ICP-MS法测定不同产地菊花药材中重金属含量及聚类分析

目的：建立菊花药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜 5 种有害金属元素的测定方法，并分析不同产地菊花药材重金属的分布情况。方法：采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS)对不同产地菊花中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜5种重金属及有害元素进行含量测定。结果：铅、镉、砷、汞、铜 5种元素的精密度、重复性、稳定性RSD均＜3.0%，加样回收率（n=6）在87.9%～105.8%之间。采用系统聚类分析不同产地菊花药材中重金属含量，认为以江苏产地的菊花药材质量较好。结论：本研究建立的ICP-MS 具备灵敏度高、准确性好的优点，可用于菊花中5种重金属及有害元素的同时检测，为菊花的安全性评价提供科学依据，并为其他药材的测定提供参考。     

宁波海区经济贝类重金属污染现状及对人体健康风险分析

通过测定2008年5-6月宁波海域6个地区4种主要经济贝类共21个样品,分析其中的Zn、Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr重金属含量水平,并利用靶标危害系数法对通过经济贝类途径摄入的重金属暴露接触人体的健康风险进行了评估。结果显示:重金属Zn、Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr的含量处于较低水平,其中Zn、Cu为主要污染因子。利用《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量(NY5073-2006)》中规定的限量进行了评价,发现各项指标均符合该标准。THQ(Target Hazard Quotients)靶标危害系数结果表明,几种重金属元素的MTHQ值均小于1,说明通过经济贝类途径摄入重金属对宁波市居民健康风险比很低,因此宁波海域经济贝类基本属于可以食用范畴的绿色食品。     

浙江沿海贝类体内重金属元素含量水平与评价

利用2006年秋季在浙江沿海潮间带采集的27个典型的双壳纲、腹足纲和头足纲类软体动物(贝类)样品,分析检测了其肌肉组织中锌、铜、镉、砷、铬、铅和汞重金属元素的含量,结果表明:(1)不同重金属元素在不同种类贝类肌肉组织中的含量是不同的,铜、锌元素的含量相对最高,铅、镉、铬和砷元素的含量次之,汞元素的含量最低;重金属元素在贝类体内吸收过程中可能存在拮抗作用,铅、铬、砷与铜、锌元素含量负相关性显著。(2)双壳纲贝类对重金属元素的生物累积最明显,其作为海洋环境监测的指标生物具有明显优势。(3)生物体质量评价表明,铜、锌元素在贝类体内的富集明显,具有潜在的生物累积危害,其他重金属元素在贝类体内的累积均没有超过"潜在危害"的阈值;牡蛎体内铜、锌元素的含量超过海洋生物Ⅲ级质量标准,并超过无公害水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准,但是并没有明显的污染现象,其余贝类生物质量(重金属元素含量)状况基本良好。     

北部湾沉积物中重金属元素的地球化学特征及物源初探

本文根据北部湾沉积物岩心样调查结果计算了铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、砷等重金属元素的背景值,并分析了其与南海陆架区和南海全海域沉积物背景值、广西土壤背景值之间的差异.对北部湾表层沉积物中重金属含量及近10 a的变化趋势以及岩心样中重金属元素含量近百年以来的变化趋势综合分析结果表明:北部湾近岸海域沉积物中铜、砷、汞、镉重金属元素含量总体呈增长趋势,北部湾中部海域沉积物中重金属元素含量的年际变化有升有降,至湾口处沉积物中重金属元素的含量基本不变.综合评价结果表明,北部湾近岸沉积物中砷、汞、镉等重金属元素的地球化学特征明显受到广西人类活动的影响.北部湾沉积物中的重金属元素主要来源于人类活动影响下的广西沿岸陆源输入,经由琼州海峡的外部海域物质输入也有贡献.     

乐清湾表层沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

笔者于2012年8月对乐清湾表层沉积物进行了采集,并测定了其中各重金属(汞、砷、铅、镉、铜、铬和锌)元素的含量。采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染情况进行了评价,结果表明:7种重金属元素的地累积污染指数由大到小依次排列为:铜、锌、汞、镉、砷、铅、铬,乐清湾海域基本上所有站位均处于"无-中"的污染水平;同时该海域沉积物重金属污染总体潜在生态风险程度低,各重金属元素潜在生态风险程度由高到低依次排列为:镉、砷、铜、汞、铅、锌、铬,其中镉为该海域主要潜在生态风险因子。     

海南东寨港重金属在多种环境介质中污染状况及评价

分析了东寨港海水、表层沉积物和生物体中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、类金属As的含量及分布特征,并运用单因子指数法、地积累指数法评价了该调查区重金属污染程度。结果表明：东寨港海水中除Pb的含量符合二类海水标准外,其余含量均符合一类海水标准,且远低于渔业水质标准限值;表层沉积物中典型重金属元素含量都符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准,基本属于无污染区;本区湿地沉积物中的重金属含量比岛内及周边区典型红树林湿地略偏高;红树林及暗滩沉积物中重金属比东寨港水底沉积物重金属含量高,表明河口湾潮滩上的红树林区可能是重金属元素的富集区,东寨港目前可能受到了陆源污染的影响;生物体中重金属含量均符合一类标准,符合无公害水产品的要求。     

海南东寨港重金属在多种环境介质中污染状况及评价

分析了东寨港海水、表层沉积物和生物体中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、类金属As的含量及分布特征,并运用单 因子指数法、地积累指数法评价了该调查区重金属污染程度。结果表明：东寨港海水中除Pb 的含量符合二类海水标准外, 其余含量均符合一类海水标准,且远低于渔业水质标准限值;表层沉积物中典型重金属元素含量都符合海洋沉积物质量一类 标准,基本属于无污染区;本区湿地沉积物中的重金属含量比岛内及周边区典型红树林湿地略偏高;红树林及暗滩沉积物中 重金属比东寨港水底沉积物重金属含量高,表明河口湾潮滩上的红树林区可能是重金属元素的富集区,东寨港目前可能受到 了陆源污染的影响;生物体中重金属含量均符合一类标准,符合无公害水产品的要求。     

黄河口沉积物重金属含量变化特征研究

在黄河口的平水期、枯水期和丰水期采集沉积物样品。分析了铜、铅、锌、镉、铬、砷、汞浓度.结果表明,黄河口沉积物样品中的重金属含量由河到海呈现先上升后下降的趋势,平水期和枯水期Cd、Cr、As呈显著相关(0.01水平)。重金属含量为平水期>枯水期>丰水期。水文特征严重影响到沉积物中重金属的迁移。沉积物中重金属含量和沉积物的粒度密切相关.粒度越小重金属含量越高,反映了河流沉积的特征。沉积物中重金属浓度较低。各项目基本上都符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准。     

基于主成分分析法的泉州湾表层沉积物中重金属污染可能来源分析

通过测定泉州湾潮间带表层沉积物中重金属含量,并用地质累积指数（Igeo）对各重金属元素的污染状况进行了评价,发现泉州湾表层沉积物中各重金属元素污染状况可分为4类：无污染（Igeo〈0）的元素为Co（Igeo=-0.67）;轻-中度污染（0〈Igeo〈1）的元素为Cr（Igeo=0.65）、As（Igeo=0.52）、Zn（Igeo=0.75）、Pb（Igeo=0.11）;中度污染（1〈Igeo〈2）的元素为Cu（Igeo=1.58）、Ni（Igeo=1.32）、Mn（Igeo=1.08）;极严重污染（Igeo〉5）的元素为Cd（Igeo=8.70）.通过主成分分析法（PCA）进一步研究了沉积物中重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分的贡献率分别为32.884%、31.676%、21.988%.这表明重金属污染主要有3个来源：即工业点源排污;矿物开采及农业化肥农药使用的非点源污染;岩石的自然风化侵蚀过程和有机质降解产生的内源释放.同时聚类分析结果表明,调查的9个站位根据其在重金属污染程度上的差异,可分为3个大类：2～7号站位为第1类;1号站位为第2类;8、9号站位为第3类.这反映了泉州湾潮间带表层沉积物中的重金属污染物空间分布特点即重金属污染物含量由湾内向湾外逐渐降低,同时也支持了晋江和洛阳江的工业点源排污、矿物开采和化肥农药残留的非点源污染是沉积物中重金属主要污染源的分析.     

珠江口表层沉积物有害重金属分布及评价

应用近期珠江口水域表层沉积物有害重金属测试数据,分析了其分布特征及相互关系,并根据Hakanson潜在生态风险评估方法,计算分析了各单项因子潜在风险指数以及重金属风险指数(单项因子指数累计),结果表明,各因子潜在生态风险程度不一,局部镉、汞的较高,前者达到强,后者达到中等,而砷、铜、铅、铬、锌依次偏低,只达到轻微。从空间分布来看,重金属污染潜在生态风险程度以澳门东南最高,达到强这一等级。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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