地表能量变化对多年冻土活动层融化过程的影响

利用青藏高原北部唐古拉综合观测场2006-2008年辐射平衡及活动层温度观测资料,分析了高原北部地表能量变化对活动层融化过程的影响.结果显示：该地地表能量具有明显的季节变化特征,总辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量及地面热源强度6-7月最大,11-12月最小;研究时段土壤热通量年平均值0.12MJ.m-2.d-1,活动层土壤以吸...     

2009/2010年黄河源区高寒草甸下垫面能量平衡特征分析

以青藏高原黄河源玛多为实验区, 基于TRM-ZS1气象生态环境监测仪2009年11月1日至2010年10月31日辐射及能量通量观测数据, 采用波文比能量平衡法, 进行了该区域潜热和感热通量的估算, 分析了黄河源区高寒草甸下垫面辐射收支, 潜热、 感热和土壤热通量在不同季节的分配, 对该区域冬季地面加热场强度的变化进行了研究.结果表明: 该区域总辐射、 净辐射较强, 总辐射平均日积分值为18.06 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, 净辐射平均日积分值5.95 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, 曾观测到高达979.5 W·m^-2的净辐射通量.全年地表平均反射率为0.30, 接近于荒漠和半荒漠下垫面的反射率.植物生长季土壤湿度和冬、 春季地面积雪是影响该区域地表反射率的两个最主要因素.该区域感热通量年积分值为742.68 MJ·m^-2·a^-1, 潜热通量年积分值为1 388.58 MJ·m²·a^-1, 全年中地表以潜热方式传递热量为主.分季节分析, 冬季感热潜热强度相当, 春季以感热为主, 夏秋季则以潜热为主.土壤热通量年积分值为38.06 MJ·m^-2·a^-1, 全年热通量在热量平衡中约占1.8%, 但季节分配不平衡, 在冬季, 有|G|>H+LE, 土壤热通量是热平衡最大的分量.该区域地表全年向大气释放热量, 地表对大气而言是热源.     

2005年青藏高原唐古拉地区地表能量收支状况分析

利用青藏高原唐古拉地区2005年涡动系统和10 m气象塔数据资料,计算分析了该地区地表能量收支状况.结果表明: 感热与潜热均有明显的季节变化特征,感热春季较大,夏季有下降趋势;潜热夏秋季节较大,冬春季节较小;净辐射在冬春季节主要转化为感热,夏秋季节转化为潜热,这些主要受季风、活动层冻、融过程及净辐射变化的影响.Bowen比夏秋季节平均为0.7,冬春季节平均为3.4,变化范围为-1.0～17.9.另外,研究显示降雨对感热、潜热通量影响较大.     

夏季草原与戈壁地表能量分析

利用野外试验资料，比较分析了夏季祁连山区草原和河西走廊张掖戈壁地表能量特征，并探讨了环境因素与地表能量特征的关系。结果表明，在夏季典型晴天，山区草原的净辐射、潜热通量大于戈壁，而感热、土壤热通量小于戈壁；山区草原净辐射、潜热通量的日变化大于戈壁；而感热、土壤热通量的日变化小于戈壁。在山区草原，晴天潜热通量是土壤热通量的三倍多，感热通量与土壤热通量差异很小，净辐射主要用于蒸发、蒸腾；在戈壁，晴天土壤热通量和感热通量是潜热通量的近两倍，净辐射主要用于加热地表，并通过地表加热下层土壤和地面大气。两地均存在能量不平衡现象，草原感热、潜热、土壤热通量之和小于净辐射，戈壁感热、潜热、土壤热通量之和大于净辐射，戈壁能量不平衡大于草原。导致山区草原和戈壁地表净辐射特征差异的主要因素是太阳辐射，导致山区草原和戈壁地表能量分量特征差异的主要因素是陆面植被和水分，根本因素是陆面水分。      

不同土壤热通量测算方法的比较及其对地表能量平衡闭合影响的研究

土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要分量,对其测算方法的研究对理解能量平衡过程具有十分重要的意义.利用2010年馆陶站土壤热通量等相关观测数据对多种测算土壤热通量的方法:实测土壤热通量和热储存量的结合方法(PlateCal)、热传导方程校正法(TDEC)、谐波分析法(HM)、平均土壤热电偶法(TCAV)、耦合热传导—对流法(ITCC)获取的地表土壤热通量进行了对比分析,并且采用最优方法计算馆陶站2008-2010年的地表土壤热通量,分析了该站土壤热通量日、季节变化特征.主要结论如下:①PlateCal和TDEC法分别为获取土壤热通量的最优观测与计算方法,而HM,TCAV和ITCC法计算结果均不理想;②PlateCal与TDEC法对地表土壤温度均不敏感,而HM法对地表土壤温度则比较敏感,各种地表土壤热通量的观测与计算方法均对土壤湿度敏感;③馆陶站冬小麦、玉米覆盖地表及地表裸露时期的地表土壤热通量均呈现典型的日、季节变化特征,与净辐射变化趋势一致;④考虑热储存后,可将馆陶站2010年各月地表能量闭合率提高4％～11％,对2008-2010年的年能量平衡闭合率提高3％～5％.     

青藏高原林芝与四川盆地温江地区晴天辐射和能量平衡特征

分析了2008年青藏高原林芝地区与四川盆地温江地区无降水条件下地表辐射、 湍流通量和地表反照率的日变化及月际变化特征, 并探讨了季风过程对其产生的影响.结果表明: 林芝与温江地区地表辐射和湍流通量都具有明显的日变化和月际变化周期, 季风期受云的影响, 日循环规律变得不是非常规则.季风对林芝地区地表能量分配影响极大, 季风前感热通量占主导地位, 季风期和季风后(夏、 秋节)潜热通量是净辐射的主要消耗项; 温江地区全年潜热在净辐射的分布中占主导地位, 感热通量的作用和土壤热通量相当. 林芝地区年平均地表反照率为0.21, 温江地区年平均仅为0.14; 季风前(3-5月)、 季风中(6-7月)和季风后(8-9月), 林芝地区的地表反照率分别为0.20、 0.19和0.20, 温江地区的地表反照率分别为0.13、 0.11和0.14.     

黑河下游绿洲地表辐射平衡及小气候特征分析

利用额济纳绿洲2004年5~10月微气象站观测资料,分析了该地区地表能量平衡及小气候特征.结果表明:在绿洲内太阳总辐射、光合有效辐射、净辐射有明显的季节变化及日变化,日峰值及月总量在7月份达到最高.地表能量平衡季节变化显著,5、8、9、10月份,地面能量交换基本以感热通量为主,Bowen比值在日间>4;6、7月份,潜热蒸发是能量平衡的主要部分,Bowen比基本<1.5~10月土壤热通量值始终较小,约占净辐射的15%~20%.绿洲内近地层风速基本在0~5 m·s^-1之间,夜间风速变化很小,日间风速较大.随着土壤深度的增加,土壤温度变化趋势越来越缓慢,地表温度波动变化最大,而在40 cm深处土壤温度日变化很小.     

黄土高原砂壤土冻融过程的观测和模拟

针对黄土高原冬季陆面过程,使用兰州皋兰地区冬季观测资料和水热耦合模式(SHAW),进行了观测资料和数值模拟分析.结果表明:冬季,黄土高原地区入射的太阳辐射较小,降水稀少,空气干燥,12月、 1月及2月的月平均气温均低于0℃,净辐射很小,积/融雪期间,净辐射出现了负值.地表能量分配中感热潜热都很小,但感热相对潜热占主要地位,在无降水时期日平均潜热通量几乎都在10W·m-2以下.水热耦合模式对地表能量中短波净辐射和长波净辐射模拟较好,感热通量和潜热通量的模拟存在一定的偏差.模式对浅层30cm和40cm土壤温度及土壤湿度模拟较为成功,模拟值对观测值的相关性较高,相关系数均达到0.87以上.土壤温度模拟偏高,土壤湿度的模拟稍偏低.     

青藏高原边缘积雪辐射特征

利用中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络的玛曲站观测的一次降雪过程的资料,对青藏高原东部边缘冬季的降雪、积雪过程的辐射特征进行了分析.研究结果表明;积雪期晴天和降雪过程的向上短波辐射的峰值分别约为降雪前晴天的3和2倍.无积雪晴天地表反射率主要分布在0.175～0.36,新雪地表反射率主要分布在0.8～0.9.大气逆辐射变化较小,降雪过程的最大,积雪时的最小.地表长波辐射则为降雪前最大,降雪时最小.积雪覆盖的晴天比无积雪时的净辐射变化幅度减小,且早上由负转正的时间推迟.     

黑河流域不同下垫面水热通量特征分析

"黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验"在黑河上中游地区不同下垫面上建立了多个自动气象站和涡动相关仪及大孔径闪烁仪通量观测站。选取草地、森林及农田3种下垫面的观测资料,分析了水、热和CO2通量特征。结果表明:黑河流域内不同下垫面能量收支各分量(净辐射、感热、潜热和土壤热通量等)有明显的日变化特征;各通量观测站观测结果如季节变化趋势等差异明显,反映了不同下垫面地气交换特征的不同。黑河上游阿柔冻融观测站和中游临泽草地站两套大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)的观测与涡动相关仪有关结果有较好的对应关系。结合浅层土壤热储存量的计算等分析了地表能量平衡的闭合情况。LAS观测的感热通量一般大于涡动相关仪的测量值;两者的差异主要由下垫面的非均一性、通量贡献源区大小不同以及影响大气湍流通量观测的涡旋尺度不同等原因引起。     

黄河源区气候变化的季节特征与区域差异研究

基于黄河源区有关气象台站的观测数据,对该区黄河沿水文站以上、黄河沿水文站-吉迈水文站区间、吉迈水文站-玛曲水文站区间、玛曲水文站-唐乃亥水文站区间各区域及整个黄河源区1960-2014年期间气温、降水的季节变化特征及其区域差异进行了分析。结果表明：黄河源区气温变化与全球气温变化有着较好的一致性,各区年平均气温与各季气温的年际变化均呈波动状上升态势并明显高于过去50a全球与我国气温的升幅,且各气温系列升幅差异不大;而各区年平均气温与各季气温的年代际变化的上升态势较年际变化的更为显著,但不同区域各季气温升幅差异较大。各区气温均在1996年后出现一个跃动,跃动后各气温系列均值较跃动前有较大幅度的上升。由于区域地理环境的影响,黄河源区降水量的变化比较复杂,各区各季降水量的变化具有较大的差异。近50余年来,总体上整个河源区平均降水量的年际变化呈不明显的增长态势。其中河源区的上半部分,即黄河沿以上、黄河沿-吉迈之间等海拔较高的区域年降水量增长比较显著,而源区的下半部分,即吉迈-玛曲、玛曲-唐乃亥之间的区域,年降水呈减少态势,并且对全区平均降水量与产流量贡献最大的吉迈-玛曲之间的区域,年降水量的减少非常显著。各区冬春季和夏季降水量普遍呈增长态势,秋季是河源区各季节中降水唯一减少的季节,其中吉迈-玛曲之间的区间秋季降水量的减少最为显著。各区域各季降水量的年代际变化较其年际变化差异更大,但近十余年来大部分区域各季降水普遍偏多。各区域降水系列亦有突变发生,但突变时间并不像气温系列那样一致;年降水量与夏季降水量的突变大都发生在2005年,秋季降水量突变大都发生在1986年,春季和冬季降水量突变的时间杂乱无序;突变前后系列均值有增有减,且幅度大小不等。     

枣庄市地下水动态变化特征研究

枣庄市以岩溶地下水为主要供水水源,多年的超采造成了十里泉及丁庄主要岩溶水源地下水水位大幅度下降,并诱发了地下水污染、岩溶地面塌陷等严重的环境地质问题。根据枣庄市岩溶地下水21年的监测资料,揭示了枣庄市岩溶地下水水位动态特征。岩溶地下水水位呈现季节性和多年变化特征,其中,岩溶地下水水位季节性变化特征与降水量密切相关,多年水位变化受降水和开采量的综合作用的影响。     

青藏高原冬春积雪和季节冻土年际变化差异的成因分析

利用青藏高原上72个常规气象观测站的逐日积雪厚度、冻结深度、气温、降水和地表温度资料,分析了高原积雪和季节冻土年际变化差异的原因.结果表明:气温和地表温度对高原积雪和季节冻土都有重要的影响,而降水对积雪的影响很重要,但是对季节冻土的影响则比较小.高原积雪对季节冻土有较大的影响,在积雪达到一定厚度以后,积雪的保温作用会影响冻结深度的变化,积雪越厚,保温作用越强;积雪越浅,保温作用越弱,当积雪小于某一厚度时其主要起降温作用.积雪的保温作用可能是积雪与季节冻土年际变化差异的原因之一.     

基于SEBS模型和Landsat 8数据的黑河下游蒸散发时空特性分析

对黑河下游地区蒸散发量的估算及其时空特性的研究,有助于进一步了解流域水循环,合理利用水资源,防止生态环境进一步恶化。利用SEBS模型估算了黑河下游额济纳绿洲2014年15天的日蒸散量,将SEBS估算的日蒸散与不同下垫面5个站点的EC实测值进行对比,其均方根误差和确定性系数分别为1.2 mm、0.85（5个站点）,0.5 mm、0.96（2个站点）,表明SEBS模型的结果是合理的,可以适用于黑河下游额济纳绿洲地区的地表蒸散量的估算。同时分析了黑河下游蒸散发的时空变化规律,结果表明,黑河下游额济纳绿洲地区,蒸散发在时间上存在明显的季节变化规律：夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季;空间上呈现明显的沿河分布的趋势。不同土地覆被类型蒸散发有相似的季节变化特征,但其季节变化幅度并不相同,规律为：水体 > 耕地 > 灌丛地 > 草地 > 裸土地 > 沙地。     

Time-dependent modeling of the Baltic entrance area. 2. Water and salt exchange of the Baltic Sea

A time-dependent model for stratification and circulation within the Baltic entrance area (Gustafsson 2000) is tested against observed salinities for the period 1961–1993. Although the Baltic Sea is one of the largest estuarine systems on earth, this model could be applicable to smaller estuarine systems and embayments with tidal exchange. The seasonal cycle of freshwater flux across the sill area does not follow the seasonal cycle of freshwater supply to the Baltic Sea. The seasonal variation of the flux is a combined effect of the seasonal variation in freshwater supply, in Baltic mean sea level, and in dispersion of salt across the sills. The seasonal variation in dispersion of salt is due to the seasonal cycle of sea level variability. The model is used to predict the inflow of high saline water to the Baltic Sea. The resulting inflow time-series is consistent with variations in the deep-water salinity and temperature in the deeper parts of the Baltic Sea. A comparison with previous estimates of the magnitude of major Baltic inflows shows that the model is able to reproduce the characteristics fairly well although the magnitude of the flows of water and salt appears lower than other estimates. It is shown that a climatic change that increases the wind mixing does not significantly change the major inflows. Both increased amplitudes of sea level variations in the Kattegat and decreased freshwater supply to the Baltic Sea substantially increase the magnitude of the inflows. It is shown that deep-water renewal in the Baltic Sea is obstructed during years with high freshwater supply even if the sea level forcing is favorable to a major inflow.     

Spatial and temporal variation in estuarine fish and invertebrate assemblages: Analysis of an 11-year data set

Protocols for monitoring wetland mitigation and restoration projects call for routine counts of animals, yet long-term spatial and temporal patterns are rarely examined. An analysis of monitoring data from three southern California estuaries spanning 11 years, four seasons, and multiple stations within the estuaries revealed differences in spatio-temporal patterns between fish and invertebrates. Ordination analysis showed that fish assemblages were more predictable from environmental variables than were invertebrate assemblages. Variation in the fish assemblage was, primarily due to seasonal differences that were driven by changes in temperature. Invertebrates showed little seasonal variation, but a much higher degree of interannual variation than fish. Streamflow and dissolved oxygen were significant predictors of the invertebrate assemblage, indicating that irregular disturbances such as flooding events had a more important effect on the invertebrate assemblage than predictable seasonal cues such as temperature. Variation in fish and invertebrates was high both between and within the three estuaries, indicating that differences exist on multiple spatial scales. The influence of spatial and temporal factors on estuarine invertebrate and fish communities should be considered in planning monitoring programs for wetland mitigation or restoration sites.     

Seasonal and annual variation of pollen content in the snow of a Canadian high Arctic ice cap

Seasonal and annual pollen deposition over an eight-year period (1981-89) in the snow layers of the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, was investigated. The annual and seasonal layers were determined from the snow stratigraphy. Thirteen to thirty-five kg were sampled for each layer. Most of the pollen grains deposited on the ice cap originate either from the high Arctic regional tundra, or from the boreal forest and low Arctic tundra over 1,000 km to the south. The regional pollen types show large variations throughout the year and the maximum concentration is normally found in the late summer-early autumn snow. The exotic types usually show less seasonal variation, although with slight maximum in the spring or summer layers. The annual regional and exotic pollen influx to the ice cap can be highly variable. These variations are tentatively related to climatic parameters.     

The impact of surface energy exchange on the thawing process of active layer over the northern Qinghai–Xizang Plateau,China

In this study, we collected radiation and active layer temperature data observed in the northern Qinghai–Xizang Plateau during the period 2006–2008 in order to analyze the impact of surface energy balance on the thawing process of the active layer. Results show that surface energy exhibits an obvious seasonal variation. The largest values of energy variables including global radiation, net radiation, soil heat flux and surface heat source intensity occur during June and July, while the smallest values occur in November and December. The active layer is generally dominated by an endothermic process. During the freeze–thaw period, the variation process of the active layer temperature is similar to that of surface energy. The seasonal thawing depth is closely related to the process of surface energy exchange. During the thawing period, seasonal thawing depth gradually increases as more solar energy enters the surface. When the surface energy accumulation is 0.0 MJ m^?2 d^?1, the seasonal thawing depth is the smallest. The seasonal thawing depth gradually increases with further accumulation of surface energy. Thus, the variation processes between the surface energy and seasonal thawing depth can be expressed by a power relation. The values of seasonal thawing depth calculated with the empirical relationship provided in this study agree well with the observed values. The relative error between calculated and observed values is less than 12 %. These results show that this empirical relationship can be successfully used to describe the behavior of active layers.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of Turbulent Flux and Its Footprint Climatology at An Agricultural Site

Based on quality controlled data from eddy covariance system and automatic weather station collected at Guantao farmland site from 2008 to 2010, the characteristics of diurnal, seasonal and annual variations of turbulent flux were reported. The corresponding source areas of flux measurement at different temporal scales were analyzed in detail, using arithmetic-averaged and flux-weighted footprint climatology calculation method, respectively. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, sensible heat and latent heat flux both show consistent diurnal variation throughout the year, while CO₂ fluxes only have significant diurnal variation in growing season with an opposite trend. The seasonal variation of the turbulent flux is mainly affected by the crop type and its growth status in different phenological periods. During growing season, latent heat flux and CO₂ flux are the dominant flux exchange items whose value are significantly higher in their middle growth stage than other ones during which latent heat and CO₂ flux exchange of the summer corn is stronger than winter wheat. Secondly, with combined effects of wind, turbulence and surface condition, the source area of flux measurement change most significantly at daily scale, less obvious at seasonal scale and smallest at annual scale. Finally, compared with arithmetic-averaged footprint climatology method, flux-weighted footprint climatology is a more reasonable method to calculate the source areas of the flux measurement, in that they account for the time change of the actual turbulent flux. The arithmetic-averaged results are most likely to overestimate the size of source area during small observed flux due to its weak turbulent exchange.     

1961-2014年黄河源区蒸发皿蒸发量变化的多尺度特征及突变分析

基于黄河源区相关气象站1961-2014年蒸发皿蒸发数据,利用线性倾向分析、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall法等方法,对黄河源区各分区及整个源区蒸发皿蒸发量变化进行多尺度变化特征及突变分析。结果表明：近50余年来,空间上,黄河源区年平均蒸发量经历了从上游到下游先减小后增加的过程,季节蒸发量变化稍有差异;时间上,黄河源区季节及年平均蒸发量总体呈上升趋势,各分区略有差异,各分区及整个源区蒸发量年代际变化具有较好的一致性。各分区及整个黄河源区年平均及季节平均蒸发量突变点基本一致,均出现在2000年前后,且年与季节平均蒸发量在突变前均值大部分小于突变后的均值。位于源区下游的玛曲-兴海平均蒸发量发生突变的时间较早,且跳跃幅度较小,位于源区中游的达日-玛曲平均蒸发量发生突变的时间较晚,且跳跃幅度较大。对各气象因子的相关分析表明,影响源区年蒸发量变化的主要因子为平均温度。