作提出一些建议。     

以练筑防、创新演练模式，助力破解地震应急“慢、乱”难题——有效开展地震应急演练的思考

在重特大地震灾害事件的应急处置中,灾害处置前期,特别是信息黑箱期,都一定程度地存在应急救援慢、指挥协调乱等问题,目前主要通过地震应急处置经验总结和开展演练的方式提前发现问题,完善机制,提高复杂灾情的应对能力。探索如何科学开展地震应急演练,对实际演练案例进行分析,剖析演练过程中存在的问题,从创新演练方式、优化演练内容方面给出优化建议,为地震系统通过演练解决“乱、慢”难题,提高地震应急处置能力提供解题思路。     

地震复合灾害与应急救援对策

地震复合灾害是指以地震主震为灾害源并引发一种以上次生灾害的地震灾害。重大地震灾害都是复合灾害。复合灾害具有各构成灾害的叠加性,不同灾种之间还可能产生叠加效应。地震复合灾害与同时或连续发生的自然灾害、人为灾害构成广义复合灾害。复合灾害扩大、加剧了地震灾害灾情。减少地震复合灾害的构成灾害种数,降低、消除各构成灾害的叠加性与叠加效应,是研究地震复合灾害减灾对策的基本原则。编制城镇应急救援规划应以复合灾害的灾情严重程度为基础。构建完善的应急救援要素系统、合理估算避难人数和救援资源需求量,是复合灾害应急救援的基本对策。     

伊朗巴姆地震中的国际救援情况

介绍了伊朗巴姆地震后伊朗国内及国际应急响应、联合国灾害评估与协调队(UNDAC)及其现场协调中心在灾区进行的国际搜救协调行动,介绍了前往巴姆地震灾区救援的各国国际救援队的情况。最后给出了巴姆地震灾害所提示的在紧急救援及震害防御方面的问题。     

福建省举行地震应急救援演练

2006年10月12日晚7时,为检验地震部门和救援队伍的应急反应能力,福建省举行了地震应急救援演练。这是福建省地震救援队成立后首次拉动演练。本次地震应急救援演练分为指挥部桌面演练和某地模拟地震现场演练。桌面演练主要进行现场与指挥部的信息联络、灾害评估、应急辅助决策和     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.