基于多智能体的城市人口分布模型

人口是城市发展中最为活跃的因素,快速增长的人口给城市安全、经济和生态环境带来了深远的影响,获取不同尺度的高精度人口空间分布信息对于城市安全管理、提高资源环境的综合管理能力具有非常重要的意义。针对常用的城市人口空间分布模拟方法存在的不足,构建了基于多智能体的城市人口分布模型,模型由影响要素、智能体、决策规则等组成。在两个不同尺度区域进行了模型应用实验,并以重力模型进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,与重力模型相比,此模型所模拟的结果具有更高的精度,且接近于实际的人口空间分布,为城市人口分布模拟提供了新的思路。     

人口数据空间化的处理方法

在人口空间分布区划的基础上,利用基于LANDSAT TM信息获取的1:10万比例尺的土地利用/覆盖数据,建立与统计人口数据的多元相关关系模型,计算各种士地利用类型中的居住人口系数,在GIS支持下计算出全国1km格网人口空间分布数据,然后结合DEM数据、居民点分布数据对空间化处理结果进行修正,并在各大区内随机抽样若干县采集乡镇行政边界和统计人口数据对模型计算结果进行了验证.     

基于居住空间属性的人口数据空间化方法研究

精细尺度的人口分布是当前人口地理学研究的热点和难点,在灾害评估、资源配置、智慧城市建设等方面应用广泛。居住建筑物尺度作为精细尺度的重要内容,其人口数据空间化日益引起学术界的关注。本文以居住建筑斑块面积、斑块内建筑面积比重、建筑物层数、公摊率等居住空间属性为人口分布数量的指示因子,以居住建筑的轮廓斑块为人口分布位置的指示因子,利用街道界线和街道常住人口数据为控制单元,建立线性模型,获得了2015年宣城市宣州区6个街道的居住建筑物尺度的人口分布矢量数据,刻画了城市市区人口空间分布的细节信息。结果表明：①以居住空间属性作为人口空间分布的指示因子,获取的人口空间数据精度高,结果可信。29个社区(村)估算人数的相对误差绝对值的平均值低于7%,其中25个社区(村)的相对误差绝对值低于10%。在1102个居住建筑斑块中,估算人数在合理区内的斑块个数占比高于74%,轻微低估区(-10%, 0)和轻微高估区(0, 10%)的斑块总数占比高于9%;②由斑块面积和建筑物层数共同表征的建筑物体积,是建筑物尺度上影响人口空间分布的关键因素;斑块内建筑面积比重属性能进一步提高模型精度;公摊率属性具有“降高升低”作用,但将估算人数调节到合理区的“能力”较弱。     

基于多智能体的居住空间格局演变的真实场景模拟

多智能体建模方法为城市研究提供了一种新的研究思路.采用自下而上的多智能体方法构建真实场景的居住决策模型,并研究城市居住格局的形成和演变具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.但目前的多智能体模型通常把空间抽象为均质空间.无法反映真实的地理空间.通过对居住环境的"宜居性"评价,作为居民智能体对居住环境评价的影响因子.将多智能体模型与GIS相结合.为智能体模型提供一个异质的、动态变化的模拟环境.由此居民智能体根据自身的经济状况以及对居住环境的偏好不断地调整其在城市中的居住地,模拟出城市居住空间格局的演变过程.将模型应用于广州市海珠区,其模拟的住宅价格空间分布与实际情况相关系数在0.6以上,说明模拟结果与实际的情况比较吻合.模拟结果在一定程度上为理解和探讨居住空间格局的成因和动态变化提供帮助,为发展和验证城市理论提供一种重要的分析手段和模拟方法.     

基于随机森林模型的珠江三角洲30 m格网人口空间化

人口空间化是实现人口统计数据与其他环境资源空间数据融合分析的有效途径。本文选取夜间灯光数据、道路网数据、水域分布数据、建成区数据、数字高程模型和地形坡度数据作为影响珠江三角洲人口分布的变量因子,利用随机森林模型对珠江三角洲2010年人口数据进行了30 m格网空间化,并将模拟结果与三个公开数据集作精度对比,最后基于随机森林模型的变量因子重要性分析珠江三角洲人口空间分布的影响因素。结果表明：本文模拟整体精度达到82.32%,均优于WorldPop数据集以及中国公里网格人口数据集,接近GPW数据集,而且在人口密度中等区域模拟精度最高;通过对变量因子重要性进行度量,发现夜间灯光强度是珠江三角洲人口分布的最重要指示性指标,到水域的距离、到建成区的距离和路网密度对珠江三角洲人口分布均具有重要作用。利用随机森林模型结合多源信息能够实现高空间分辨率的人口空间化,可为精细化城市管理提供重要数据源,也可为相关政策决策制定提供支持。     

基于地理大数据和多源信息融合的区域未来人口精细化空间分布模拟研究——以珠江三角洲为例

首先采用队列因素法和CA-Markov模型对区域未来人口规模和土地利用格局进行模拟预测,并结合POI地理大数据,利用多源信息融合法构建区域未来人口精细化空间分布模拟模型,以珠江三角洲城市群2030年各区县精细化的人口空间分布预测进行实证分析。结果表明：① 采用队列因素法进行珠江三角洲各区县人口规模预测的相对误差大部分在5%以下,基于CA-Markov模型土地利用模拟的Kappa系数达到0.97;② 珠江三角洲城市群精细化的人口空间分布模拟数据与实际人口数据的拟合趋势线R²达到了0.90,模拟效果优于Worldpop数据集,体现了POI地理大数据与多源信息融合在精细化人口空间分布模拟上的优势;③ 珠江三角洲未来人口呈现由中心向外围扩散和递减的空间分布格局,空间差异显著且较为稳定,70%的人口集中在广州、深圳、东莞和佛山等核心城市。     

人口统计数据空间化模型综述

人口统计数据空间化是人口信息与其他资源环境、社会经济等信息进行空间集成的基础.本研究对国内外人口统计数据空间化研究进行总结,归纳了水热条件、地形地貌、土地利用、交通廊道、夜间灯光等不同建模参考因素对人口空间分布的影响,并分析比较了10个主要的人口统计数据空间化模型,进而对当前人口统计数据空间化研究中存在的问题做了总结,并讨论未来的研究方向.综述认为人口统计数据空间化的研究将向数据获取多源化、建模因素综合化、模拟格网精细化、模型应用实用化等方向发展;目前需要改进的问题包括:1)统一的人口数据统计标准;2)人口结构特性相关的空间化,特别是流动人口的空间分布特征识别;3)城市街区尺度的空间化方法研究;4)多源数据与人口动态信息综合中的时相匹配;5)统一的空间化指标量化方法;6)模型参数优化与精度验证方法完善.     

基于多智能体的就业与居住空间演化多情景模拟——快速工业化区域研究

就业与居住空间关系是城市规划与管理研究的热点问题。已有研究主要基于传统宏观模型对就业—居住空间结构进行现状分析或对城市理论进行实证研究,在微观尺度的机制探讨与过程模拟方面较为缺乏。本文基于多智能体自下而上的建模思想,提出基于就业市场的人口居住区位选择模型(Labor Market Based Model of Residential Location-LMBMRL)。以典型的快速工业化地区—东莞市主城区为实验区,通过多情景模拟对就业与居住空间的互动关系进行机制探讨与过程分析。模拟结果充分反映了就业选择对人口居住区位决策的影响,定量评估了住房与交通对职住空间均衡性与职住分离的影响规律。当住房成本提高时,城市职住均衡性降低;当交通可达性提高时,城市空间结构可能出现较为显著的职住分离现象。最后通过多情景模拟揭示不同行业劳动人口群体的就业—居住空间特征与组织模式。研究结果有助于深刻理解城市就业—居住空间互动关系及其内部因果,能够为城市规划与管理提供决策参考。     

基于多智能体的地理空间分异现象模拟 ——-以城市居住空间演变为例

许多地理现象都存在一定的空间分异规律。研究地理空间分异现象的形成与发展有重要的理论意义。基于“从上至下”的方程式方法很难对这些现象的形成过程进行解析。采用“自下而上”的多智能体系统, 对复杂地理现象的分异过程进行了重现。采用java-swarm 仿真技术, 以城市居住空间分异现象为例, 模拟出城市系统从无序走向有序的过程, 为发展和验证城市理论提供了一种重要的分析手段。基于多智能体的居住空间分异模型展现了居民智能体聚集现象的产生过程及对房屋价值的影响, 比较了居民不同收入差异情况下对居住空间分异的影响。模拟结果表明居住空间分异现象是一个历史的必然; 收入差异扩大使中低收入阶层在居住的空间区位选择上处于被动地位。     

基于多智能体的居住区位空间选择模型

多智能体系统(Multi-Agent system, MAS) 是一种进行复杂系统分析与模拟的强有力工具,尤其在社会科学领域得到了广泛的应用。本文提出了基于多智能体的居住区位选择模型(Agent-Based Model of Residential Location-ABMRL),将多智能体建模的方法应用于居民居住区位决策行为和地价动态变化的研究中,旨在探索与模拟居民在居住选择过程中的复杂空间决策行为,以及居民之间、居民与地理环境的相互作用而导致城市居住空间分异的演化过程。ABMRL模型由表征各类居民的多智能体层和表征地理环境的元胞自动层组成,对应人地关系中的两个基本要素--人类与自然环境。该模型认为居民迁居的动力源于内部的经济社会压力和外部的居住环境刺激。利用ABMRL模型模拟和验证了居住空间分异、圈层城市空间结构、城市绅士化等经典城市理论,并以广州市海珠区为实验区,模拟了该区域居民居住空间分异的演化过程和地价的动态变化。     

Simulation of spatial population dynamics based on labor economics and multi-agent systems: a case study on a rapidly developing manufacturing metropolis

Spatial population dynamics affects resource allocation in urban planning. Simulation of population dynamics can provide useful information to urban planning for rapidly developing manufacturing metropolises. In such a metropolis with a concentration of immigrant labor forces, individual employment choices could have a significant effect on their residential decisions. There remains a need for an efficient method, which can simulate spatial population dynamics by considering the interactions between employment and residential choices. This article proposes an agent-based model for simulation of spatial population dynamics by addressing the influence of labor market on individual residential decisions. Labor economics theory is incorporated into a multi-agent system in this model. The long-term equilibrium process of labor market is established to define the interactions between labor supply and labor demand. An agent-based approach is adopted to simulate the economic behaviors and residential decisions of population individuals. The residential decisions of individuals would eventually have consequences on spatial population dynamics. The proposed model has been verified by the spatial dynamics simulation (2007 to 2010) of Dongguan, an emerging and renowned manufacturing metropolis in the Pearl River Delta, China. The results indicate that the simulated population size and spatial distribution of each town in Dongguan are close to those obtained from census data. The proposed model is also applied to predict spatial population dynamics based on two economic planning scenarios in Dongguan from 2010 to2015. The predicted results provide insights into the population dynamics of this fast-growing region.     

Space–time multiple regression model for grid-based population estimation in urban areas

We can collect, store, and analyze a huge amount of information about human mobility and social interaction activities due to the emergence of information and communication technologies and location-enabled mobile devices under cyber physical system frameworks. The high spatial resolution of population data on a multi-temporal scale is required by transport planners, human geographers, social scientists, and emergency management teams. In this study, we build a space-time multiple regression model to estimate grid-based (500 m × 500 m) spatial resolution at multi-temporal scale (30-min intervals) population data based on the space-time relationship among geospatially enabled person trip (PT) survey data and incorporate both mobile call (MC) and geotagged Twitter (GT) data. Since using geospatially enabled PT survey data as dependent variables enables us to acquire actual population amounts, which strongly depend on MCs and social interaction activities. Although many grids have a strong correlation between PT and MC/GT, some show fewer correlation results, especially where the grids have factories, schools, and workshops in which fewer MCs are found but a large population is presented. Although GT data are sparser than MCs, people from amusement and tourist areas can be detected by GT data. The space-time multiple regression model can also estimate the different amounts of populations based on human travel behavior that changes over space and time. According to accuracy assessments, the night-time estimated results, especially between 00:00 and 06:30, strongly correlate with national census data except in places where the grids have railway and subway stations.     

基于卫星遥感和POI数据的人口空间化研究——以广州市为例

以广州市为例,基于NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光、土地利用、POI（Points of Interest）等自然地理和社会经济因素,构建了人口空间化指标体系,采用主成分赋权法确定人口分布权重,利用GIS技术对人口统计数据进行了空间化处理。结果显示：综合考虑了自然地理和社会经济因素的人口空间化结果与真实的人口空间格局相吻合,空间分辨率为30 m,且相对误差绝对值＜25%的乡镇有62个,所占比例为36.47%;而不加POI数据得到的人口空间化结果,相对绝对值＜25%的乡镇有33个,所占比例约为20%,精度明显降低。结果表明：1）综合考虑NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光、土地利用、POI等自然地理和社会经济因素,有助于实现精度较高的人口空间化结果;2）将能够反映微观细节信息的POI数据引入人口空间化研究,扩展了人口空间化的数据源,并且可以提高人口空间化结果的精度。     

Fine-resolution population mapping using OpenStreetMap points-of-interest

Data on population at building level is required for various purposes. However, to protect privacy, government population data is aggregated. Population estimates at finer scales can be obtained through areal interpolation, a process where data from a first spatial unit system is transferred to another system. Areal interpolation can be conducted with ancillary data that guide the redistribution of population. For population estimation at the building level, common ancillary data include three-dimensional data on buildings, obtained through costly processes such as LiDAR. Meanwhile, volunteered geographic information (VGI) is emerging as a new category of data and is already used for purposes related to urban management. The objective of this paper is to present an alternative approach for building level areal interpolation that uses VGI as ancillary data. The proposed method integrates existing interpolation techniques, i.e., multi-class dasymetric mapping and interpolation by surface volume integration; data on building footprints and points-of-interest (POIs) extracted from OpenStreetMap (OSM) are used to refine population estimates at building level. A case study was conducted for the city of Hamburg and the results were compared using different types of POIs. The results suggest that VGI can be used to accurately estimate population distribution, but that further research is needed to understand how POIs can reveal population distribution patterns.     

基于空间句法和LBS大数据的合肥市人口分布空间格局研究

针对目前城市人口分布研究现状,在传统的空间句法模型基础上,将LBS大数据技术有机引入到城市人口分布研究中,从而构建了理论分布和实际分布有机结合的城市人口分布研究新思路。合肥市中心城区的案例研究显示：空间句法模型与LBS大数据分析所得到的人口集聚区域在空间上并不完全一致;根据空间句法模型和LBS大数据分析结果的综合对比,合肥市中心城区被划分为高密度、中密度和低密度3类人口分区,同时提出了不同密度分区的人口分布发展建议。研究表明,LBS大数据的适时、动态特点能弥补传统数据的不足,其与空间句法模型有机结合将能为城市人口分布研究提供更加精确高效的工具与方法。     

High resolution dasymetric model of U.S demographics with application to spatial distribution of racial diversity

Population and demographic data at high spatial resolution is a valuable resource for supporting planning and management decisions as well as an important input to socio-economic academic studies. Dasymetric modeling has been a standard technique to disaggregate census-aggregated units into raster-based data of higher spatial resolution. Although utility of dasymetric mapping has been demonstrated on local and regional scales, few high resolution large-scale models exist due to their high computational cost. In particular, no publicly available high resolution dasymetric model of population distribution over the entire United States is presently available. In this paper we introduce a 3″ (∼90 m) resolution dasymetric model of demographics over the entire conterminous United States. The major innovation is to disaggregate already existing 30″ (∼1 km) and 7.5″ (∼250 m) SEDAC (Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center) Census 2000 grids instead of the original census block-level data. National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) 2001 is used as ancillary information. This allows for rapid development of a U.S.-wide model for distribution of population and sixteen other demographic variables. The new model is demonstrated to markedly improve spatial accuracy of SEDAC model. To underscore importance of high spatial resolution demographic information other than total population count we demonstrate how maps of several population characteristics can be fused into a “product” map that illustrates complex social issues. Specifically, we introduce a “diversity” categorical map that informs (at nominal 3″ resolution) about spatial distribution of racial diversity, dominant race, and population density simultaneously. Diversity map is compared to a similar map based on census tracts. High resolution raster map allows study of race-diversity phenomenon on smaller scale, and, outside of major metropolitan areas, revels existence of patterns that cannot be deduced from a tract-based map. The new high resolution population and diversity maps can be explored online using our GeoWeb application DataEye available at http://sil.uc.edu/. Both datasets can be also downloaded from the same website.