青藏高原林芝与四川盆地温江地区晴天辐射和能量平衡特征

分析了2008年青藏高原林芝地区与四川盆地温江地区无降水条件下地表辐射、 湍流通量和地表反照率的日变化及月际变化特征, 并探讨了季风过程对其产生的影响.结果表明: 林芝与温江地区地表辐射和湍流通量都具有明显的日变化和月际变化周期, 季风期受云的影响, 日循环规律变得不是非常规则.季风对林芝地区地表能量分配影响极大, 季风前感热通量占主导地位, 季风期和季风后(夏、 秋节)潜热通量是净辐射的主要消耗项; 温江地区全年潜热在净辐射的分布中占主导地位, 感热通量的作用和土壤热通量相当. 林芝地区年平均地表反照率为0.21, 温江地区年平均仅为0.14; 季风前(3-5月)、 季风中(6-7月)和季风后(8-9月), 林芝地区的地表反照率分别为0.20、 0.19和0.20, 温江地区的地表反照率分别为0.13、 0.11和0.14.     

2005年青藏高原唐古拉地区地表能量收支状况分析

利用青藏高原唐古拉地区2005年涡动系统和10 m气象塔数据资料,计算分析了该地区地表能量收支状况.结果表明: 感热与潜热均有明显的季节变化特征,感热春季较大,夏季有下降趋势;潜热夏秋季节较大,冬春季节较小;净辐射在冬春季节主要转化为感热,夏秋季节转化为潜热,这些主要受季风、活动层冻、融过程及净辐射变化的影响.Bowen比夏秋季节平均为0.7,冬春季节平均为3.4,变化范围为-1.0～17.9.另外,研究显示降雨对感热、潜热通量影响较大.     

Simulations of energy balance components at snow-dominated montane watershed by land surface models

The quantification of energy interactions among land surface, atmosphere, and surface vegetation is significant to comprehend the hydrological cycle in montane watersheds. Moreover, elevation change is an essential in causing variations in energy fluxes. Thus, estimating the major components of energy interactions is essential for better understanding of the hydrological process. The advanced land surface models (LSMs); the common land model (CLM) and variables infiltration capacity (VIC) are used to estimate accurate hydrometeorological variables. These hydrometeorological variables such as net radiation and sensible, latent, and ground heat fluxes were estimated using CLM and VIC at upper and lower meteorological stations in Sierra Nevada Mountain, California, USA. The estimated fluxes were compared with observations at each site. The estimated daily and monthly net radiation and sensible heat flux from both models showed good agreement with the observations (R ≥ 0.84). The CLM-modeled estimates showed lower trends during the rainfall periods, which occurred mainly during winter at both sites. In comparison, the estimated daily and monthly latent heat flux from CLM at both sites showed better results with lower RMSE and bias than that from VIC, which underestimated latent heat flux. Both models overestimated ground heat flux, and the variation trend was similar to observation. For sensitivity analysis, according to elevation change, all the estimated energy fluxes had slightly different values at the upper and lower met stations. In future studies, parameterization for the LSMs will be conducted for more robust estimations of hydrometeorological variables in montane watersheds.     

珠峰北坡地区近地层大气湍流与地气能量交换特征

利用珠峰北坡曲宗地区连续一年的大气观测资料（2005年4月至2006年3月）,分析了珠峰北坡地区近地层大气湍流宏观统计特征和西南季风爆发前后地气能量交换特征。研究表明在珠峰北坡地区Monin Obukhov相似定律同样适用。拟合得到了珠峰北坡曲宗地区近地层无因次风速分量方差以及温度和湿度归一化标准差和静力学稳定度的函数关系。研究得出曲宗地区能量平衡各分量（净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量）以及地面加热场具有明显的季节变化和日变化规律。尤其是在西南季风的影响下,曲宗地区感热通量和潜热通量在季风爆发前后具有明显相反的变化趋势。其它特征参数（波文比和地表反射率）在西南季风爆发前后的变化规律也十分明显。     

祁连山七一冰川暖季能量平衡及小气候特征分析

利用2007年7月1日至10月10日安装在七一冰川消融区的自动气象站资料,计算和讨论了能量平衡方程中的净辐射、感热和潜热通量、冰雪的热传输和降雨加热项.结果表明:净辐射是七一冰川的主要能量来源,其次是湍流感热.消融期消融耗热是主要的能量耗散,到消融末期,潜热耗热的比重开始增加.冰雪的热传导量值较小.同时还分析了暖季七一冰川区的小气候特征.     

兰州马衔山多年冻土区地表能量平衡特征分析

利用兰州马衔山多年冻土区2010年7月1日到2011年6月30日的气象资料, 采用气象梯度法计算了该地区的感热通量和潜热通量, 结合净辐射分析了该地区的地表能量平衡特征.结果表明: 马衔山多年冻土区净辐射呈现明显的年变化特征, 净辐射值较青藏高原西大滩地区略大, 而较唐古拉地区小; 净辐射冬春季主要转化为感热, 而夏秋季主要转化为潜热, 这一特点与青藏高原唐古拉和西大滩地区类似; 潜热年平均值略大于感热年平均值, 这与马衔山多年冻土区沼泽湿地的保护作用及充足的水分条件有关.此外, 地下冰的存在有效地保护了该地区的多年冻土.     

青藏高原唐古拉多年冻土区冻融循环过程中的能量平衡特征

青藏高原多年冻土区冻融循环过程对地表能量及其分配的影响研究相对较少,青藏高原唐古拉站多年冻土的实测资料,依据10 cm土壤温度划分浅层土壤冻融循环的各个阶段并结合能量闭合率、地表能量各通量等数据探讨浅层土壤冻融循环过程与地气间水热交换过程之间的影响。结果表明：浅层土壤冻融循环过程各阶段均受气候变化的影响,其融化过程起始时间提前同时冻结过程起始时间推后,完全融化阶段持续时间增加,且逐渐接近完全冻结阶段持续时间;在浅层土壤不同冻融状态下,能量闭合率差值较大,其中完全融化阶段能量闭合状况普遍好于完全冻结阶段;净辐射值在完全融化阶段高于完全冻结阶段,净辐射在完全冻结阶段主要转化为感热通量,在完全融化阶段主要转化为潜热通量,地表土壤热通量在完全融化阶段为正值,在完全冻结阶段为负值。     

On the measurement of the surface energy budget over a land surface during the summer monsoon

The measurement of surface energy balance over a land surface in an open area in Bangalore is reported. Measurements of all variables needed to calculate the surface energy balance on time scales longer than a week are made. Components of radiative fluxes are measured while sensible and latent heat fluxes are based on the bulk method using measurements made at two levels on a micrometeorological tower of 10m height. The bulk flux formulation is verified by comparing its fluxes with direct fluxes using sonic anemometer data sampled at 10Hz. Soil temperature is measured at 4 depths. Data have been continuously collected for over 6 months covering pre-monsoon and monsoon periods during the year 2006. The study first addresses the issue of getting the fluxes accurately. It is shown that water vapour measurements are the most crucial. A bias of 0.25% in relative humidity, which is well above the normal accuracy assumed by the manufacturers but achievable in the field using a combination of laboratory calibration and field intercomparisons, results in about 20W m⁻² change in the latent heat flux on the seasonal time scale. When seen on the seasonal time scale, the net longwave radiation is the largest energy loss term at the experimental site. The seasonal variation in the energy sink term is small compared to that in the energy source term.     

Meteorological fields variability over the Indian seas in pre and summer monsoon months during extreme monsoon seasons

In this study, the possible linkage between summer monsoon rainfall over India and surface meteorological fields (basic fields and heat budget components) over monsoon region (30‡E-120‡E, 30‡S30‡N) during the pre-monsoon month of May and summer monsoon season (June to September) are examined. For this purpose, monthly surface meteorological fields anomaly are analyzed for 42 years (1958-1999) using reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR (National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research). The statistical significance of the anomaly (difference) between the surplus and deficient monsoon years in the surface meteorological fields are also examined by Student’s t-test at 95% confidence level. Significant negative anomalies of mean sea level pressure are observed over India, Arabian Sea and Arabian Peninsular in the pre-monsoon month of May and monsoon season. Significant positive anomalies in the zonal and meridional wind (at 2 m) in the month of May are observed in the west Arabian Sea off Somali coast and for monsoon season it is in the central Arabian Sea that extends up to Somalia. Significant positive anomalies of the surface temperature and air temperature (at 2 m) in the month of May are observed over north India and adjoining Pakistan and Afghanistan region. During monsoon season this region is replaced by significant negative anomalies. In the month of May, significant positive anomalies of cloud amount are observed over Somali coast, north Bay of Bengal and adjoining West Bengal and Bangladesh. During monsoon season, cloud amount shows positive anomalies over NW India and north Arabian Sea. There is overall reduction in the incoming shortwave radiation flux during surplus monsoon years. A higher magnitude of latent heat flux is also found in surplus monsoon years for the month of May as well as the monsoon season. The significant positive anomaly of latent heat flux in May, observed over southwest Arabian Sea, may be considered as an advance indicator of the possible behavior of the subsequent monsoon season. The distribution of net heat flux is predominantly negative over eastern Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. Anomaly between the two extreme monsoon years in post 1980 (i.e., 1988 and 1987) shows that shortwave flux, latent heat flux and net heat flux indicate reversal in sign, particularly in south Indian Ocean. Variations of the heat budget components over four smaller sectors of Indian seas, namely Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and west Indian Ocean and east Indian Ocean show that a small sector of Arabian Sea is most dominant during May and other sectors showing reversal in sign of latent heat flux during monsoon season.     

黄土高原地表能量闭合特征及土壤通量参数化

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(简称SACOL站)2008年夏季晴天的湍流、 辐射、 土壤温度和通量梯度观测资料, 确定了晴天土壤热参数, 并结合土壤热流量板测量的温度积分法把实际测量通量推算到地表; 讨论了典型黄土高原沟壑区土壤热量储存对地表能量闭合率的影响; 建立了计算地表土壤热通量的模型. 结果表明: 黄土高原典型沟壑区夏季晴天平均土壤热容量为1.23×10⁶ J5m^-35K^-1; 能量平衡方程中, 以5 cm 埋深处HFP01SC热流量板观测值 (G₅) 表示土壤热通量时, SACOL站地表能量闭合率为75.7%. 采用温度积分法, 将HFP01SC的直接测量结果校正到地表(G_s)后, 地表能量闭合率可以达到81.8%; 0~5 cm土壤层的热量储存对能量平衡的贡献为6.1%. 模型计算得土壤热通量(G_m)与G_s之间的线性回归斜率为0.973(显著性水平为0.1‰). (H+LE)与(R_n-G_m)进行线性回归, 得到地表能量闭合率为81.7%. 表明模型与温度积分法计算计算土壤热通量非常接近, 但通过参数化方法计算时仅需要知道R_n即可.     

Limitations and improvements of the energy balance closure with reference to experimental data measured over a maize field

The use of energy fluxes data to validate land surface models requires that energy balance closure conservation is satisfied, but usually this condition is not verified when the available energy is bigger than the sum of turbulent vertical fluxes. In this work, a comprehensive evaluation of energy balance closure problems is performed on a 2012 data set from Livraga obtained by a micrometeorological eddy covariance station located in a maize field in the Po Valley. Energy balance closure is calculated by statistical regression of turbulent energy fluxes and soil heat flux against available energy. Generally, the results indicate a lack of closure with a mean imbalance in the order of 20%. Storage terms are the main reason for the unclosed energy balance but also the turbulent mixing conditions play a fundamental role in reliable turbulent flux estimations. Recently introduced in literature, the energy balance problem has been studied as a scale problem. A representative source area for each flux of the energy balance has been analyzed and the closure has been performed in function of turbulent flux footprint areas. Surface heterogeneity and seasonality effects have been studied to understand the influence of canopy growth on the energy balance closure. High frequency data have been used to calculate co-spectral and ogive functions, which suggest that an averaging period of 30 min may miss temporal scales that contribute to the turbulent fluxes. Finally, latent and sensible heat random error estimations are computed to give information about the measurement system and turbulence transport deficiencies.     

The annual variations on land surface energy in the northern Tibetan Plateau

It is vital to study the regional heat fluxes in the Tibetan Plateau Area. In this paper, the characteristics of down- and upward short wave radiation fluxes, down- and upward long wave radiation fluxes, net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat in the areas of CAMP/Tibet [coordinated enhansive observating period (CEOP) Asian-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) in Tibetan Plateau] are analyzed. Some new concepts about the characteristics of radiation flux budget and land surface energy budget are obtained. An erratum to this article can be found at     

青藏高原地表能量通量的估计

利用1981—2000年逐日气候、植被和土壤基础资料作为输入,以大气—植被相互作用模式（AVIM2）计算了青藏高原0.1°分辨率的年平均地表能量通量的空间分布和季节变化特征。结果显示,年平均地表净辐射通量由高原西南部的100 W/m2减少到东部的70 W/m2左右。高原东南部的林区潜热通量强而感热通量弱,从高原东南向西、向北潜热通量逐渐减少,而感热通量逐渐增大。夏季这种趋势更加显著。冬季除东南部外,高原上广大地区地表能量通量都较低。     

青藏高原复杂地表能量通量研究

“全球能量水循环之亚洲季风青藏高原试验研究”（GAME/Tibet）和“全球协调加强观测计划（CEOP）亚澳季风之青藏高原试验研究”（CAMP/Tibet）的加强期观测和长期观测已经进行了9年多,并且已取得了大量的珍贵资料。首先介绍了GAME/Tibet 和CAMP/Tibet 试验的情况,并利用观测资料给出了局地能量分布（日变化和月际变化）特征。复杂地表区域能量通量研究是青藏高原地气相互作用研究中的重中之重。卫星遥感的应用成为解决这一问题,即实现GAME/Tibet和CAMP/Tibet试验主要初衷的必不可少的手段。利用卫星遥感观测（Landsat 7 ETM）资料结合地面观测的方法,计算得到了相关地区非均匀地表区域上的地表温度、地表反射率、标准化差值植被指数(NDVI)、校准的调整土壤植被指数（MSAVI）、植被覆盖度和叶面指数(LAI)及能量平衡各分量（净辐射通量、土壤热通量、感热和潜热通量）的分布图像,所得结果基本可信。为了得到整个青藏高原复杂地表的热通量分布,中国科学院青藏高原研究所正在与其他研究单位一起建立青藏高原地表和大气过程监测系统（MORP）。最后介绍了该监测计划和已建立的3个综合观测研究站及如何利用建立的台站把站点观测的热通量推广到整个青藏高原的途径。     

黄河源鄂陵湖地区辐射收支和地表能量平衡特征研究

利用2010年6-7月鄂陵湖野外试验的近地层观测数据,分析了在不同天气条件下黄河源鄂陵湖地区辐射分量、地表能量分量、土壤温度和反照率的变化特征. 结果表明：不同天气条件下,辐射和地表能量各分量日变化差异较大,晴天、阴天和雨天的地表反照率依次递减,平均反照率约为0.21;观测期内,平均辐射贡献从大到小依次为向上长波、向下长波、向下短波、向上短波,日积分值分别为31.4 MJ·m^-2、25.6 MJ·m^-2、22.4 MJ·m^-2、4.2 MJ·m^-2,净辐射(12.5 MJ·m^-2)占向下短波辐射的55.7%;平均地表能量和土壤温度的变化幅度较晴天小,感热、潜热、0 cm土壤热通量的平均日积分值分别占净辐射的21.2%、43.1%、8.2%;平均土壤温度变化幅度随深度增加逐渐减小,浅层土壤温度峰值较晴天低2 ℃,深层土壤温度相差不大. 云和降水的扰动削弱了向下短波辐射,导致平均感热通量和0 cm土壤热通量的峰值比晴天小,而平均潜热通量的峰值大于晴天. 由于湖泊水体巨大的热容量和水分供应,鄂陵湖地区的气温日较差较小,地表温度变化幅度变小,附近地表温度升高缓慢. 鄂陵湖区的地表能量平衡中,潜热通量占主导,感热和地表土壤热通量次之. 研究结果有助于理解气候变化背景下黄河源区湖泊的能量水分循环过程,为促进该地区光热资源的合理利用和畜牧业的可持续发展提供数据支持.     

基于能量平衡对额尔齐斯河流域融雪过程的研究

为定量描述额尔齐斯河流域积雪的消融过程,建立了利用基于能量平衡的积雪模型,对流域内库威积雪站2014年1月4日-3月28日积雪的积累和消融过程进行了模拟.结果表明:模型能够很好的模拟出融雪期净辐射能量的变化过程,对雪水当量的模拟结果也非常好,雪水当量的观测值和模拟值之间的Nash系数达到了0.989.在积雪的积累期,雪表的净辐射、感热、潜热通量的绝对值以及地表热通量明显低于积雪的消融期.在积累期,感热和潜热通量以及土壤热通量受到雪层厚度的影响.当雪水当量小于10 mm时,感热和潜热通量的绝对值偏高,土壤热通量的波动性也偏大.在积累期积雪的物质损失全部为升华损失,升华量为2.74 mm;在消融期,积雪的融化量为66.26 mm,升华量为2.04 mm.净辐射对积雪物质损失的贡献达到了83.1%,湍流通量对积雪物质损失的贡献达到16.9%.由于在融化期土壤热通量为正值,因此土壤热通量对融雪没有贡献.     

Latent and sensible heat fluxes under active and weak phases of the summer monsoon of 1986

An analysis of the meteorological data collected by the research vessel ORV Sagarkanya for the mean latent and sensible heat fluxes over the Arabian Sea has indicated appreciable changes between active and weak phases of the southwest monsoon of 1986. We suggest that: (a) the presence of a core of low level winds associated with the Somali jet and its southward shift during the season, along with (b) a ridge in surface pressure over the central Arabian Sea could be responsible for the deficit in monsoon rainfall along the west coast of India in 1986.     

南海海-气通量交换研究进展

1998年的"南海季风试验(SCSMEX)"已经过去10年了,SCSMEX启动的南海海-气通量试验研究也有10个年头.在SCSMEX和国家自然科学基金面上项目"南海季风爆发期近海面层通量观测和湍流结构的观测研究"支持下,10年来在西沙实施了3次(1998年、2000年、2002年)海-气通量观测试验,开展了试验资料分析研究,重点是西南季风爆发前后海-气通量交换过程研究,辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量、动量通量随天气条件的变化研究,海-气通量日变化,通量交换系数以及通量变化对低层大气、上层海洋的影响研究.对10年来南海通量研究作一回顾,对未来的通量观测研究计划特别是2008"亚洲季风年"西沙通量观测提出一些建议.     

青藏高原多年冻土区地表能量收支过程及其对活动层影响的初步分析

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