Fuzzy Decision of Ground Improvement Method

INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, the development of expressway becomesmore and more speedy in China. There is about an increase of2 000 kilometers in the length of expressway every year. Up tol999, the length of the expressway in China totaled 11 605 kil-ometers, which secured it the third place in the world. In vari-ous provinces and city, such as Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi,Guangdong, and Shanghai etc., there is a large area of soft soilwhich has high compressibility, large quantity of settlem…     

Method of Numerical Modeling for Constitutive Relations of Clay

INTRODUCTIONThe mechanical responses of soils are more com-plicated compared with metals.By comparing thephysical and mechanical properties of the metals withsoils,Lade(1988)found that there are17differentpoints between the metals and soils,which differfrom metals inthree basic mechanical characteristics:pressure sensitivity,dilatancy,and dependence ofstress path.Wang(2004)proposed a principle of theinteraction between plastic volume and shear strains,that is,there are two relatively inde…     

The Geostatistical Information Method of Exploratory Engineering

The geostatistical information method consists in the use of the principleof quantitative evaluation in exploratory engineering research.The principle ofquantitative evaluation is based on the mathematical model of the ore body.Theselection of optimal exploratory scheme and optimal engineering positions hasbeen studied in this paper.     

Application of Convergence–Confinement Method in Analysis of Shallow Non-circular Tunnels

Stress reduction factor, λ, is a dimensionless coefficient in two-dimensional (2D) analysis based on convergence confinement method (CCM) of tunnel which represents stress relaxation in the tunnel walls at different excavation steps. The aim of this paper is to look into the influencing factors on parameter λ around the tunnel walls using finite difference code in order to improve the accuracy of the CCM. For this purpose, four different ground types with various tunnel radii, depths and cross section shapes are considered. Finally, the 2D analysis using uniform and variable stress reduction factors determined in this paper is compared with the 3D analysis of the tunnel. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the role of geometrical and soil material parameters of tunnel on stress relaxation around tunnel walls. The tunnel depth, soil type and tunnel shape have great influence on λ. Variable stress reduction factor enables the convergence–confinement method to predict the realistic behavior of third dimension of the tunnel and can also be used as the best alternative to 3D models.     

Computing of the Anchor by the Method of Three-Dimension Point-Radiate Infinite Elements

On the basis of the one-dimension infinite element theory, the coordinate translation and shape function of 3D point-radiate 8-node and 4-node infinite elements are derived. They are coupled with 20-node and 8-node finite elements to compute the compression distortion of the prestressed an- chorage segment. The results indicate that when the prestressed force acts on the anchorage head and segment, the stresses and the displacements in the rock around the anchorage head and segment con- centrate on the zone center with the anchor axis, and they decrease with exponential forms. Therefore, the stresses and the displacement spindles are formed. The calculating results of the infinite element are close to the theoretical results. This indicates the method is right. This article introduces a new way to study the mechanism of prestressed anchors. The obtained results have an important role in the re- search of the anchor mechanism and engineering application.     

Application of Multifocusing Method for an Irregular Topography Imaging

INTRODUCTION Astackofrecordedseismicdatabecomesoneof themainstepsinmoderndataprocessingwhenmulti foldacquisitionsystemsaretheleadingmethodof collectingseismicdata.Inthestackprocedure,the crucialoperationistimecorrection.Anaccurateand reliabletraveltimemoveoutcorrectionformulaisnec essaryinordertodostackproperly(Gelchinskyet al.,1999a).Themostfamousmoveoutexpressionis thenormalanddipmoveout(NMO/DMO)designed todescribethetraveltimeofprimaryreflectionsof common midpoint(CMP)data.Beingdes…     

Prediction of Large Deformation Behavior in Tunnels Based on AHP–FUZZY Method and Numerical Simulation Method

In this paper, two different research methods are applied to predict large deformation behavior in tunnels and take Tianjiashan tunnel as the case study which is located in Xindianping town, Zhejiang city, Hunan province. The paper introduces the basic principle of the analytic hierarchy process and the fuzzy mathematics method, and classifies the influence factors of the large deformation in tunnels into eight kinds (C1–C8). Basing on the AHP–FUZZY method, this paper applies the results into the large deformation prediction analysis of Tianjiashan tunnel. In order to verify the accuracy of the evaluation results of AHP–FUZZY method, a numerical simulation model of DK394 + 625–DK394 + 650 section of Tianjiashan tunnel is established. The results show that the tunnel deformation is very large, and the tunnel excavation is sure to cause large deformation. The numerical simulation result is in accordance with the AHP–FUZZY method. Finally, we track record of occurrence of large deformation during the actual construction in tunnel, and the actual results are coincide with AHP–FUZZY method and numerical simulation results, which reflects the effectiveness of AHP–FUZZY method and numerical simulation method in predicting the large deformation behavior in tunnels.     

Seismic Behaviour of Excavations Reinforced with Soil–Nailing Method

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Soil nailing is an in-situ soil reinforcement technique that is used to enhance the stability of land slopes, retaining walls and excavations. This...     

Generalized Bootstrap Method for Assessment of?Uncertainty in Semivariogram Inference

The semivariogram and its related function, the covariance, play a central role in classical geostatistics for modeling the average continuity of spatially correlated attributes. Whereas all methods are formulated in terms of the true semivariogram, in practice what can be used are estimated semivariograms and models based on samples. A generalized form of the bootstrap method to properly model spatially correlated data is used to advance knowledge about the reliability of empirical semivariograms and semivariogram models based on a single sample. Among several methods available to generate spatially correlated resamples, we selected a method based on the LU decomposition and used several examples to illustrate the approach. The first one is a synthetic, isotropic, exhaustive sample following a normal distribution, the second example is also a synthetic but following a non-Gaussian random field, and a third empirical sample consists of actual raingauge measurements. Results show wider confidence intervals than those found previously by others with inadequate application of the bootstrap. Also, even for the Gaussian example, distributions for estimated semivariogram values and model parameters are positively skewed. In this sense, bootstrap percentile confidence intervals, which are not centered around the empirical semivariogram and do not require distributional assumptions for its construction, provide an achieved coverage similar to the nominal coverage. The latter cannot be achieved by symmetrical confidence intervals based on the standard error, regardless if the standard error is estimated from a parametric equation or from bootstrap.     

Theory and Method of Mineral Resource Prediction Based on Synthetic Information

Metallogenic prognosis of synthetic information uses the geological body and the miaeral resource body as a statistical unit to interpret synthetically the information of geology, geophysics, geo-chemistry and remote sensing from the evolution of geology and puts all the information into one entire system by drawing up digitalized interpretation maps of the synthetic information. On such basis, differ-ent grades and types of mineral resource prospecting models and predictive models of synthetic informa-tion can be established. Hence, a new integrated prediction system will be formed of metallogenic prog-nosis (qualitative prediction), mineral resources statistic prediction (determining targets) and mlaeral resources prediction (determining resources amount).     

Environmental Properties of Minerals and Contaminants Purified by the Mineralogical Method

The investigation of the environmental properties of minerals, i.e., environmental mineralogy, is a branch of science dealing with interactions between natural minerals and spheres of the Earth surface as well as a reflection of global change, prevention of ecological destruction, participation in biomineralogy, and remediation of environmental pollution. Pollutant treatment by natural minerals is based on the natural law and reflects natural self-purification functions in the inorganic world, similar to that of the organic world - a biological treatment. A series of case studies related to natural self-purification, which were mostly completed by our group, are discussed in this paper. In natural cryptomelane there is a larger pseudotetragonal tunnel than that formed by [MnO6] octahedral double chains, with an aperture of 0.462-0.466 nm2, filled with K cations. Cryptomelane might be a real naturally-occurring mineral of the active octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2). CrⅥ-bearing wastewater can be treate     

The Study on Application of the Audio Frequency Magnetotelluric Method in Azelik Area of Niger

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CHIM—Geo-electrochemical Method in Search of Concealed Cu-Ni Deposits in China

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An Effective Method for Free Vibration of Plate on Elastic Half Space

The vibration analysis of a plate on an elastic foundation is an important problem in engineering. It is the interaction of a plate with the three-dimensional half space and the plate is usually loaded from both the upper and lower surfaces. The contact pressure from the soil can not be predefined. According to Lambs solution for a single oscillating force acting on a point on the surface of an elastic half space, and the relevant approximation formulae, a relation between the local pressure and the deflection of the plate has been proposed. Based on this analysis, the reaction of the soil can be represented as the deformation of the plate. Therefore, the plate can be separated from the soil and only needs to be divided by a number of elements in the analysis. The following procedure is the same as the standard finite element method. This is a semi-analytical and semi-numerical method. It has been applied to the dynamic analysis of circular or rectangular plates on the elastic half space, at low or high frequency vibration, and on rigid, soft or flexible foundations. The results show that this method is versatile and highly accurate.     

A Method of Improving Seismic Data Resolution：Comprehensive Inversion of Well logging and Seismic Data

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Design Method of Slurry Volume–Weight in Trenching Construction of Underground Diaphragm Wall in Soft Stratum

Using the limit equilibrium analysis method, a global and a local stability mechanical models of trench wall in trenching construction of underground diaphragm wall were established, respectively, and the calculation formulas of critical slurry volume–weight, which can ensure the trench wall stable during trenching construction of underground diaphragm wall, were derived. And then, a design method of slurry volume–weight in trenching construction of underground diaphragm wall in soft stratum was formed, and also an application example was carried out. The results show that the design method of slurry volume–weight advanced in this paper is reliable, and in the similar projects (i.e., sand pebble stratum), the slurry volume–weight calculated by the local stability model of trench wall is more suitable.     

Two Species of Zosterophyllum from South China and Dating of the Xujiachong Formation with a Biostratigraphic Method

Zosterophyllum longa sp.nov.is reported from the Lower Devonian Pingyipu Formation, Jiangyou District,northern Sichuan of China.This new plant has vertically elongate sporangia differing from all known species of Zosterophyllum,demonstrating morphological variations in Zosterophyllophytina.New materials of Zosterophyllum yunnanicum from the Lower Devonian Xujiachong Formation,Qujing District,eastern Yunnan of China show that fertile axes of this species are anisotomous or pseudomonopodial or K-shaped in branching.Sometimes fertile lateral axes are very short and bear an axUlary axis at the dividing point.Distinct thickening occurs along the whole margin of a sporangium,with sporangial lobes undeveloped.The evolution of Zosterophyllum is tentatively discussed.A biostratigraphic method of Gerrienne and Streel is introduced and applied to dating of the Lower Devonian Xujiachong Formation,which is considered as of the late Pragian-early Emsian.     

Using AHP Method in GIS for PCDs Potential Mapping in Southeast of Iran

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Numerical Method for Modeling the Constitutive Relationship of Sand under Different Stress Paths

Overonehundredconstitutivemodelsforsand havebeenproposed,howeveronlyafewmodelsare widelyappliedinengineering.Therearetwochief reasonsforthis.(1)Sandiscomposedofgeological materialsandsituatedinaneutralenvironmentthat hassufferedvariousactions.Therefore,itisdifficult todescribethecomplexbehaviorofsoilsbyusinga simplemathematicalmodelwithonlyafewparame ters.(2)Therealsoexistsabasicparadoxintradi tionalmodelingmethods.Oneaspectofthemodelsis neededtodescribetheconstitutiverelationofsoilac curatel…     

Method for calculating the horizontal bearing capacity of segmentally-tapered bucket foundation of offshore wind turbinesEI北大核心CSCD

Because large construction ships cannot enter the shallow sea, traditional configuration foundations, such as gravity-type foundation and pile foundation, are not suited for offshore wind power project in shallow seas. Therefore, a new type of foundation-segmentally-tapered bucket foundation is proposed. Based on the limit equilibrium method, a systematic method is proposed to calculate the horizontal bearing capacity of the segmentally-tapered bucket foundation. The influences of obliquity of wall, foundation height, top diameter of bucket and soil parameters on the horizontal bearing capacity of the segmentally-tapered bucket foundation are analyzed. It is found that the horizontal bearing capacity increases with the increase of the wall obliquity, soil resistance, top diameter of bucket and foundation height, while decreases with the increase of the depth of seabed. Based on the concept of volume compression ratio, the bucket foundation with inclined upper section wall and vertical lower section wall is recommended and demonstrated. An accurate method is proposed to determine the proportional coefficient of soil resistance. The results are helpful in the optimization design of traditional bucket foundation.