自然云中冰晶生成的核化过程及雪晶对过冷云滴的撞冻

鉴于冰晶过程在自然降水形成中的作用十分重要,对冰晶形成的物理过程曾进行过大量研究。由于自然云中冰晶的生成受大气热力、动力学条件及微物理过程等多因子制约,因而在自然云中研究冰晶的形成过程有很大困难,至今有关冰晶生成的核化过程的外场研究仍极少。室内实验可以在控制某些云物理条件下进行,但有些条件(过冷云维持时间、过冷云滴谱等)很难进行逼真的模拟。雪晶对过冷云滴的撞冻是雪粒子的重要增长过程之一;有关雪晶对过冷云滴的撞冻效率,已持续进行多年的室内实验与理论研究。这些研究工作中,都对雪晶形状做了不同程度的简化,对自然云中的雪晶撞冻过程的研究仍极少。     

春季吉林地区层状冷云中冰晶的形成与雪晶增长特点

1963年春季,利用铝箔取样技术对吉林地区的降水性层状冷云中的冰晶、雪晶进行了飞机观测。本文摘要给出云中冰晶与雪晶浓度的空间分布、雪晶形状和温度与晶体浓度的关系、雪晶直径随高度的变化以及在一次探测中观测到的雪晶谱的变化特点等观测结果。并根据这些资料对云中冰晶的形成、增长和云中固态含水量大小等问题做了初步分析。     

枝状雪晶碰撞攀附与折裂繁生

用机载粒子测量系统（PMS）对新疆冬季一次系统降雪进行了探测。结果表明:枝状雪晶间碰撞攀附形成雪团，一方面使直径大于3300微米的雪晶数浓度明显增加，另一方面又使直径700—3300微米的雪晶数浓度明显减小，同时引起了枝状雪晶的折裂繁生，使冰晶（18≤D＜3400微米）数浓度平均增加35%，雪晶数浓度平均增加10%。     

1963年4-6月吉林地区降水性层状冷云中的冰晶与雪晶

1963年4—6月,在吉林地区15次降水性层状冷云的飞行中,用铝箔取样器观测了云中的冰晶与雪晶,共取得432份样品资料。本文将利用这些资料,研究降水性层状冷云中冰晶与雪晶的一般特征。其结论有:(1)云中冰晶(直径为1.1—0.3毫米)的平均浓度为26.2个升~(-1),雪晶(平均直径为1毫米)的平均浓度为0.18个升~(-1);(2)浓度频率的分布较集中,大多集中出现于平均值的一倍以内;(3)云中冰晶与雪晶的平均状况与云顶温度及高度密切相关,云顶温度愈低,高度愈高,云中冰晶与雪晶的平均浓度愈大;(4)云中不同温度或不同高度处的冰晶与雪晶状况是不同的。     

北京层状云人工增雨数值模拟试验和机理研究

在中尺度WRF 模式的Morrison 双参数方案中引入了AgI 粒子与云相互作用的过程,在WRF 模式中实现了催化功能。利用加入了催化方案的中尺度模式对2008 年3 月20～21 日环北京地区一次层状云系降水过程进行模拟和催化试验。模拟自然降水与实测结果一致,分析微物理特征并在所得分析基础上进行催化试验。研究在不同催化剂量、高度和时刻进行试验对降水的影响。结果表明:以20 g 的碘化银进行催化作业,在催化后的前30min 之内,地面雨量轻微减小,最大累积减雨量为2010 t,30 min 后,净增雨量迅速增加,最大累积增雨量达到了3.4×105 t。催化开始阶段的减雨主要是由于播撒AgI 后,云水减少而雪晶增多,导致雨滴碰并云滴,云滴向雨滴自动转化过程的减少以及雪晶碰并雨滴过程的增多,然而空中增多的雪晶尚未下落到暖区融化成雨滴。而第二阶段的增雨则是空中增多的雪晶逐渐下落到暖区,雪晶融化成雨滴过程增多。AgI 的播撒率对降水量有明显影响,过量催化会使雪晶平均质量减少,下落速度锐减,从而雪融化成雨水减少,导致雨量减弱,不同催化高度和催化时间的催化结果表明在过冷水含量比较丰富而冰雪晶含量偏少的区域进行催化,增雨效果显著。     

雪晶摄影

雪晶摄影是利用现代摄影技术对雪晶进行观测研究的一种手段.过去对雪晶的观测,偏重于观测它的形态美,而现在发现它不仅千姿百态,而且具有很大的科学研究价值.应用雪晶摄影资料可以研究不少气象物理问题.例如: (1)进行各种天气形势条件下晶型的普查; (2)研究它们的形态结构和大小分布,有助于了解降雪云的高度、厚度、温度、     

一个简单的雪晶辐射参数化方案及雪晶辐射对中尺度降水的影响

文章提出一个简单的雪晶辐射性质参数化方案, 并利用1998年6月8日华南暴雨资料研究了雪晶的辐射性质对于中尺度降水的影响。结果表明:雪晶的辐射性质对中尺度降水的影响是不可忽略的, 白天尤为显著; 它能够明显地改变中尺度降水的局部特征, 特别是降水中心的强度和位置, 而对降水的分布影响不大。因此, 建立独立的雪晶辐射参数化对提高中尺度模式对中尺度降水的预报能力是必要的。     

一次华北冬季弱降水系統的雪晶分析

雪晶形状与气象条件之间存在着一定的关系,用雪晶形状的观测可以反推高空气象条件,许多研究者多以此作为研究云和降水系统的一项工具,我们在研究华北冬春季降水过程的工作中进行了这种观测,本文描述1963年2月16日比较典型的华北弱天气系统降雪过程中的北京雪晶形状的变化序列,并对这个系统的云系结构进行了一些讨论。     

雪晶

冬季来临,我国大部分地区都会下雪。洁白的雪花,象银花朵朵,象玉屑缤纷,徐徐飘落到地面。小小的雪晶,以它变化多端的对称图案,早就引起人们极大的兴趣。这些美丽的雪晶是怎样形成的呢?它们的各种特征说明什么气象问题呢?     

西岭雪山地形云人工增雪试验研究

为了开发西岭雪山地形云形成的空中云水资源,本文基于地基碘化银发生器工作原理,在西岭雪山山区布设合理的作业点进行远程遥控催化人工增雪作业,并利用PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪和自动气象站加密观测资料分析典型降水天气过程中人工增雪作业前后的雪晶谱与气象数据。结果表明:西岭雪山人工增雪作业时的地面风向风速对碘化银凝结核的入云效率和作业目标区具有较大的影响,降雪量最大可增加22%;可利用多普勒雷达速度场零速度线的变化和正负速度中心的分布确定人工增雪作业区域,并结合边界层风廓线雷达垂直气流分布判断最佳人工增雪作业时机;人工增雪催化作业后,雪晶浓度明显增大,浓度变化趋势与降雪量一致,但不同直径雪晶的浓度增加幅度不同,直径小于1.5 mm的雪晶浓度增长较快。     

Classification of precipitation types using fall velocity-diameter relationships from 2D-video distrometer measurements

Fall velocity-diameter relationships for four different snowflake types (dendrite, plate, needle, and graupel) were investigated in northeastern South Korea, and a new algorithm for classifying hydrometeors is proposed for distrometric measurements based on the new relationships. Falling ice crystals (approximately 40 000 particles) were measured with a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) during a winter experiment from 15 January to 9 April 2010. The fall velocity-diameter relationships were derived for the four types of snowflakes based on manual classification by experts using snow photos and 2DVD measurements: the coefficients (exponents) for different snowflake types were 0.82 (0.24) for dendrite, 0.74 (0.35) for plate, 1.03 (0.71) for needle, and 1.30 (0.94) for graupel, respectively. These new relationships established in the present study (PS) were compared with those from two previous studies. Hydrometeor types were classified with the derived fall velocity-diameter relationships, and the classification algorithm was evaluated using 3× 3 contingency tables for one rain-snow transition event and three snowfall events. The algorithm showed good performance for the transition event: the critical success indices (CSIs) were 0.89, 0.61 and 0.71 for snow, wet-snow and rain, respectively. For snow events, the algorithm performance for dendrite and plate (CSIs = 1.0 and 1.0, respectively) was better than for needle and graupel (CSIs = 0.67 and 0.50, respectively).     

Effects of horizontal orientation on the radiative properties of ice clouds

Transfer of radiation through cirrus consisting of non-sphericalice crystals randomly oriented in a plane (2D model) is solved by using the discrete-ordinates method. The model is employed to determine the radiative flux properties and the intensity distribution of cirrus for both solar and thermal infrared ra-diation. Comparison of the 2D cloud model with the conventional 3D cloud model, i.e., randomly oriented in a three- dimensional space, shows that the preferential orientation of ice crystals has a substantial effect on the cloud solar albedo. The difference in the cloud albedo computed from the two models can be as large as 8% for a cirrus of 2 km thickness. On the thermal infrared side, although the flux emission for cirrus is less affected by the orientation of ice crystals, the difference in the upward radiance using 2D and 3D models is also significant.     

基于飞机观测的华北积层混合云降水微物理特征的数值模拟研究

基于2009年5月1日积层混合云降水2架飞机观测数据分析,使用中尺度模式WRFV3对此次过程积云区和层云区的微物理特征和转化过程进行数值模拟比较研究。飞机观测数据分析表明,此次积层混合云中的层云区和积云区冰粒子形状和形成过程有明显差别,层云区的粒子形状组成比较复杂,包含针状、柱状和辐枝状等,而积云区主要以辐枝状粒子为主,聚并、凇附过程明显。数值模式能较好地模拟出此次积层混合云降水过程的基本特征,包括回波分布、飞行路径上降水粒子的数浓度和液态水含量等。数值模拟结果表明,云水相对丰富、上升气流强的层云区凇附过程较强,产生的雪在低层融化为雨水,为后期高层形成的雪和霰提供丰富的液态水,能发展成对流较强的积云区,存在播种—供给机制。在积云区,水成物的比例从大到小依次为雪（51.9%）、霰（31.0%）和雨水（16.0%）;雪的主要源项包括淞附增长（56.8%）和凝华增长（40.1%）,霰的主要源项包括凇附增长（46.6%）、雨水碰并雪成霰（42.6%）和凝华增长（16.1%）,雨水的主要源项是霰（77.6%）和雪（22.4%）的融化。而相对云水较少、上升气流较弱的层云区将保持层云的状态,层云区水成物的比例从大到小依次为雪（90.4%）、雨水（6.1%）、冰晶（3.5%）;高层冰晶和雪通过凝华过程增长,雪在零度层下融化为弱的降水。     

Icing of aircraft engines in ice crystal clouds: A case study

Analyzed is a serious flight accident with a Boeing-747 aircraft happened on July 31, 2013 during its flight from Moscow to Hong Kong. The plane entered the upper crystal part of the mesoscale convective complex (MCC) and got damaged the compressors of three engines. This is considered to be caused by the so called ice crystal icing in the areas with high concentration of ice crystals. Considered are meteorological conditions in the corresponding part of the flight route and available information about this type of icing. To prevent aircrafts from ice crystal icing, special attention should be paid to very short-range forecasting, now casting, and detection of zones of deep intense convection, especially of MCC along the flight route.     

山西春季层状云系数值模拟及与飞机探测对比

采用中国气象科学研究院 (CAMS) 中尺度云参数化模式对2010年4月20日山西省一次春季层状降水云系的宏微观结构,特别是垂直方向上的微物理结构进行了数值模拟和分析。利用携带云粒子探测设备的飞机对该次层状云系进行了两次云物理探测飞行,并将飞机探测所获取的数据和图像资料与数值模拟结果进行了对比研究。模拟结果显示:该次降水过程以层状冷云降水为主,云中过冷水含量丰富,云系存在明显的3层结构,地面降水主要来自于云中高层冰晶、雪、霰等冰相粒子的融化和低层云水的转化。数值模拟与飞机探测对比分析显示,高空温度、湿度和高度的配置两者基本一致,数值模拟不同高度的云粒子相态、垂直方向云水比含水量与飞机探测获取的云粒子图像和云液态水含量的垂直结构基本吻合,但数值模拟的云中各种水成物粒子出现的高度较飞机探测偏高。     

机载光阵探头探测期间云粒子的破碎

机载光阵探头探测时,云粒子(液态和固态)进入二维光阵探头的采样区前,会因与探头探测臂发生机械碰撞,或者与探头外壳产生的湍流和风切变相互作用而破碎。破碎程度与粒子类型、大小、粒子密度、探头入口设计以及飞行空速等有关。利用2008年7~9月探测飞机(Y-12)在山西省太原地区的航测资料并对飞机采样期间的云粒子破碎现象进行介绍和分析,分析结果表明,粒子到达时间间隔分布具有双模态特征:长时间模态是粒子空间分布的真实结构,短时间模态则是云粒子破碎的结果。提出用粒子到达时间间隔阈值作为粒子破碎的判定标准,给出适用于2008年太原地区航测资料的粒子破碎识别阈值,其中适合于探头云粒子成像仪(CIP)的阈值是2×10-5 s,而探头降水粒子成像仪(PIP)的阈值是1×10-4 s。所提的阈值对于以Y-12为机载探测平台,以CIP和PIP探头为探测仪器所获取的其它航次云微物理图像资料的粒子破碎处理也是有一定的参考使用价值。     

切变流场中惯性重力内波的发展

假定背景流场为缓变的平行切变流,扰动沿基本流方向是均匀的;用WKBJ方法求解Boussinesg近似下的线性化重力波方程组,根据波作用量守恒原理,研究了流场非均匀性对重力波发展的影响。      

Numerical simulation of the scavenging rates of ice crystals of various microphysical characteristics

Numerical models of trajectories of small aerosol spheres relative to oblate spheroids were used to determine ice crystal scavenging efficiencies. The models included the effects of aerodynamic flow about the ice particle, gravity, aerosol particle inertia and drag and electrostatic effects. Two electric configurations of the ice particle were investi-gated in detail. The first applied a net charge to the ice particle, of magnitude equal to the mean thunderstorm charge distribution, while the second applied a charge distribution, with no net charge, to the ice particle to model the electric multipole charge distribution. The results show that growing ice crystals with electric multipoles are better scavengers than single ice crystals with net thunderstorm charges, especially in the Greenfield gap (0.1 to 1.0 μm), and that larger single crystals are better scavengers than smaller single crystals. The results also show that the low density ice crystals are more effective scavengers with net charges than they are with charge distribution.     

A postulate of electric multipoles in growing ice crystals: Their role in the formation of ice crystal aggregates

This paper describes the basis of the postulate of electric multipoles in growing ice crystals. The postulate was initially developed to describe the orientation of aggregated ice crystals, for the purpose of learning about rate-determining forces involved in the initiation of ice crystal aggregation.A series of laboratory experiments were undertaken to test the postulate. A 6.7-m³ controlled-temperature chamber was used to investigate the aggregation of growing ice crystals. The results show that small changes in dissolved salts are important in the orientation of initial ice crystal aggregates. We interpret these results to strongly support our hypothesis of electric multipoles in growing ice crystals.     

Laboratory studies about the interaction of ammonia with ice crystals at temperatures between 0 and −20°C

In laboratory experiments the interactions of ammonia with ice crystals were studied within the temperature range between 0 and −20°C. In a first series of experiments dendritic ice crystals were grown from water vapor in presence of ammonia gas in various concentrations between 4 and 400 ppbv. In a second series of experiments pure ice crystals were exposed to a humidified ammonia–air mixture inside a horizontal flow tube. The influence of temperature, ammonia gas concentration (0.6, 1.5, and 10 ppmv), exposure time, and the presence of impurities such as sulfate on the ammonia uptake by the ice surface was investigated by determining the ammonium content in the melt water of the ice crystals by ion chromatography. During the growth of ice crystals significant amounts of ammonia (around 200 μg/l) were taken up even at small gas concentrations. In contrast, even at high gas concentrations the uptake of ammonia by non-growing ice crystals was lower by approximately one order of magnitude. The presence of sulfate on the ice surface affected an enhanced uptake of ammonia by a factor of 5–10. A model is presented which describes the uptake of ammonia by ice considering the chemical processes occurring in the ice surface layer and simultaneous diffusion of ammonia into bulk ice. Even the increased uptake of ammonia by growing ice is rather small compared to the uptake by water droplets; thus, the major process for scavenging of ammonia from the atmosphere via the ice phase might not be the direct uptake by ice crystals but the riming involving super-cooled droplets containing ammonia.