牛肺肝素寡糖的制备

利用肝素酶 (Heparinase I,EC4 .2 .2 .7)对牛肺肝素进行控制酶解 ,混合寡糖经超滤、凝胶渗透色谱和高压液相色谱技术分离制备后 ,得到聚合度为 2 ,4 ,6 ,8,10 ,12 ,14和 2 0的寡糖纯品。各寡糖纯度采用毛细管电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行检验 ,寡糖结构采用核磁共振氢谱证实。     

酶解蓝圆鲹蛋白制备降血压肽的工艺研究

以蓝圆(Decapterus maruadsi)鱼肉蛋白为原料,选用6种蛋白酶在各自适宜的条件下酶解制备鲹降血压肽,通过检测酶解产物对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的体外抑制活性,筛选出木瓜蛋白酶为制备蓝圆降血压肽的最佳用酶。考察了不同水解度的酶解产物对ACE抑制效果,当水解度为13.7%时,产物对ACE的最高抑制活性可达67.4％。在此基础上,分别了考察酶解时间、初始酶用量、初始底物浓度、酶解温度和 pH 值对酶解工艺的影响,鲹得到制备蓝圆降血压肽的适宜酶解工艺为：初始酶用量鲹为7000 U/g,初始底物浓度为25 g/L,酶解温度为45℃, pH为7.0,酶解240 min。采用超滤技术对酶解产物活性组分进行分离富集,发现产物中高活性部分均可富集于10 kDa和5kDa渗透液中,且高活性组分分子量主要集中在5 kDa以下,该组分对ACE的活性抑制率为88.47%。     

篮子鱼内脏粗提液制备长心卡帕藻和细齿麒麟菜原生质体的初步研究

于2011年9月至2013年1月,在海南陵水热带海藻实验基地,利用篮子鱼(Siganus fuscessens)内脏研磨制备消化酶,开展了酶解制备大型产胶红藻长心卡帕藻(Kappaphycus alvarezii)和细齿麒麟菜(Eucheuma denticulatum)的原生质体研究,观察了不同酶解条件对两种产胶海藻原生质体产量和产率的影响。结果表明,细齿麒麟菜原生质体得率高于长心卡帕藻;在藻泥与酶浓度配比中,长心卡帕藻或细齿麒麟菜藻泥越多,所制备出的原生质体产量越高,而其制备效率却越低;在温度(20~30℃)梯度中,有最高原生质体产量和效率的酶解温度为25℃;在pH 6.0~8.0的实验酶解梯度中,酶解pH 6.0时的酶解效果最好;在12~48 h实验酶解时间梯度中,酶解时间为48 h时原生质体产量和得率最高;酶解时间越长,长心卡帕藻或细齿麒麟菜原生质体制备效率越高。为此建议在25℃和pH6.0条件下,适当增加海藻藻泥用量和延长酶解时间,以更有效获得原生质体。     

中国毛虾酶解多肽降压作用的初步探讨

初步探讨从中国毛虾(Acetes chinensis)经碱性及中性蛋白酶降解获得的多肽(AP、NP)的降压作用及相关机制。采用Cusllman-Cheung方法测定酶解多肽体外对血管紧张素酶(ACE)活性的影响;采用两肾一夹型建立肾血管性高血压大鼠模型,分别长期预防给药及急性治疗给药;应用GY-6088型多道生理参数分析记录仪和张力传感器测定、记录血压和呼吸;采用均相竞争法测定大鼠血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的含量。结果表明,2种酶解多肽体外均能明显抑制ACE的活性,AP和NP的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为15．61mg/L和16．95mg/L;无论是长期预防给药还是急性治疗给药,二者均能显著地降低肾血管性高血压大鼠的动脉血压;经口服预防给药能明显降低高血压大鼠血浆中的AngⅡ水平：给药大鼠的呼吸频率随血压的变化呈正相关变化;碱性酶解多肽的降压作用及抑制ACE生成的作用均强于中性酶解多肽,其中,200μg/g的AP降压效果最好,与14μg/g的卡托普利相当。中国毛虾酶解多肽无论是长期预防给药还是急性治疗给药对肾性高血压大鼠均有显著的降压作用,抑制AngⅡ的生成可能是其降压机制之一。     

小球藻提取物的生物活性研究

研究了小球藻(Chlorella pyenoidosa)酶解提取物(CGF)的主要成分、稳定性及其增强小鼠免疫调节的生理活性功能。CGF中蛋白质、氨基酸、核苷酸、多糖、维生素分别达到56.6%,42.59%,6.8%,4.8%,1.7%。采用75,150,450 mg/(kg·d)剂量经30 d对小鼠喂食,进行免疫调节试验,结果表明,150、450 mg/(kg.d)剂量的小球藻生长因子可以明显增强二硝基氟苯(DNFB)引起的小鼠迟发性超敏反应,对造血功能受损的小鼠有恢复作用, 以及增强小鼠单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能的作用。实验表明服用CGF可以增强免疫能力。     

大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)IGF-Ⅰ基因的克隆及序列分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆了大黄鱼胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)cDNA的全序列,序列全长2027bp,由57bp的5’非翻译区、1409bp的3’非翻译区和561bp的开放阅读框组成。序列分析表明,大黄鱼IGF-Ⅰ编码区包括信号肽、成熟肽(B、C、A、D)和E等6个区域的186个氨基酸,形成成熟肽时,信号肽和E区被切除,成熟肽分子量7.5kDa,等电点(pI)为7.76,成熟肽的B区和A区有6个保守的半胱氨酸残基,形成3对二硫键,起到了稳定IGF-Ⅰ三维结构的作用。与其它物种的IGF-Ⅰ比对后发现A、B区域比较保守,C、D区域保守性较差;E区域的分析结果表明,大黄鱼IGF-ⅠcDNA序列为Ea-4亚型。核苷酸同源性分析发现,大黄鱼IGF-ⅠcDNA与美国红鱼同源性最高,为99.47%;与斜带石斑鱼、金头鲷和褐牙鲆的同源性依次降低,分别为97.68%、97.50%和95.90%。     

恩诺沙星对脊尾白虾APND、ECOD和GST活性的影响

为研究脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)药物代谢酶对恩诺沙星的响应及其在恩诺沙星代谢过程中的作用,作者以10、20和40 mg/kg恩诺沙星连续投喂脊尾白虾3 d,于投喂后的第1、2天以及停止投喂药物的第1、4、8、12、24、48、72、120小时取样,测定了脊尾白虾肝胰腺、鳃和血清中的氨基比林-N-脱甲基酶(aminopyrine-N-demethylase,APND)、7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(7-ethoxycoumarinO-Deethylase,ECOD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione-S-transferase,GST)的活性。结果表明:不同浓度恩诺沙星对脊尾白虾肝胰腺、鳃和血清中Ⅰ相药物代谢酶APND和ECOD活性均呈现显著抑制作用(P0.05)。投喂药物后,APND和ECOD活性呈现先下降后逐渐上升趋势,3个剂量组酶活性均在最后一次给药后8 h达到最低。与对照组相比,不同浓度恩诺沙星对各组织中Ⅱ相药物代谢酶GST活性呈现显著诱导作用(P0.05),此作用呈现先上升后下降的趋势。恩诺沙星对脊尾白虾APND、ECOD及GST活性的作用均呈现剂量依赖性。本研究表明,脊尾白虾Ⅰ相和Ⅱ相代谢酶均会对药物做出反应,可作为其养殖过程中药物代谢及适用性的指示物。     

凡纳对虾引进亲本及其子代对也P分析

运用PCR-RFIJ技术分析凡纳对虾两个引进亲本群体及其各自子一代的遗传变异情况。用一对引物对这四个群体进行mtDNA-细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ部分片段的PCR扩增，扩增结果为一条约1．25kb的条带。用19种限制性内切酶对该扩增条带进行酶切分析，其中HinfⅠ，StyⅠ，TaqⅠ这3种酶有酶切位点。用这3种酶进行限制性片段长度多态性(RFlP)分析，共获得2种限制性类型(基因型)。而且内切酶StyⅠ在两个不同的引进亲本群体及其各自的子一代的扩增产物的酶切中，表现出明显的差异。     

三种海螺解壁酶组分的比较研究——Ⅲ.其他糖酶

三种海螺(朝鲜花冠小月螺、单齿螺和疣荔枝螺)解壁酶,对三种海藻(袋礁膜、条斑紫菜和裙带菜)都有明显的解壁作用[1],海螺解壁酶为混合酶,在解壁作用中,除了起主要作用的七种结构多糖酶[2,3]外,混合酶液中还有其他的糖酶。本研究对其他五种糖酶(一种多糖酶和四种二糖酶)进行活力测定,并作比较和探讨。     

金枪鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)碎肉蛋白降压肽的酶解制备及活性研究

以血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制率为指标,通过正交试验L9(34)确定碱性蛋白酶(Alcalase)对金枪鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)碎肉蛋白的最佳酶解条件,利用D101大孔树脂建立了酶解物的脱盐工艺,利用超滤、葡聚糖凝胶(G-25)色谱和反相-高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)分离降压肽,并确定其纯度,利用氨基酸序列分析和ESI-MS鉴定纯化多肽的结构。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解金枪鱼碎肉蛋白制备降压肽的最佳酶解条件是:pH 9.5,酶用量1.5%,酶解温度50°C,酶解时间5h;D101大孔吸附树脂脱盐工艺条件为:上样浓度10 mg/mL、上样流速1.5 BV/h、解吸剂为75%乙醇;酶解物经超滤和Sephadex G-25分离获得一个纯度较高的四肽,经氨基酸序列分析和ESI-MS鉴定结构为Phe-GlyGly-Val(FGGV),ESI-MS检测给出分子离子峰m/z 379.50([M+H]+)。利用碱性蛋白酶酶解并经超滤和色谱技术制备的金枪鱼碎肉蛋白降压肽具有良好的ACE抑制活性,可作为降压药物、保健食品或添加剂进行开发。     

Case study of the transformation of swells propagating into Sendai Bay

A high-resolution two-dimensional map of swell wavelength and propagating direction was retrieved from a phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar scene observed on 24 September 2006 over Sendai Bay in the Tohoku region of Japan. Features of the wavelength map were compared with a wavelength map calculated from in situ measurements of the swell period using infinitesimal amplitude surface wave theory. The maps corresponded well in most areas, although large differences appeared in the near-shore area (area I) and an area of complicated bottom topography (area II). Because the spatial resolution of swell parameters was too coarse to investigate the surface waves in area I, wavelet transform (WT) was applied along a swell ray to improve the spatial resolution. In the resulting WT wavelength map, the large difference in area I disappeared. For area II, perturbation theory was introduced for surface waves propagating obliquely on a gentle slope. The large wavelength difference in area II was well explained by the second-order solution of perturbation theory.     

Evaluating the contribution of satellite measurements to the re-construction of three-dimensional ocean temperature fields in combination with Argo profiles

Assimilation systems absorb both satellite measurements and Argo observations. This assimilation is essential to diagnose and evaluate the contribution from each type of data to the reconstructed analysis, allowing for better configuration of assimilation parameters. To achieve this, two comparative reconstruction schemes were designed under the optimal interpolation framework. Using a static scheme, an in situ-only field of ocean temperature was derived by correcting climatology with only Argo ...     

Seismic expression of channel outcrops: Offset stacked versus amalgamated channel systems

Forward seismic models of two ‘seismic scale’ outcrops of different style channel systems have been made to investigate their seismic signature. These two outcrops illustrate the geometric end members of channel stacking architecture in response to low- and high-accommodation space. The Eocene Nohut Tepe channel system of the Elaziğ Basin in eastern Turkey was deposited in an area of high accommodation resulting in an aggradational geometrical offset stacking of channels up against a slope. The Eocene Ainsa II Channel system of the Tremp-Pamplona Basin in the Spanish Pyrenees was deposited in an area of low accommodation resulting in a tabular, compound sheet geometry, with amalgamated channel bodies separated by clay drapes.Depth models were drawn from outcrop photos and converted to impedance models by assigning acoustic impedance properties to the sand filled channels and surrounding and interbedded mud and clay layers. These were the input for the forward seismic models, which constructed various frequency synthetic seismic sections of the two outcrops. Analysis of the outcrop synthetic seismic identified three distinct reflection configurations. Type I is characterised by a strong black peak and white trough reflection, which is due to a discrete channel body. Type II is characterised by multiple offset, time ‘stepped’ black peak reflections that are underlain by one continuous, strong white trough reflection, which is due to offset stacked channel bodies. Type III is characterised by strong black peaks which onlap an underlying, continuous white trough reflection, caused by the lateral amalgamation of channel bodies.These three types of reflection configurations observed on the outcrop synthetic seismic can also be found on actual seismic from channelised turbidite systems, which aids in interpreting channel stacking architecture, accommodation space prediction and depositional styles from the actual seismic data. Channel stacking architecture is clearly an important aspect which needs to be considered when making channel system interpretations based on seismic data.     

Range-dependent geoacoustic inversion: results from the Inversion Techniques Workshop

Model-based geoacoustic inversion in range-dependent underwater environments is a challenging task constrained by data quality (synthetic or measured) and propagation-model efficiency and accuracy. The Inversion Techniques Workshop (ITW), held in Gulfport, MS, May 15-18, 2001, was organized for the acoustics community to present state-of-the-art numerical geoacoustic inversion capabilities in range-dependent shallow-water environments. The organizers defined five range-dependent test cases (three synthetic and two experimental cases). Two of the synthetic cases were adopted for geoacoustic inversion in this paper. The first test case (TC1) is a monotonic down-slope bathymetry problem and the adiabatic normal-mode model PROSIM was applied for the inversion in this case. The second test case (TC3) is a flat-bottom case with an intrusion. The forward model used in this case was RAMGEO. The global optimization package SAGA was used for geoacoustic inversion of the synthetically generated reference solutions for TC1 and TC3. In general, the geoacoustic inversion results are in good agreement with the true solutions provided by the organizers. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of performing geoacoustic inversion in synthetic range-dependent shallow-water environments. However, results show that the propagation model choice in the inversion is strongly dependent on the specific range-dependent environment.     

The impact of the M2 internal tide on data-assimilative model estimates of the surface tide

We use a synthetic data experiment to assess the accuracy of ocean tides estimated from satellite altimetry data, with emphasis on the impact of the phase-locked internal tide, which has a surface expression of several centimeters near its sites of genesis. Previous tidal estimates have regarded this signal as a random measurement error; however, it is deterministic and not scale-separated from the barotropic (surface) tide around complex bathymetric features. The synthetic data experiments show that the internal tide has a negligible impact on the barotropic tidal fields inferred under these circumstances, and the barotropic dissipation (a quadratic functional of the tidal fields) is in good agreement with the energetics of the three-dimensional regional primitive equations model which is the source of the synthetic data.     

Kinetics of phosphate adsorption by iron oxyhydroxides in aqueous systems

The rate of uptake of phosphate onto synthetic Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-derived oxyhydroxides has been studied using reaction conditions similar to those encountered in natural waters. Kinetic analyses were carried out on the adsorption profiles and both first-order and second-order conditional rate constants were obtained. The temperature dependence of some of the rate constants was investigated and corresponding apparent activation energies calculated. Similar experiments and analyses were undertaken using Fe from natural sources and in general the conditional rate constants obtained in seawater were in agreement with the synthetic ones. The results of this study are of value when comparing the time scales of adsorption processes in natural waters with the time scales of mixing and advection.     

Mapping of ice in the Odden by satellite and airborne remote sensing

A detailed analysis of the ice conditions in the Odden area of the Greenland Sea was carried out using data from active and passive microwave sensors, supplemented by airborne data. The study focuses on the 1992–1993 winter season, the only winter during the period 1993–1995 in which an Odden feature formed. The analysis is structured as a hierarchy of spatial resolutions where the overview is obtained by the DMSP SSM/I microwave radiometers having spatial resolutions in the 15–50 km range. Further details in cloud-free situations are obtained by data from the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer, which is a scanner in the visible, near-infrared and thermal infrared range with a resolution of 1.1 km. The finest resolution of 25 m per pixel is obtained from the synthetic aperture radar on the ERS-1 satellite.     

4种笛鲷的线粒体DNA多样性分析

取红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterusBloch)、紫红笛鲷(Lutjanus argentimaculatusFor-skal)、勒氏笛鲷(Lutjanus russelliBleeker)和约氏笛鲷(Lutjanus johniBloch)肝脏组织,分离纯化其线粒体DNA,用限制性内切酶酶切进行了限制性片段长度多态性分析。在红鳍笛鲷共发现4种单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.010 1,其mtDNA多态度为0.002 9。在紫红笛鲷共发现6种单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.015 1,其mtDNA多态度为0.005 5。在勒氏笛鲷共发现3种单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.008 6,其mtDNA多态度为0.001 2。在约氏笛鲷共发现5种单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.008 3,其mtDNA多态度为0.002 0。