推行法治,强化防震减灾社会管理

纵观社会发展的历史,人类总是与各种灾害相伴相随。从某种意义来说,灾害是促使人类社会发展的因素之一。人类不断应对各种灾害的过程,也是社会发展的过程。面对各种灾害,人类从被动接受,到积极防御,再到法制管理,经历了一个漫长的过程,也因此体现了人类文明不断进步。人们对2003年发生的非典型肺炎疫情至今记忆犹新。这场突如其来的灾难使我国政府接受了一场考验。在应对这场突发公共事件的过程中,《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》的制定引起了全社会的高度关注。2003年4月14日,国务院常务会议作出了制定《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》的决定,5…     

浅谈防震减灾管理中非政府组织的作用

地震灾害是自然灾害引起的危机事件,防震减灾管理是一项社会系统工程。NGO在社会管理和服务中发挥着重要的参与作用。在防震减灾管理中,NGO的作用体现在地震灾害管理的各个阶段。同时,NGO在参与地震灾害管理的行动中要与政府部门协调一致,并且要重视日常管理中的自身制度建设。     

组织省级地震应急演练的思考

2005年6月21日,山西省人民政府在山西省抗震救灾指挥部举行了首次山西省防震减灾领导组地震应急演练.组织这次应急演练,是落实科学发展观、坚持以人为本执政理念、落实全国和全省防震减灾工作会议精神的重要举措,旨在履行政府社会管理和公共服务职能,提高政府公共管理和应对突发性事件的能力.     

基于灰色关联层次分析法的灾害应急物流方案选择

为了降低突发灾害事件给国家和人民带来的损失,我们必须以最短的时间、最简洁的流程、最快的方式为灾害应对行动提供应急物资,保障灾区恢复工作的快速开展.通过运用灰色关联层次分析法,结合实际事例,对应急物流方案进行最优选择,保证灾区灾后救灾物资的及时供应,尽量降低突发灾害事件造成的损失.     

太湖流域太浦河周边区域突发水污染潜在风险评估

太浦河是太湖流域重要跨省界河流,沿岸区域污染源众多,下游分布重要水源地,存在突发水污染潜在风险,迫切需要开展区域污染源潜在风险评估,为突发水污染事件的风险防控提供科学依据.本研究通过太浦河周边区域的污染源调研,明确污染源的空间分布与污染源强,确定评估区域的主要污染物（化学需氧量、氨氮、锑、重金属铬、油品、危险化学品）,综合考虑污染源、河流水文、沿岸社会经济等因素,筛选突发水污染潜在风险评估指标,构建评估指标体系,评估突发水污染事件的综合风险,识别太浦河周边区域的主要突发水污染潜在风险源.研究结果表明：太浦河周边区域的高突发水污染风险区呈现片状或斑块状分布,主要包括大型污水处理厂区域、大型工业企业区域、加油站和危险化学品仓库集中分布区、太浦河沿岸工业企业区域、水源地周边工业企业区域,总面积为22 km²,占太浦河污染源风险评估范围总面积的1.4%,是突发水污染事件防控的重点区域.     

当前地震应急管理宣传教育对策研究

我国突发公共事件应急管理宣传教育工作日益受到重视,但目前仍处于相对落后的水平,比如地震。主要表现为：应急管理的宣传教育流于宣传,教育基本空白;应急管理的宣传教育体系尚不完善、制度尚不健全;高质量的应急宣传教育门户网站尚未建立等。针对存在的这些问题,以浙江省为例,提出今后改进地震应急管理宣传教育工作的一些建议和对策。     

太原市建设山西省首家地震应急避难场所

2006年，按照国家和省政府的要求，结合实际情况，太原市政府制定了《关于加快应急避难场所规划建设的意见》，对省城应对地震等突发灾害事件的应急避难场所规划建设的目标、任务、原则、管理提出了具体要求。同时制定了相应的应急避难场所应急预案，确保一旦发生地震等自然灾害，立即开启避难场所，组织群众避难。     

印度洋地震和海啸灾害引发的若干思考

本文通过对印度洋地震和海啸灾害的反思,认真思考了灾害防御中的若干重要问题,包括尽快建构国际社会统一灾害防御体系;应当高度重视非工程措施在灾害防御中的作用以及对政府灾害管理职责的重新审视等。     

我国新闻媒体在突发地震事件应对中的责任与义务

对地震突发事件实施有效的宣传报道是我国主流媒体的一项重要职能,也是新闻媒体的责任。在地震发生后迅速采取有效的新闻引导与管理,最大限度地减少负面影响,凝聚人心,稳定社会,是地震应急处置成功与否的关键。结合5.12汶川地震实例,讨论了应对突发地震灾害中,政府、新闻媒体二者的相互关系和作用,论证了新闻媒体在应对突发地震灾害的责任和义务。     

现行地震应急预案的局限与对策研究

自2005年国家出台新地震应急预案以来,根据预案制定要"纵向到底,横向到边"的精神要求,上至国家地震主管部门,下至基层地震单位,以及横向到与地震应急有关的部门和单位大都制定了地震应急预案.这些预案的法律、法规的依据是1997年颁布的<中华人民共和国防震减灾法>,1995年制定的<破坏性地震应急条例>和2005年制定的<国家突发公共事件总体应急预案>.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...