广州市居住区环境绿化的探讨

运用景观生态学方法,通过实地调查和统计分析,对广州市居住区的环境绿化现状、问题进行了研究和分析,认为居住区绿地指标多数未达标,绿化类型简单,绿地布局不合理,树种的选择单调、雷同和绿化管理水平较低,并就此提出要重视搞好居住区绿化规划设计,确保绿化达标、绿地类型多样和布局合理,完善点、线、面的绿地系统,要选择多样的树种,合理配置,加强绿化宣传和管理等建议和对策。     

基于IPA分析的云南大学呈贡校区校园绿地满意度评价

随着高校校园绿化建设水平的不断提高,校园绿地的相关研究已成为生态研究中的一个热点。以云南大学呈贡校区为研究对象,通过实地调研,结合校园绿地景观的自身特点及会聚式专家访谈的专业意见,确立了19个校园绿地评价指标。基于(重要性-绩效)IPA分析法,对云大呈贡校区校园绿地满意度进行评价。研究表明:校园绿地可达性、泽湖水景附近安全性、校园绿地休憩设施的尺度适宜程度3个指标满意度较低,为亟待改进的重点指标。     

论澳大利亚植被与中国林木引种的关系

中国和澳大利亚在气候、土壤、植被等方面具有一定程度的相似性，热量条件，降水类型以及冬季寒潮等决定了澳大利亚树种只能引种到我国的热带和亚热带地区，澳大利亚是中国外来树种的主要源地之一。约２１科４５属３２０种本本植物先后被引入中国，它们在中国南方的人工林营造、水土保持、陆地景观以及基因资源的异地保存中有极为重要的地位。现在，按树已成为中国最主要的造林树种之一。固氮的相思对中国南方的地力恢复和优良纸浆材     

基于ALOS数据的乌鲁木齐市绿地景观格局研究

以乌鲁木齐市2009年的ALOS卫星影像为研究数据,在地理信息系统(GIS)及遥感(RS)技术的支持下,提取绿地信息,建立乌鲁木齐市区绿地景观的空间数据库,应用景观生态学的理论和研究方法,选取景观分维数、破碎度、分离度等景观指数来定量分析乌鲁木齐市区的绿地景观格局。结果表明,整个研究区内的绿地类型以公园绿地和单位附属绿地为主,市区绿地景观多样性较低,各类型绿地景观所占比例不均匀,公共绿地数量少,趋于团聚分布,形成许多绿化服务盲区;各类型绿地景观分维数较高,形状较不规则;单位附属绿地和居住绿地的破碎度较高,因为它们受人类的影响较大、形状相对多样、不规则。     

大连中心城区绿地系统生态服务价值时空分异特征研究

以大连市中心城区为研究区域,选取2003、2007、2010年的SPOT5和2012年资源02C卫星遥感影像为数据,运用遥感软件结合外业调查对遥感影像进行处理,提取中心城区绿地,在ArcGIS的支持下,结合景观生态学原理对大连市中心城绿地系统景观与生态服务价值时空分异进行研究。研究结果表明:①大连中心城区绿地总面积逐年减少,至2012年,绿地总面积减少了2.8%,其他绿地破碎度不断提高,逐渐被附属绿地、公园绿地所代替,而绿地斑块总数由2003年的13 632个增长至2012年的14 157个,绿地斑块密度不断升高;②绿地景观总破碎程度指数逐年增加,分布均衡性较差,公园绿地、道路与水系绿地、附属绿地生态服务价值逐渐提升,其他绿地生态服务价值不断降低,而绿地系统生态服务价值总量也从2003年的10 3162.04万元降至2012年的9 050.50万元。     

洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统的动态演变与功能优化

洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统包括生产绿地、农林地、滨河绿地、公园绿地、景观绿地、附属绿地等6种类型。运用景观格局分析法、结构均匀比指数测度法,解析了1988～2008年洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统的面积、斑块、空间布局结构的动态演变。研究表明:城镇化进程中洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统的不同类型要素在不同时期、不同方向、不同梯度上的变化迥异。1988～2008年,滨河绿地、公园绿地、景观绿地、附属绿地面积逐渐增加,生产绿地、农林地大幅度减少;各象限、各圈层不同种类绿地的均匀比指数变化、差异很大;绿地斑块密度逐渐增大,斑块形状指数普遍较低。在此基础上,运用生态功能强度指数测度法和Huff模型等方法,评价了系统的服务功能水平,发现洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统的生态服务功能水平一般,居民访问绿地的成本普遍较高,市区绿地与居民的供需关系不协调。可采用改变人口居住模式、调整绿地分布格局以及多种措施对系统的空间布局结构、服务供需关系、绿地要素等进行功能优化。     

城市绿化树木的降温增湿效应研究

选择广州市8种常见绿化树木,测试其叶片的蒸腾强度和绿地叶面积指数.计算绿地的蒸腾强度.据此算出绿地的降温和增湿效能,并与同步观测的绿化、未绿化地区的气温差、温度差作对照.两者变化趋势一致,数值大小相近似.单位绿地面积的树木蒸腾使周围大气降温和增湿的数值大小,因影响范围和树种不同而异.随之概算了广州为改善城市热岛效应所需的绿地面积,探讨了城市绿化定额指标问题.     

云南石林景区主要乡土植物物候特征的初步研究

为掌握石林景区主要乡土植物物候节律,选择25科35种乡土植物,对其物候特征与同期主要气象因子进行了2 a平行观测。结果表明,在2月气温达到10℃,有46%的植物开始萌动;3月气温持续增高并超过15℃,展叶的植物最多,占57.1%;开花期集中在3~6月,尤其在5月温度超过20℃,有82.9%的树种开花;果实成熟期则分散在4~12月。各个物候期的平均温度和≥5℃积温与植物物候表现较为密切,光照和温度对植物开花和结实期影响较大。根据乡土植物物候特征,结合喀斯特山地自然景观特点和景区适配植物群落建设,提出“石中有树,树中有石”的配置原则,筛选在时空格局上适应喀斯特山地环境的观赏植物,构建出与石林喀斯特景观相协调的植被景观,增加景区景观和生态价值,提升景区的内涵。     

广州华侨新村低密度住宅区庭院的树木和景观研究*

对广州华侨新村低密度住宅区庭院树木的组成、结构、空间格局、树木与生境的关系,以及私人庭院树木与公共绿地的不同特点进行了研究。结果表明:华侨新村庭院树木的种类多样性很高,共有114个树种。与广州城市行道树相比,华侨新村的乡土树种和果树比例较高。在调查的树木中84.75%的树木没有结构损伤现象,只有1.5%的树木生长较差。私人庭院内的树种较为分散,有45种树木为每个庭院仅一棵的单生种,有67.1%的庭院其树种在5种或以上。树木在街道的空间分布则有相对集中的趋势。庭院的大小是影响树木生长的重要条件,在有限空间的庭院内种植过多的树木是造成树木和环境关系紧张的重要原因。     

昆明地区高校校园绿地植物的教学效用

2010年11月～2011年11月,4次对昆明9个高校校园进行了植物组成、植物挂牌和学生识别植物的调查。结果表明,昆明高校9个校园内共发现高等植物593种,隶属397属143科,包含了中国目前通用植物学教科书提及到的91%以上的植物科,储存了丰富的植物学教学实体材料;识别植物的学生里,有60%的是根据植物标牌来识别植物的,但1/3的高校校园没有给植物挂牌。因此认为,昆明高校校园绿地植物具有重要的潜在教学效用,但因缺乏足够的教学服务而未得到发挥。     

科尔沁沙质草地优势多年生植物氮素回收效率的分异特征

养分回收是多年生植物重要的适应策略,通过这种方式可以使植物重新利用体内养分。尤其在养分贫瘠的环境中,养分条件的微小变化都会影响植物的生长、竞争和适合度。但是,不同物种和不同生活型植物的氮素回收效率具有较高的变异,这对理解不同物种或生活型植物在生态系统功能中的作用具有重要意义。本研究分析了科尔沁沙质草地生态系统中39种多年生植物成熟绿叶和枯叶的氮素含量和氮素回收效率,以揭示不同物种或生活型植物氮素回收效率的分异特征。结果表明：科尔沁沙质草地优势多年生植物成熟绿叶氮素含量的变化范围在12.2～33.4 mg·g-1,平均值为23.3 mg·g-1;与全国及全球尺度上的研究结果相比,科尔沁沙质草地成熟绿叶氮含量平均值偏高,说明干旱荒漠环境植物叶片平均氮含量相对较高;多年生植物枯叶的氮素含量明显小于成熟绿叶氮素含量,变化范围在6.2～18.8 mg·g-1,平均值为11.3 mg·g-1;多年生植物氮素回收效率的范围在29%至74%之间变化,平均值为50.3%。这说明氮素回收是科尔沁沙质草地生态系统多年生植物重要的养分保留策略之一。另外,沙质草地不同生活型植物的氮素回收效率存在显著的差异。固氮植物和禾本科植物的氮素回收效率显著低于灌木和杂类草植物。这一结果间接说明植物氮素保持能力的分异是半干旱沙质草地植物共存的机理之一。     

A basic assessment of residential plant diversity and its ecosystem services and disservices in Beijing,China

About 52% of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and 41% of urban land in developed countries is used for residential areas. The amount and quality of residential green space, an important element in urban residential infrastructure, is closely correlated to city dwellers' quality of life. The quality of green spaces is not only closely correlated to the ecosystem services they provide, but also to their disservices. In order to (i) examine how plant diversity and plant traits vary in different residential areas, (ii) determine the main socio-economic factors driving plant trait variations across different residential areas, and (iii) provide an overview on selected ecosystem services and disservices related to plant diversity, we investigated the flora and socio-economic properties of 83 residential areas in Beijing, China. We found a total of 369 plant species belonging to 99 families and 150 genera. With respect to plant traits, there were 90 annual species, 174 alien species, 169 pollen allergenic species, and 133 species with edible or pharmaceutical value. The number of perennial, alien, ornamental and edible plant species was largest in residential areas completed in the 1990s. The number of allergenic species was highest in residential areas completed prior to 1980. The Simpson, Shannon and Pielou indices for trees and shrubs were highest in areas completed in the 1990s, while those same indices for herbs were highest in residential areas completed prior to 1980. General Linear Model analyses revealed that richness increased with increasing housing price across all groups of species. Principal Component Analysis indicated that housing price and floor-area ratio are the variables that positively correlate with species richness for all groups of species.     

美国蒙大拿州冰川国家公园冰缘条带形地表植物功能属性和土壤微生物随坡位变化（英文）

The retreating snowfields and glaciers of Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, present alpine plants with changes in habitat and hydrology. The adjacent and relic periglacial patterned ground consists of solifluction terraces of green, vegetation-rich stripes alternating with sparsely vegetated brown stripes. We established georeferenced transects on striped periglacial patterned ground for long-term monitoring and data collection on species distribution and plant functional traits at Siyeh Pass and at Piegan Pass at Glacier National Park. We documented species distribution and calculated the relative percent cover(RPC) of qualitative functional traits and used 16 S rRNA from soil samples to characterize microbial distribution on green and brown stripes. Plant species distribution varied significantly and there were key differences in microbial distribution between the green and brown stripes. The rare arctic-alpine plants Draba macounii, Papaver pygmaeum, and Sagina nivalis were restricted to brown stripes, where the RPC of xeromorphic taprooted species was significantly higher at the leading edge of the Siyeh Pass snowfield. Brown stripes had a higher percentage of the thermophilic bacteria Thermacetogenium and Thermoflavimicrobium. Green stripes were co-dominated by the adventitiously-rooted dwarf shrubs Salix arctica and the possibly N-fixing Dryas octopetala. Green stripes were inhabited by Krummholz and seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa and Pinus albicaulus. Prosthecobacter, a hydrophilic bacterial genus, was more abundant on the green stripes, which had 6,524 bacterial sequences in comparison to the 1,183 sequences from the brown stripes. While further research can determine which functional traits are critical for these plants, knowledge of the current distribution of plant species and their functional traits can be used in predictive models of the responses of alpine plants to disappearing snowfields and glaciers. This research is important in conservation of rare arctic-alpine species on periglacial patterned ground.     

Plant functional traits and microbes vary with position on striped periglacial patterned ground at Glacier National Park,Montana

The retreating snowfields and glaciers of Glacier National Park, Montana, USA, present alpine plants with changes in habitat and hydrology. The adjacent and relic periglacial patterned ground consists of solifluction terraces of green, vegetation-rich stripes alternating with sparsely vegetated brown stripes. We established georeferenced transects on striped periglacial patterned ground for long-term monitoring and data collection on species distribution and plant functional traits at Siyeh Pass and at Piegan Pass at Glacier National Park. We documented species distribution and calculated the relative percent cover (RPC) of qualitative functional traits and used 16S rRNA from soil samples to characterize microbial distribution on green and brown stripes. Plant species distribution varied significantly and there were key differences in microbial distribution between the green and brown stripes. The rare arctic-alpine plants Draba macounii, Papaver pygmaeum, and Sagina nivalis were restricted to brown stripes, where the RPC of xeromorphic taprooted species was significantly higher at the leading edge of the Siyeh Pass snowfield. Brown stripes had a higher percentage of the thermophilic bacteria Thermacetogenium and Thermoflavimicrobium. Green stripes were co-dominated by the adventitiously-rooted dwarf shrubs Salix arctica and the possibly N-fixing Dryas octopetala. Green stripes were inhabited by Krummholz and seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa and Pinus albicaulus. Prosthecobacter, a hydrophilic bacterial genus, was more abundant on the green stripes, which had 6,524 bacterial sequences in comparison to the 1,183 sequences from the brown stripes. While further research can determine which functional traits are critical for these plants, knowledge of the current distribution of plant species and their functional traits can be used in predictive models of the responses of alpine plants to disappearing snowfields and glaciers. This research is important in conservation of rare arctic-alpine species on periglacial patterned ground.

     

大别山马鬃岭蕨类植物资源的开发利用

马鬃岭自然保护区共有蕨类植物２８科、５５属、８９种，本文论述了马鬃岭蕨类植物的基本特点和分布规律，并根据用途将区内的野生蕨类植物划分为７类，即药用资源、观赏资源、工业原料资源、指示资源、食用资源、编织和包装资源、饲料和绿肥资源。文章最后提出了合理开发利用马鬃岭蕨类植物资源的一系列建议。     

建设广州国际大都市的市区街道绿化

本文运用生态学方法，分析了广州市行道林生物群落、生态质量、空间分布特征及生态环境作用。在此基础上，提出了建设广州国际大都市街道绿化的建议。     

建设校园人工湿地 开发湿地文化资源

广雅小学在开展绿色科技教育,推进"为了环境可持续发展的科技"教育的基础上,借鉴国内外湿地建设的成功经验,结合时代特点、地域特色、以及当前的人才需求,应用人工湿地这一种以生态处理水污染为主的科学技术,侧重其湿地的科技功能与文化功能,即在校园内建设人工湿地科普园,还原湿地生态景观,使湿地的天然景观和原始野趣与校园建筑相得益彰、完美结合,使湿地科普园成为融生态环保、地貌气象、科技教育的特殊"课堂",为学生开展实践活动提供广阔空间。     

Green areas and water management in residential developments in the European Western Mediterranean. A case study of Alicante,Spain

The intense urbanization of the Mediterranean coast as a result of the development of residential-tourist activities since the 1960s, especially from the mid-1990s to 2008, has generated new urban environments associated with extensive urban typologies. These include gardens linked to houses with outdoor spaces that are shared between all of the residents of the residential developments. The aim of this study is to determine the main characteristics of these new urban green spaces and their effect on domestic water consumption in Alicante (Spain). To do this, we analysed the characteristics that define these types of gardens (surface area, density, plant species and irrigation system) and determined their water needs using the Water Use Classifications of Landscape Species method. The main conclusions are that the increase in paved areas is one of the strategies to reduce water consumption in spaces where turf grass is the most common plant species. This is due to increased water prices and lack of water resources.     

沙埋对科尔沁沙地两种主要作物存活的影响及其光合生理响应

为了解沙埋对农作物存活、产量的影响及其光合生理响应特征,在内蒙古科尔沁沙地研究了玉米（Zea mays）和绿豆（Vigna radiata）在不同沙埋深度下第5、10、15天的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率的变化,并于作物生长末期对其存活率及产量进行了测定。结果表明：（1）玉米较绿豆具有较强的耐沙埋能力,埋深等于株高时绿豆全部死亡,玉米仍有12.5%的存活率;（2）埋深超过株高的25%后,玉米和绿豆的产量均显著下降,但玉米的下降幅度明显小于绿豆;（3）随着沙埋胁迫的加剧,两种植物的净光合速率下降,表明沙埋胁迫对植物的光合作用破坏很大。但相比于绿豆,玉米对于沙埋胁迫有着更好的光合适应机理,随着胁迫的时间增加,其净光合速率有所恢复。且可以通过降低蒸腾速率和提高水分利用效率来适应沙埋胁迫。