基于层次分析法的重庆山区矿山泥石流潜势度评价

重庆是典型的山地城市,矿产资源丰富,降水充沛,为矿山泥石流灾害较为严重的城市。为分析重庆山区孕育矿山泥石流灾害的地质环境特征,本文选取渣堆坡角、渣堆高度、渣堆堆积时间等13个因子构建了矿山泥石流潜势度评价指标体系,利用层次分析法确定各指标权重,建立了矿山泥石流潜势度综合指数评价模型,并以秀山溪口矿山泥石流为研究对象,通过计算得到研究区矿山泥石流潜势度指数为8.51,区内地质环境孕育矿山泥石流的潜在能力高,评价结果与实际情况吻合。     

小秦岭大湖峪矿渣型泥石流的物源特征及其危险度评价

河南省灵宝市大湖峪峪道金矿开采活动强烈,采矿废渣成为当地泥石流主要的物源隐患。在2007年对峪道内采矿废渣堆进行实地调查的基础上,依据矿渣型泥石流的特点,选择渣堆规模、河道堵塞程度、渣堆稳定性、沟谷纵坡降比、河流弯曲度和沟谷汇水面积6个因子,利用层次分析法确定各因子的权重,进而对大湖峪主峪道及其支沟进行了泥石流危险度评价。结果表明,13条沟谷中有10条为高危险度区,其中东峪黑峪子沟、东峪主峪道、西峪东槽桐沟和槽桐沟均为泥石流极高危险区。大湖峪泥石流危险度评价结果为泥石流的防治和预警提供了科学依据。     

矿山弃渣型泥石流沟临界雨量浅探

矿山弃渣型泥石流沟是北京市西部山区重要的泥石流类型,在近几年发生的泥石流中占比重较大,是近期高发的泥石流类型。本文通过遥感调查数据总结了矿山弃渣型泥石流沟数量较多且松散物质易于启动的基本特点,对2016年7月20日江心台沟泥石流案例进行分析,依据本次泥石流前期雨量较少,当日激发雨量集中于某一时段即引发了本次泥石流的特点,提出了以本次泥石流提取的降雨信息,作为北京市矿山弃渣型泥石流沟临界雨量值的观点。     

基于理想点法的武都区北山泥石流危险度评价

武都区北山泥石流灾害发育,对城区安全构成严重威胁。本文选取泥石流规模及发生频率作为主要因子,沟谷流域面积、主沟长度、流域相对高差、流域切割密度、泥沙补给长度比作为次要因子,采用理想点法对武都区北山7条泥石流沟进行了危险度评价。评价结果表明:研究区泥石流沟属低度危险-中度危险,与单沟泥石流危险度评价方法的结论基本吻合,符合实际情况,验证了该方法具有合理性及可靠性,为泥石流危险度评价提供了一种新的思路,同时也为研究区泥石流灾害的防治提供了科学依据和参考。     

采矿废渣颗粒粒径对矿渣型泥石流起动的控制作用——以小秦岭金矿区为例

泥石流物源的颗粒级配大小对于泥石流的起动具有重要的控制作用,亦是泥石流防治工程设计的重要参数。采矿废石渣构成的矿渣型泥石流,物源特性不同于一般的泥石流。通过对小秦岭金矿区采矿废石渣、尾矿沙、残坡积土的颗粒级配、孔隙度、透水性能的研究,与其他地区泥石流物源级配进行了差异对比,探讨了采矿废渣颗粒级配对泥石流起动的制约影响。研究表明,采矿废石渣松散无联结,粒径变化于0.075~470mm之间,其中大于2mm的砾级含量占总渣量的93.33%,平均粒径为61.2mm,以卵石级为主,粘粒物质几乎没有。粒径小于5mm的废石渣的渗透系数是选矿尾矿渣的103.5陪、残坡积土的2倍、蒋家沟泥石流物源的4.9倍,实际上采矿废石渣堆的渗透系数比试验测试的数据更大。废石渣的松散无联接、高孔隙率及极高渗透性的特点,决定了常遇降水难以导致废石渣堆起动。结合研究区历史上发生的泥石流,构建了堵溃型矿渣型泥石流起动模式,据此提出了清理占据行洪通道的废渣、疏浚行洪通道、修建拦渣挡墙的泥石流防治理念,避免拦沟修筑重力坝。     

潼关金矿区矿渣型泥石流熵权评价

在简述信息熵概念的基础上,对陕西潼关金矿区8条泥石流沟堆积的采矿废石量、沟谷纵坡降比等9个定量、定性调查指标进行了统计,求出各指标熵Hj、熵权Wj以及沟谷指标可能的概率值fij后,计算得出了潼关金矿区矿渣型泥石流潜势度信息熵的综合评价值;探讨了熵权评价与主观赋权评价的结果差异的原因及建议.     

雅砻江下游某支沟泥石流灾害成因分析

雅砻江下游某支沟属沟谷型泥石流沟,爆发频率一般为7~10年,2008年7月1日凌晨,流域内一场小于前几年最大日降雨量的集中强降雨,却引发了泥石流。通过调查分析,认为主要原因在于:该沟流域汇水面积较大,沟道纵坡较陡,加之2007年以来大量公路弃渣直接堆于沟内造成堵沟,在遭遇强降雨引发的洪水作用下,弃渣堆石坝被冲垮,诱发次生洪水。计算表明,溃决洪峰流量达到流域10年一遇的暴雨水平,从而激发下游束窄沟道堆积物产生泥石流,加之下游厂区沟道束窄,在弯道处泥石流超高冲入车间,造成重大财产损失。     

永胜刘官河流域泥石流灾害危险性评价

永胜刘官河位于云南省丽江市永胜县期纳镇境内,该流域在地形、地貌、地层岩性、地质构造和气候等相互作用的影响下,易发生泥石流灾害,严重威胁了当地居民正常的生产生活及生命安全。在调查与理论分析的基础上,选取松散物源储量、流域面积、主沟长度、相对高差、日最大降雨量、切割密度和不稳定沟床比等7个评价因子,通过组合赋权法结合多因素综合评价法构建评价模型对该流域危险性进行评价,得到永胜刘官河流域泥石流属于中度危险,评价结果与该流域泥石流的实际调查基本吻合。评价结果表明在未来的一段时间内,刘官河流域存在诱发间歇性中等规模泥石流灾害的可能,尤其是在雨季降雨条件下,诱发中等规模泥石流的可能性仍然较大,为该流域泥石流灾害潜在危险的预防提供了理论基础。     

典型金属矿山泥石流潜势度的模糊层次综合评判

针对金属矿山泥石流发育与潜势度的关系,对影响矿山泥石流发育的主要因素进行综合分析,确定其隶属函数,采用层次分析法确定各影响因素的权重系数,并应用模糊数学理论的方法来判定金属矿山泥石流发育潜势度的级别,通过确定潜势度的级别对矿区内地质灾害进行定量化评价确定灾害等级,为金属矿山泥石流地质灾害的防治提供依据。     

矿渣型泥石流发育特征及危险性评价

大西岔沟地质环境复杂,节理、裂隙发育,在各支沟及主沟中,填埋了36万多方以碎石土为主的高、陡矿渣堆.这些矿渣以台阶状层叠堆放的形式填满整个沟谷,严重堵塞水路,并且矿渣堆的稳定性较差,透水性较好,再加上暴雨雨量大,汇流集中,大西岔沟已具备了泥石流灾害爆发的条件.结合洪峰流量对大西岔沟泥石流的启动条件进行分析,极容易发生泥石流.对于像大西岔沟的这种矿渣型泥石流,其主要形成水石流,具有固体物源补给方量大、产流区集中、容易启动、流通距离短和破坏性大的发育特征,其固体物质补给主要以冲、洪沟的侧蚀、揭底补给、渣堆失稳和坡面漫流冲刷补给为主.在此基础上,提出了以排导和固渣相结合的治理方案,即在沟谷中修建大量的排水沟,能第一时间排走洪水,同时对渣堆进行放坡处理,以增加渣堆的自稳能力.     

高精度古地貌恢复技术及应用——以辽西凸起南段东营组二段下段为例

辽西凸起南段东营组二段下段发育大型岩性-超覆圈闭,储层发育程度以及分布范围是本区油气富集的主控因素。以油组为单位在低勘探程度区开展高精度古地貌恢复,通过剥蚀量恢复,结合埋深和地震响应特征对原始地层厚度进行了压实恢复,并运用岩性、沉积相以及地震响应特征等对该地区进行古水深校正。通过对研究区沟谷的横截面积及延伸长度定量分析,下切沟谷沿地貌形态和地形坡度由高至低,依次发育V型、U型、W型,其发育横截面积和输砂能力依次降低,且不同时期沟谷形态和发育位置的迁移控制了沉积体系发育特征。精细刻画了不同时期储层分布和沉积体系演化特征。     

雅砻江上田镇沟泥石流特征及危险性研究

上田镇沟位于卡拉水电站坝址下游,地形坡度陡峻,高差大,汇水条件好,沟内固体松散物源丰富,容易引发泥石流。现场勘查将其物源条件概括为四类：沟床堆积物源、沟道两侧崩滑堆积物源、坡面侵蚀物源、人工弃渣物源。分析该区泥石流的形成条件和流体动力学参数,对泥石流的发展趋势和危险性进行预测和评价。结果表明,泥石流形成条件充分,处于发展期,危险性中等。研究成果为卡拉水电站建设中泥石流的防治工程提供依据。     

An Analysis of Tectonic Geomorphologic Characteristics of the Beipanjiang Basin in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, located on the southeast boundary of the Tibet Plateau, is the second geomorphologic step in China continent. The large area tilting tectonic deformation occurred in this plateau with the uplift of the Tibet plateau since the Cenozoic. The Beipanjiang River rises in eastern Yunnan Province and southeastward across the slope zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Guangxi Plain, and goes into the Hongshui River by the Wangmo in Guizhou Province. Due to the southeastward extrusion by the Tibetan Plateau, deep incised-valleys formed in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, which have the characteristics of developed fault, complicated geological structure and rugged terrain. The Cenozoic evolution history of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the response to the uplifting of Tibet Plateau are unclear because of the lack of sedimentation records, and also this has long been a bottleneck to geomorphologic evolution research. Based on DEM data and GIS software, we extracted the geomorphic indexes which included hypsometric integral [HI], drainage basin asymmetry [AF], stream-length gradient index [SL], and valley floor width-to-height ratio [VF]. The results show that four geomorphic indexes can reflect the regional tectonic movement and topographical features. The geomorphology of Beipanjiang Basin is controlled by tectonic action mainly, especially the Yadu-Ziyun Fracture has great impact on the formation of valleys and the development of water system greatly.     

DEM and GIS analysis of sub-watersheds to evaluate relative tectonic activity. A case study of the North–south axis (Central Tunisia)

Morphotectonic analysis using geomorphic indexes has been developed as a basic tool to identify recent tectonic deformation in specific areas.This study was undertaken to develop an integrated quantitative geomorphic analysis of tectonic activity in the North–south axis, central of Tunisia. Different geomorphic indexes, including elongation ratio (E), drainage basin asymmetry (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), Valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), and stream length gradient index (SL) were calculated. The relationships between the calculated indexes, their correlations and their significance (based on p-values) were also investigated.. Using the hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward’s method, these indexes were classified into three classes describing the relative, different effect of tectonics in each fault segment. The higher deformation is concentrated in the NE-SW Boudinar fault, followed, in order of decreasing activity, by Goubrar, Gouleb, and Majoura normal faults. This pattern of variation in the relative degree of tectonic activity is consistent with field evidence.     

掘进工作面瓦斯流动规律数值模拟分析

研究煤层巷道掘进过程瓦斯流动规律对认识掘进巷道瓦斯涌出规律和瓦斯治理具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文通过建立流固耦合模型,考虑煤与瓦斯流固耦合作用,进行了不同掘进长度,掘进工作面瓦斯压力分布规律,瓦斯压力梯度改变以及瓦斯流动规律的数值模拟研究。研究表明,掘进巷道周边煤层瓦斯压力随煤壁暴露时间的增长逐渐降低,采掘活动对工作面前方煤体的影响范围达30m。并且越靠近煤壁瓦斯压力梯度越大,在距离巷帮5m范围内,瓦斯压力变化幅度最大。煤壁瓦斯流速随巷道掘进长度的增加先增加后减小,最后瓦斯流速趋于稳定。掘进工作面瓦斯流动规律的研究为矿井瓦斯治理提供安全可靠的依据,保证矿井安全生产。     

Evolution of an incised valley system in the southern Adriatic Sea (Apulian margin): an onshore–offshore correlation

Seismic surveys with sub‐bottom profiler were carried out in the Manfredonia Gulf in the southern Adriatic Sea. Here, a buried surface was recognized on which three valleys, located about 80 km from the shelf edge, were deeply incised. Beneath this surface, a pre‐upper Würm seismic unit (PW) was identified. Above, two seismic units were recognized: the transgressive system tract (TST) and highstand system tract (g₂)_. On the basis of regional correlation with onshore and offshore data, these units and their boundaries were dated and correlated with phases of the last glacial–interglacial cycle. The incised valley system was attributed to the Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 2. The TST and g₂ units fill the valleys and were attributed to the post‐glacial sea‐level rise and highstand. The incised valleys are anomalous with respect to published models; despite having many characteristics that would have limited the fluvial incision (the lowstand shoreline that remained on the shelf, the low gradient of the shelf, the subsidence that affected the study area since MIS 5), the valleys appear to be deeply incised on the shelf, with valley flanks that can exceed 40 m in height. The model to explain the formation of the valleys comprises enhanced river discharge as the key factor in increasing river energy and promoting erosion across the low gradient shelf. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

韩城矿区煤层气开发潜力评价

韩城矿区煤层气工作是伴随着我国煤层气研究。开发同步进行的，1995年在该区施工的韩试一井经过多年排采试验，获得了大量基础资料，通过分析这些资料认为，韩城矿区煤层气的开发潜力巨大，是陕西省煤层气开发利用的重点区域。     

The distribution of total and methylmercury concentrations in soils near the Idrija mercury mine, Slovenia, and the dependence of the mercury concentrations on the chemical composition and organic carbon levels of the soil

Although the mining activity of the Idrija mine in Slovenia ceased in 1995, a large amount of mining dregs containing high concentrations of mercury remains in the area. The mining dregs were transported with river flow and deposition along the Idrija River. To estimate the dispersion and change in the chemical form of mercury, a total of 28 soil core samples were taken around the river. The individual core samples were separated into layers for the analysis of their chemical composition, carbon contents, total mercury (T-Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations. The chemical composition measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was useful to estimate the dispersion of tailings: the fluvial terrace soil had a chemical composition similar to that of the tailings and could be distinguished clearly from the forest soil. The highest T-Hg concentration, 1,100 mg kg⁻¹, was observed in the fluvial terrace soil near the mine. Although the concentration decreased gradually along with distance from the mine, concentrations higher than 200 mg kg⁻¹ of T-Hg were still observed in the fluvial terrace soil approximately 20 km downstream from the mine. In the vertical distribution of T-Hg in the hillslope soil, a higher value was observed in the upper layers, which suggests the recent atmospheric deposition of mercury. The concentration of MeHg was the lowest at the riverside and higher in the hillslope soil, which was the opposite of the T-Hg distribution. The total organic carbon content tracked similarly with the distribution of MeHg and a linear relation with a significantly high correlation coefficient was obtained. The distinction may be related to the different dispersion process of mercury, and the organic carbon contents may be an important factor for MeHg formation.     

洪山泉流量动态及影响因素分析

以39年洪水泉流量观测资料为基础，对泉水稳定性、变化特征及影响因素进行了探讨分析，结果表明洪水泉39年的泉水流量动态曲线出现了4个高峰、4个低谷，峰谷交替时间间隔周期为8年左右。大气降水是洪水泉水的主要补给来源，对泉水补给存在着8年的滞后期，是控制着泉水的流量的主要因素，随着多年降雨量的减少泉水流量呈下降趋势，采煤及地下水超采改变了地下水的补经排条件，影响了洪水泉水量水质，也是洪水泉流量减少的重要原因，今后应加强洪水泉的保护，进行合理开发以达到可持续利用的目的。