利用Van Genuchten模型拟合土壤水分特征曲线

利用Van Genuchten模型对用砂性漏斗测量中砂的吸湿过程和脱湿过程土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,结果表明实测曲线和拟合曲线吻合很好,并得出Van Genuchten模型中的残余含水量、特性参数α和n,模拟计算表明,中砂有αw=1.69αd的关系,为研究水分和污染物在非饱和土壤中运移问题提供土壤水分运动键参数.     

压实黄土水分入渗规律及渗透性试验研究

为了研究压实黄土中的水分垂直入渗规律和非饱和渗透系数函数,在实验室内利用一维土柱垂直入渗模型试验装置,对两组压实黄土土柱试样分别进行了常水头入渗和降雨入渗试验。得到主要结论如下:（1）常水头入渗试验中,累积入渗量和湿润锋前进距离都随入渗时间呈幂函数形式增长,累积入渗量和湿润锋前进距离之间存在线性关系。入渗率在入渗初期最大,之后随入渗时间而快速降低,并在土柱试样底部出水以后达到稳定,且与湿润锋前进距离呈反比关系。（2）降雨入渗试验中,得到两组试样入渗过程中土-水特征曲线数据,分别用van Genuchten模型和Fredlund-Xing模型对两组试样进行了特征曲线拟合。并利用瞬时剖面法处理了入渗过程中水分和水势传感器的监测数据,得到两组试样的非饱和渗透系数,并拟合得到非饱和渗透系数与体积含水率之间的指数函数关系式。同时,采用van Genuchten和Fredlund等渗透系数模型分别对两组试样的非饱和渗透系数进行预测,通过对比模型预测结果和瞬时剖面法实测值,发现van Genuchten渗透系数模型预测结果更接近实测值。     

非饱和重塑黏土渗透性试验研究

工程中常常遇到非饱和土渗流问题,其渗透性是非饱和土的重要研究内容。采用常规压力板仪详细研究了重塑黏土在3种不同击实功和5种不同击实含水率下的土-水特征曲线,并用变水头法测量了相应的饱和土渗透系数。结合土水曲线和饱和渗透系数,基于Van Genuchten模型和Fredlund模型,详细探讨了重塑非饱和重塑黏土在不同击实条件下的渗透性。结果表明,土样饱和渗透系数随着击实含水率的增大而减小,且随着基质吸力的增大土样渗透性差别逐渐减小。当试样吸力达到1 MPa时,可认为不同击实含水率下试样的渗透性基本相同;在轻型击实和简化轻型击实下,试样渗透性很相似。重型击实功下试样的渗透系数和轻型击实下土样渗透系数的比值 随着吸力的增大而逐渐增大,在饱和状态时比值约为1/100,当吸力达到1 MPa时比值逐渐稳定在1/10右。     

Unsaturated hydraulic properties of cemented tailings backfill that contains sodium silicate

Recycling the mine waste (tailings) into cemented tailings backfill has economical and environmental advantages for the mining industry. One of the most recent types of cemented tailings backfill is gelfill (GF), a backfill that contains sodium silicate as chemical additive. GF is typically made of tailings, water, binder and chemical additives (sodium silicate gel). It is a promising mine tailings backfill technology. From a design point of view, the environmental performance or durability of GF structures is considered as a key factor. Due to the fact that GF structures are cementitious tailings, their durability and environmental performance depend on their ability to resist the flow of aggressive elements (water and oxygen). Thus, understanding the unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF is essential for a cost-effective, environmentally friendly and durable design of GF structures. However, there is a lack of information with regards to unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF, the factors that affect them and their evolution with time. Hence, the unsaturated hydraulic properties (water retention curve (WRC) or water characteristic curve, air entry value (AEV), residual water content, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity) of GF are investigated in this paper. GF samples of various compositions and cured in room temperature for different times (3, 7, 28, and 90 days) are considered. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and microstructural tests have been conducted; WRCs are measured by using a WP4-T dewpoint potentiameter and the saline solution method. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is predicted using the van Genuchten (1980) equation. The water retention curve (WRC) is determined as the relationship between volumetric water content and suction for each GF mix and curing time. The van Genuchten (1980) equation is used to simulate the WRC to best-fit the experimental data. AEV and residual water content are also computed for each mix and curing time. Furthermore, functions are developed to predict the evolution of AEVs, residual water content and fitting parameters of the van Genuchten model with degree of hydration. Important outcomes have been achieved with regards to unsaturated hydraulic properties. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of GF was calculated to decrease when the suction, binder content, and degree of hydration increase. The effects of binder content and degree of hydration are more obvious at low suction ranges. The obtained results would contribute to a better design and assessment of the durability and environmental performance of GF structures.     

非饱和土渗流及其参数影响的数值分析

基于一维的Richards方程,考虑van Genuchten提出的土-水特征曲线和水力传导系数的表达式,采用差分方法进行求解,研究该土-水特征曲线对孔隙水压力分布的影响,分析该模型四个参数θs、θr、α和n对孔隙水压力分布的作用特征。结果表明经验参数α和n对孔隙水压力分布产生显著的影响。α影响土-水特征曲线的位置和水力传导系数斜率,其值越大,基质吸力越滞后,孔隙水压力分布弯曲度随着α值的增大而明显;n决定土-水特征曲线的斜率,其值大意味着基质吸力易消散。计算分析显示θr值变化引起孔隙水压力分布微弱的差异,这差异随着时间的增长而增大;饱和含水量θs对孔隙水压力分布也产生不小的影响,随θs的降低孔隙水压力消散减慢。     

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡非饱和水力参数研究

非饱和水力参数在计算滑坡降雨入渗过程与稳定性时是至关重要的材料参数。在三峡库区黄土坡滑坡上进行双环渗透试验,获取黄土坡滑坡表土层的饱和渗透系数。对黄土坡滑坡表土层的含水率和基质吸力进行实时监测,采集了黄土坡滑坡表土层中含水率和基质吸力随时间的变化数据,采用van Genuchten土-水特征曲线模型拟合了4个实时监测剖面的土-水特征曲线及其拟合参数。将饱和渗透系数与土-水特征曲线拟合参数代入van Genuchten渗透系数函数模型,求出了黄土坡滑坡表土层在非饱和条件下的渗透系数函数,为黄土坡滑坡在降雨作用下的稳定性计算提供了可靠的水力参数     

Van Genuchten模型参数对降水入渗数值模拟的敏感性

详细分析不同评价指标下的van Genuchten方程参数敏感性,对于深入认识参数物理意义、合理确定参数值、提高降水入渗数值模拟准确性具有重要意义.用HYDRUS软件建立一维变饱和水分运移模型,以实际补给量、补给过程曲线和极限蒸发深度作为评价指标,采用单因素扰动分析法对van Genuchten方程各参数敏感性进行理论分析,进而选取多组参数实例,分析同一岩性类别下,不同土样土壤水力参数差异及其对入渗补给模拟结果的影响.结果表明:形状系数 (n)、土壤进气值的倒数 (α) 与极限蒸发深度呈负相关关系,是影响极限蒸发深度的显著因素;饱和含水率 (θ_s)、n、饱和渗透系数 (K_s) 对于入渗补给影响的敏感性较高,三者在实际土样粒径分布、干密度和孔隙性的共同影响下发生同向变动.合理的参数敏感性分析及数值模拟调参过程需结合土壤参数的物理意义来开展.      

基于地中渗透仪的入渗补给方式分析

文章通过在某均衡试验场地中的渗透仪上开展土壤水流穿透试验,分析灌溉水对地下水补给方式。试验结果表明:淹灌条件下,粉细砂扰动土中的穿透曲线为典型的单峰对称型,表明粉细砂中的土壤水通过活塞式入渗补给地下水;而亚粘土中的穿透曲线显示多峰、优先穿透、拖尾等现象,表明亚粘土中的土壤水以优势流方式补给地下水。通过对均衡场降水入渗补给的长观资料分析发现:在自然降雨条件下亚粘土中优势流明显,粉细砂中主要以活塞流为主。     

The combined effect of clay and moisture content on the behavior of remolded unsaturated soils

The behavior of unsaturated clayey soil is highly influenced by the coupled interaction between water and clay content. Various aspects of the behavior of artificial clay–sand mixtures with variable water content were experimentally studied. Laboratory tests were utilized for the determination of consistency limits, the stress–strain relationship, strength parameters, hydraulic conductivity, and volume change characteristics for various combinations of water and clay content in soil mixtures.

Results presented for various clay–sand mixtures include: new normalized consistency limits; the combined effect of clay content and water content on the stress–strain relationship and on the strength parameters (c and φ); and the effect of clay content on hydraulic conductivity and swelling potential. The cohesion of clayey sand is found to increase with increasing water content to a certain limit, above which it decreases. The angle of internal friction for clayey sand is found generally to decrease with increasing water content. The degree of saturation is found to be better than the water content in explaining the strength behavior. The hydraulic conductivity sharply decreases with increasing clay content up to 40% beyond which the reduction becomes less significant. Simple empirical equations are proposed for predicting the swelling potential of clayey soils as a function of either the clay content or plasticity index.     

Stochastic Modeling of Variably Saturated Transient Flow in Fractal Porous Media

This work presents the application of a Monte Carlo simulation method to perform an statistical analysis of transient variably saturated flow in an hypothetical random porous media. For each realization of the stochastic soil parameters entering as coefficients in Richards' flow equation, the pressure head and the flow field are computed using a mixed finite element procedure for the spatial discretization combined with a backward Euler and a modified Picard iteration in time. The hybridization of the mixed method provides a novel way for evaluating hydraulic conductivity on interelement boundaries. The proposed methodology can handle both large variability and fractal structure in the hydraulic parameters. The saturated conductivity K _s and the shape parameter _vg in the van Genuchten model are treated as stochastic fractal functions known as fractional Brownian motion (fBm) or fractional Gaussian noise (fGn). The statistical moments of the pressure head, water content, and flow components are obtained by averaging realizations of the fractal parameters in Monte Carlo fashion. A numerical example showing the application of the proposed methodology to characterize groundwater flow in highly heterogeneous soils is presented.     

库水上升条件下不同土体类型岸坡渗流场特征

库水位与岸坡体内地下水渗流场的动态变化密切相关。传统的饱和土渗流分析方法无法准确描述水位上升过程中岸坡内渗流场的规律。从饱和-非饱和非稳定渗流理论出发,在室内实验得到基质吸力和体积含水量关系的基础上,通过对实验数据拟合,得出Van Genuchten模型中土水特征参数。以三峡库区典型岸坡为例,模拟库水匀速上升时,坡体为粉质黏土、粉土、砂土和砾石土4种岩土介质类型下的渗流特征,并监测坡面高程为165 m和155 m竖直剖面上的孔隙水压力变化。结果表明:库水位匀速上升过程中岸坡体内浸润线呈"V "字型,并且各时步" V"字型浸润线的拐点连线随渗透性的增大有逐渐与坡面平行的趋势;揭示了4种土体类型孔隙水压力随时间的变化规律。研究成果可为水库岸坡的防治提供较重要的借鉴与参考。      

近饱和条件下非饱和多孔介质渗流过程的数值分析

在非饱和多孔介质渗流分析中,近饱和条件下物理模型与数值模型之间的差异会导致数值不稳定问题。为解决这一问题,并保证模拟结果的可靠性,提出了3种方法,并在有限元分析程序U-DYSAC2中分别进行了程序代码的实施。通过数值试验与试验数据的比较,证实了在近饱和条件下土-水特征曲线和水力传导函数的高非线性可引起数值收敛性、稳定性和精度问题,而且在不同条件下含水率和基质吸力的预测结果差异明显。在3种方法中,修正的Van Genuchten模型（MVGM）方法对含水率的预测较为准确,而Line方法对基质吸力的预测较为合理。因此,解决在分析近饱和条件下非饱和多孔介质渗流问题时,为获得接近真实的模拟结果,采用合适的数值方法进行预测是非常关键的。     

Effect of soil hydraulic properties model on slope stability analysis based on strength reduction method

Soil hydraulic properties models which have been proposed were derived based on the empirical fitting curve such as Brooks-Corey model (BC) and Van Genuchten model (VG), or based on soil pore radius distribution such as Lognormal model (LN). Each model has different accuracy for predicting soil moisture distribution. In the analysis of rainfall-induced slope failure, the soil hydraulic properties model was needed to describe the physical phenomena of behavior characteristic of water in unsaturated soil. As moisture content has an effect on soil strength, it is vital to select the suitable soil hydraulic properties model for predicting Factor of Safety (FOS) especially in forecasting landslide hazard. In this study, a numerical model of seepage finite element analysis using BC, VG, and LN model were used and compared in order to analyze the soil moisture distribution, water movement phenomenon, and slope stability characteristic in unsaturated soil slope based on the strength reduction method (SRM). The results showed that the variations of the parameters predicting the moisture content of soil leads to differences of FOS in some cases. The parametric study showed that for the unsaturated soil condition, BC model has the greatest FOS value than the other model, while VG model has the lowest. On the other hand, the FOS of all models have the same result for the saturated condition. Other than that, it was found that the increasing of ESP value in the surface layer has significant effect in the sub-surface layer.     

压实宽级配砾质土干-湿循环效应研究

为探索在干-湿循环条件下,宽级配砾质土作为垃圾填埋场复合防渗系统中土工织物黏土垫和土工膜（GCLs/GM）防渗衬垫的保护层时其水力特性的变化规律,采用压力膜仪测试了土样干-湿循环作用下的土-水特征曲线参数,并借助van Genuchte方程和Fredlund 3参数方程拟合了0～3次干-湿循环的压实宽级配砾质土样的4条脱湿土-水特征曲线。结果显示：随着干-湿循环次数的增加,试样的土-水特征曲线在0～100 kPa的低吸力区间内逐渐变陡,含水率随吸力增加而逐渐减小,在位于400 kPa附近趋于平缓;干-湿循环过程中,试样的饱和含水率存在峰值,而残余含水率逐渐降低并趋于稳定;两种模型拟合的宽级配砾质土土-水特征曲线的差异不大,van Genuchte模型略优于Fredlund 3参数模型。在此基础上,将试验结果与已有文献中干-湿循环条件下的黏性土以及膨润土的土-水特征曲线进行了比较,表明作为防渗垫保护层的宽级配砾质土更有利于GCLs的吸湿与水化。     

Cavity expansion in unsaturated soils exhibiting hydraulic hysteresis considering three drainage conditions

Cavity expansion theory assists in the interpretation of in situ tests including the cone penetration test and pressuremeter test. In this paper, a cavity expansion analysis is presented for unsaturated silty sand exhibiting hydraulic hysteresis. The similarity technique is used in the analysis. The soil stress–strain behaviour is described by a bounding surface plasticity model. Results of oedometric compression tests, isotropic compression tests and triaxial shear tests for both saturated and unsaturated states are used to calibrate the model. The void ratio, suction, degree of saturation and effective stress are fully coupled in the analysis. The influence of where the initial hydraulic state is located on the soil–water characteristic curve on the cavity wall pressure is investigated and found to be significant. Also, the effects of three different drainage conditions (constant suction, constant moisture content and constant contribution of suction to the effective stress) on cavity wall pressure are studied. It is found that the drainage condition in which the contribution of suction to the effective stress is constant offers a good approximation to the other two. This may simplify interpretation of in situ tests. When testing occurs quickly, meaning a constant moisture content condition prevails, a constant contribution of suction condition can be assumed without loss of significant accuracy. The contribution of suction assumed in the interpretation can be taken as being equal to the in situ value, although this discovery may not be applicable to all soil types, constitutive models and soil–water characteristic curves. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江汉平原土壤饱和渗透系数变化规律及影响因素

目前对影响土壤饱和渗透系数规律的机理缺乏深刻认识.以不同沉积环境、不同岩性及不同土地利用方式的江汉平原汉江下游浅层土壤为对象,采用改进的TST-55型土壤渗透仪开展室内变水头达西实验.结果表明,研究区内土壤饱和渗透系数平均值为4.94×10-5cm/s,服从对数-正态分布;粉砂壤土冲积物和湖积物的饱和渗透系数平均值为3.53×10-5cm/s和1.98×10-5cm/s,粉砂质粘壤土中,两者分别为8.13×10-7cm/s和5.88×10-7cm/s,同一岩性冲积物的饱和渗透系数较湖积物大;冲积物中,砂壤土、粉砂壤土和粉砂质粘壤土饱和渗透系数平均值为1.98×10-5 cm/s、3.53×10-5 cm/s和8.13×10-7 cm/s,表现为砂壤土>粉砂壤土>粉砂质粘壤土;耕作土壤中,粉砂壤土、粉砂质粘壤土的饱和渗透系数平均值为3.75×10-5 cm/s和8.11×10-7cm/s,非耕作土壤中,两者分别为1.88×10-6cm/s、5.93×10-7cm/s,同一岩性耕作土壤饱和渗透系数较非耕作土壤大.      

非饱和成都黏土瞬时剖面法渗透性试验研究

非饱和渗透系数是土体渗流分析的基础,成都黏土作为一种典型的非饱和膨胀土,具有吸水膨胀、失水收缩的特性,在受侧限的浸水过程中,土颗粒的膨胀致使孔隙体积减小,渗透性降低,使得直接对其进行非饱和渗透试验十分困难。根据瞬时剖面法的原理,利用EC-5土壤水分传感器测含水率、MPS-2电介质水势传感器直接同步测量同一位置的基质吸力,通过水平渗透试验研究了非饱和成都黏土在侧限条件下的渗透性。含水率和基质吸力的同步测量,保证了其测试条件的一致性,避免了采用其他土水特征曲线的影响。试验表明,试样的非饱和渗透系数为（1.33×10-11~3.14×10-9）m·s-1,非饱和渗透系数与基质吸力并非单调线性关系。基质吸力较高时,受膨胀土颗粒吸水膨胀的影响,渗透系数未出现明显变化,基质吸力降低到一定程度后,渗透系数快速增大。试验结束时土体已接近饱和,土中气体排出较慢,过水断面增加缓慢,促使渗透系数仍然持续增大。采用VG模型拟合k-s曲线,拟合参数α=0.048 kPa-1,n=1.79,m=0.48,试验结果可以用于成都黏土地区的渗流分析。     

Determining the active region model parameter from dye staining experiments for characterizing the preferential flow heterogeneity in unsaturated soils

The active region model (ARM) has been developed as a practical and effective approach for characterizing and representing preferential flow patterns in unsaturated soils. However, studies on methods to determine the ARM parameter (γ) are very limited. The major objective of this work was to refine the methods for determining the ARM parameter (γ) using the data from field-scale dye staining experiments. For this purpose, 13 field-scale dye staining experiments were conducted in silty clay, loam and sand with various initial and boundary conditions. The distributions of soil water content and fraction of stained region were measured to determine the ARM parameter (γ). Three determination methods of ARM parameter (γ) were presented according to the different distribution patterns of the soil water content of stained region. The efficiency of these approaches was demonstrated with the results from 13 field-scale dye staining tests that were directly related to preferential flow patterns. Impacts of soil texture on soil water redistribution, and effects of initial soil water content and infiltration amount on the preferential flow heterogeneity were also discussed in this research.     

相间相互作用原理与土壤水动力学基本方程

进一步阐明了多相介质力学分析的相间相互作用原理.应用相间相互作用原理重新推导了饱和土壤和非饱和土壤水分运动的控制方程,使两者具有统一的表达形式和理论基础.说明了达西定律的物理意义,在此基础上给出了非饱和土壤导水系数与饱和土壤渗透系数之间关系的表达式,该表达式在饱和条件下退化为饱和土的渗透系数.引用大连地区亚粘土和硅微粉在非饱和稳态渗流条件下的渗透试验结果验证了导水系数和饱和土的渗透系数之间的关系.     

干密度和初始含水率对非饱和重塑粉土土水特征曲线的影响

采用压力板仪详细研究了不同击实条件对非饱和重塑粉土土水特征曲线的影响,并采用van Genuchten模型对实测试样的土水特征曲线进行了拟合。分别取在初始击实含水率相同的条件下,击实干密度不同的试样以及在击实曲线上同一干密度处对应的不同初始击实含水率的试样,对其进行土水特征曲线测试。结果表明:击实干密度越大,空气进气值越高。击实含水率越大,试样可塑性越好,其空气进气值越大。