鄂尔多斯盆地西缘地区偏移成像技术研究

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘地区地质构造发育,构造类型的多样化有利于油气的运移和储存,具有较好的勘探前景.由于构造的复杂性,静校正问题突出,准确建立速度场困难,深层成像精度差;绕射波、回转波发育,成像归位不准确.本文综合层析静校正技术和初至波剩余静校正技术计算静校正量,在精细速度分析的基础上建立偏移速度场模型,采用基于共炮检距域的Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移成像技术进行偏移成像,此方法对速度场精度要求低,计算效率快且成像精度高.结果表明:浅层静校正问题在一定程度上得到了解决,深层反射层能够较准确的分辨,偏移剖面上反映的地层信息丰富且成像归位准确,较好地刻画了研究区的构造形态,满足研究区的成像要求.     

转换波静校正技术在四川地区的应用研究

转换波静校正问题一直被认为是转换波处理中较难解决的问题,目前已研究的方法都存在一定的局限性.针对四川盆地川中地区实际情况,本文提出一种组合的转换波静校正方法.首先,根据采集的三分量微测井资料计算低降速层的纵、横波平均速度比,再利用该速度比与纵波的检波点静校正量相乘计算得到转换波长波长静校正量;然后,应用改进的共检波点叠加互相关法求取转换波短波长静校正量;最后,利用分频地表一致性剩余静校正求取剩余静校正量.实际数据处理表明,该转换波静校正技术能够较好地解决四川地区转换波静校正问题,使地震资料的成像效果得到明显的改善.     

川东南复杂山地灰岩区静校正技术综合应用研究

复杂山地灰岩出露区勘探存在严重的静校正问题,解决静校正问题难度较大,由于静校正问题的存在会降低地震资料的垂向分辨率、出现假构造、影响速度分析,严重影响地震资料成像质量,降低勘探成功率.为解决复杂山地灰岩区勘探存在的静校正问题,本文研究了高程静校正、折射静校正和初至层析静校正,分析对比不同方法的优缺点和应用效果,在此基础上提出并研究融合静校正技术,在本研究区中,该方法是采用折射静校正和初至层析静校正量的优势区域进行融合,充分发挥不同方法的优点和适应性,较好的解决一次静校正;针对剩余静校正问题,提出了基于反射波剩余静校正、成像域射线束剩余静校正和速度建模的循环迭代综合剩余静校正处理技术,分步逐级迭代解决剩余静校正问题,该方法集成了反射波剩余静校正、成像域射线束剩余静校正的优点,明显提高地震剖面的细节成像质量.通过本文研究,建立了一套针对复杂山地灰岩区低信噪比资料的静校正处理技术序列并形成一套处理流程,在川东南复杂山地灰岩区低信噪比数据处理中,验证了该技术序列的可行性,取得比较好的效果.     

转换波组合静校正方法应用及效果

转换波静校正一直是困扰转换波成像的瓶颈.本文在重点分析了转换波静校正难点的基础上,选取一块复杂断陷地区的3D3C资料为实例,对前人方法做出一些有效的改进,提出一套适合于复杂断陷地区的转换波组合静校正方法,基本思路是:层间结构模型法与折射层析法相结合求取炮点静校正量;等效模型法求取检波点长波长量;纵波构造约束相关法求取检波点中长波长量;综合全局寻优法求取检波点短波长量.同时,对一块高密度3D3C资料进行静校正处理,得出一套适合于大数据量构造简单地区的转换波组合静校正方法.实际地震资料处理效果表明,这两套方法能较好地解决转换波静校正问题,具有实际的应用价值.     

一种基于地震干涉测量的VSP资料波场重构及成像应用

静校正和近地表速度建模是地震资料处理的重要组成部分.在近地表复杂区,静校正问题和近地表速度建模问题表现尤为突出.本文利用地震干涉测量在波场重构方面的优势,给出了一种同时避免静校正和近地表速度建模过程的方法,直接由重构的SWP波场来成像高陡构造.文中首先阐述了地震干涉测量的原理,给出了VSP波场向SWP波场重构的数学表达式;接着,采用几种不同的近地表模型,对比VSP波场向SWP波场重构的效果;最后,建立局部速度模型,直接利用重构的SWP波场进行偏移处理,完成高陡构造成像.模型试验结果表明该方法的可行性,有利于实现复杂地表区深层高陡构造的成像.     

联合纵波确定转换波接收点大的静校正量

在转换波地震勘探数据处理中,接收点的横波静校正一直是较难解决的问题.因为横波速度基本不受潜水面的影响,横波低速带厚且不均匀,速度又比较低,通常会造成转换波接收点的横波静校正量大且横向变化剧烈,与纵波静校正没有直接相关性.针对这种情况,我们采用改进的纵波构造时间控制方法求取转换波接收点的静校正,在转换波的共接收点叠加剖面上追踪拾取多组同相轴,联合纵波对应层位的地下构造时间确定接收点大的横波静校正量.通过不同的时移将几个相邻的层位合成一个反射层位,解决同相轴不能连续追踪的难题,同时利用浅、中和深层多组层位对一个接收点的静校正量求其平均,降低拾取误差对静校正量的影响,兼顾地下浅、中和深层的静校正效果.实际数据处理结果表明,该静校正方法能稳定的解决转换波静校正问题,取得了较好的应用效果.     

黄土塬覆盖区的层析反演静校正方法研究

我国北方地区黄土塬覆盖区的静校正问题是地震数据处理中的难点问题之一.黄土塬表层覆盖巨厚黄土,高差起伏较大,地震静校正问题严重;而且黄土塬覆盖区的潜水面普遍较深,常规折射静校正方法无法取得令人满意的处理效果.本文针对黄土塬覆盖区的静校正难题,研究层析反演静校正方法在黄土塬地区的适用性和可靠性.层析反演静校正利用地震波初至走时数据、通过迭代反演的方法构建速度模型,进而依据所得的近地表速度模型对地震数据进行静校正处理.本文的迭代反演采用同步迭代重构算法（SIRT）,并且对同步迭代重构算法进行了改进,使得层析反演的迭代过程趋于稳定.但是,因为黄土塬覆盖区地表高程的横向变化剧烈,相邻检波点的高差及其静校正量有时差异很大,在运用层析静校正求取长波长静校正量的同时,还需采用初至波剩余静校正方法求取短波长静校正量.实例证明,综合应用依据初至波走时数据的层析静校正和剩余静校正方法,同时计算长波长和短波长的静校正量,能够有效地解决黄土塬覆盖区实际地震资料的静校正问题.     

黄土塬地区井控约束长波长静校正技术研究及应用

鄂南黄土塬区由于巨厚黄土层,经过一次静校正(层析静校正)、剩余静校正处理,仍然存在较严重的静校正问题,处理成果存在与地表高程相关的假构造,影响了地震资料的解释.因此,文中提出了一种井控约束长波长静校正技术,来解决剩余的静校正量.通过研究,分析了剩余长波长静校正问题和地表高程的相关性,根据这两者的相关性和井数据,拟合得到井控长波长静校正量函数,计算全区长波长静校正量.对该方法在黄土塬区进行应用,井控约束长波长静校正技术处理后,剖面上的假构造得到消除,较好的解决了黄土覆盖区严重的静校正问题.     

厚风化层覆盖区转换波静校正方法

P-SV转换波处理与传统的P-P波处理有很大的不同,如S波静校正、CCP叠加、P-SV速度分析和偏移等,其中最大的难题就是S波静校正问题.S波速度基本不受潜水面的影响,与纵波静校正没有直接相关性,有时横波静校正量能达到纵波静校正量的十倍,用纵波静校正量乘以比例系数来解决横波静校正问题将导致较大误差.同一接收点X和Z分量存在一定的初至时差,该时差代表了P波和S波在低降速带的走时差,可以利用该时差和近地表纵横波速度比信息去除低降速带对横波的影响,得到准确的静校正量.本文利用多分量初至时差推导了较为精确的横波静校正公式,再结合共检波点叠加求取剩余静校正量的方法,形成了完整的转换波静校正配套方法.利用该方法对苏里格气田二维及三维多波地震资料进行了实际处理,数据处理结果证明了该方法的有效性,该方法尤其适用于其他方法难以奏效的风化层较厚地区的横波静校正量求解,该方法也同时考虑了长波长横波静校正问题.     

转换型折射波传播规律及其在转换波静校正中的应用研究

纵波震源激发、三分量检波器接收的三分量地震勘探技术是解决复杂油气藏勘探的有效手段.在三分量地震勘探资料处理中,转换波资料处理尤为关键,转换波资料处理的难点之一是转换波静校正.研究了非转换型折射波和转换型折射波传播规律,发现形成PPS转换型折射波的有利条件是上覆介质横波速度比下伏介质横波速度要小很多,提出了基于PPS转换型折射波的转换波静校正方法,并对实际三分量地震资料进行了处理,转换波静校正取得了较好的效果.     

Possible physical processes causing transient lunar events

Transient lunar events appear to involve two main effects: the obscuration of surface detail, and changes in brightness and/or colour which could be caused either by modification of the way in which incident sunlight is scattered, or by the emission of additional light. We find it difficult to explain the obscurations in any other way than to assume that clouds of fine surface dust are raised either by bursts of gas emission from surface fissures, or by impacts; the possible duration and density of such clouds are considered.Modification of the albedo of a dust surface by agitation has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments: under certain conditions the albedo may increase, but the change appears to be permanent at atmospheric pressure; it may be reversible under lunar vacuum conditions. The most likely lunar process of this type again seems to be the agitation of surface dust by gas emitted from fissures; also, the scattering of sunlight by dust clouds could, under some conditions, result in weak colour effects. Processes that could result in the emission of light include incandescence, luminescence or thermoluminescence, glow discharge in gas clouds (possibly enhanced by the presence of charged dust grains), and lightning-type discharge in dust clouds. We conclude that the lightning-type discharge is the process most likely to be bright enough to be visible from earth, against the sunlit moon.We therefore conclude that transient lunar events of the different types that have been reported could be explained by various processes that may occur in gas-borne dust clouds.     

三湖坳陷第四系生物气异常识别技术及应用——以诺木洪北地区为例

三湖坳陷的生物气岩性气藏勘探尚处于探索阶段。根据生物气岩性气藏的有利沉积相带,首先进行生物气岩性气藏岩石物理参数分析和含气异常正演模拟,用于指导滩坝砂含气异常的地震反射特征识别;结合构造背景,利用敏感地震属性优选可能的含气区带;最后,在异常区带内,利用频谱分解、时频分析、叠后反演及叠前烃类检测等多手段落实有利目标,形成一套适用于三湖坳陷第四系识别生物气异常的技术。      

Dynamical analysis of volcanic explosion

Visible phenomena accompanied by volcanic explosions at Sakurajima Volcano in Kyushu, Japan, were recorded by means of a TV camera and still cameras to make clear the process of explosive eruption of a Vulcanian type by image analysis and to enable a discussion of the process of explosive eruption. The most interesting phenomenon observed by the TV camera was visible shock waves passing through the atmosphere above the crater. The instant disappearance of thin clouds and the condensation of dense clouds were induced by the passage of shock waves. Explosion-quakes, which occurred at a depth of 1–2 km beneath the active crater, clearly preceded the explosion at the crater bottom. The atmospheric shock waves were generated in the crater 1.1–1.5 seconds later than the occurrence of the explosion-quake and propagated with the velocity of Mach 1.3–1.5 in a height range from 300 m to 600 m above the crater. Eruption clouds expanded subspherically for several seconds after the ejection and then the eruption column developed upwards at a certain velocity. The maximum ejection velocity of volcanic blocks, which was obtained from the analysis of photo-trajectories, was 112–157 m/sec. The internal pressure which ejected the volcanic blocks was estimated to be 138–271 bars in the case of the explosive eruptions analyzed. The results of analysis suggest that a high-pressure gas chamber was formed just beneath the crater bottom before the explosive eruption and that pressure waves caused by the explosion-quake acted as the trigger for the explosive eruption.     

Gas and hydrogen isotopic analyses of volcanic eruption clouds in Guatemala sampled by aircraft

Gas samples were collected by aircraft entering volcanic eruption clouds of three Guatemalan volcanoes. Gas chromatographic analyses show higher H₂ and S gas contents in ash eruption clouds and lower H₂ and S gases in vaporous gas plumes. H isotopic data demonstrate lighter isotopic distribution of water vapor in ash eruption clouds than in vaporous gas plumes. Most of the H₂O in the vaporous plumes is probably meteoric. The data are the first direct gas analyses of explosive eruptive clouds, and demonstrate that, in spite of atmospheric admixture, useful compositional information on eruptive gases can be obtained using aircraft.     

The instability of barotropic circular vortices

Abstract

The linear, normal mode instability of barotropic circular vortices with zero circulation is examined in the f-plane quasigeostrophic equations. Equivalents of Rayleigh's and Fjortoft's criteria and the semicircle theorem for parallel shear flow are given, and the energy equation shows the instability to be barotropic. A new result is that the fastest growing perturbation is often an internal instability, having a finite vertical scale, but may also be an external instability, having no vertical structure. For parallel shear flow the fastest growing perturbation is always an external instability; this is Squire's theorem. Whether the fastest growing perturbation is internal or external depends upon the profile: for mean flow streamfunction profiles which monotonically decrease with radius, the instability is internal for less steep profiles with a broad velocity extremum and external for steep profiles with a narrow velocity extremum. Finite amplitude, numerical model calculations show that this linear instability analysis is not valid very far into the finite amplitude range, and that a barotropic vortex, whose fastest growing perturbation is internal, is vertically fragmented by the instability.     

Wave‐equation migration velocity analysis with time‐shift imaging

Wave‐equation migration velocity analysis is a technique designed to extract and update velocity information from migrated images. The velocity model is updated through the process of optimizing the coherence of images migrated with the known background velocity model. The capacity for handling multi‐pathing of the technique makes it appropriate in complex subsurface regions characterized by strong velocity variation. Wave‐equation migration velocity analysis operates by establishing a linear relation between a slowness perturbation and a corresponding image perturbation. The linear relationship and the corresponding linearized operator are derived from conventional extrapolation operators and the linearized operator inherits the main properties of frequency‐domain wavefield extrapolation. A key step in the implementation is to design an appropriate procedure for constructing an image perturbation relative to a reference image that represents the difference between the current image and a true, or more correct image of the subsurface geology. The target of the inversion is to minimize such an image perturbation by optimizing the velocity model. Using time‐shift common‐image gathers, one can characterize the imperfections of migrated images by defining the focusing error as the shift of the focus of reflections along the time‐shift axis. The focusing error is then transformed into an image perturbation by focusing analysis under the linear approximation. As the focusing error is caused by the incorrect velocity model, the resulting image perturbation can be considered as a mapping of the velocity model error in the image space. Such an approach for constructing the image perturbation is computationally efficient and simple to implement. The technique also provides a new alternative for using focusing information in wavefield‐based velocity model building. Synthetic examples demonstrate the successful application of our method to a layered model and a subsalt velocity update problem.     

青藏高原吉隆-鲁谷(Hi-Climb)层析成像与印藏碰撞的消减作用

利用中美合作Hi-Climb项目北段吉隆-鲁谷剖面的天然地震探测数据,拾取2004～2005年期间5级以上地震事件的P波与4级以上地震的Pn波震相的走时,通过多震相层析成像反演获得青藏高原腹地的地下500 km以上的P波速度扰动结构.结果表明雅江地区为北向倾斜的低速扰动,班公-怒江断裂下方存在向南俯冲并被印度板块俯冲挤压而回折的高速体,建立了印度板块在冈底斯地块下方拆沉并被雅江低速体穿越的构造样式.说明印度板块俯冲在到达班公-怒江缝合带之前已经开始消减,与拆沉位置对比发现,印度板块的前锋深部呈现多期多级次特征,并受到地幔热循环作用的影响.     

有限频率线性理论的波恩近似佯谬

对有限频率层析成像线性理论的波恩近似问题进行梳理, 用数值方法统计分析其适用范围, 结果表明波恩近似要求最大速度扰动不超过1%; 然后对相关走时一阶近似进行统计分析, 结果表明它也只适用于最大速度扰动在1%以内的情形. 然而, 结合波恩近似和相关走时一阶近似而得到的有限频率线性理论, 其适用的速度扰动范围最大可达10%. 这个表面上的逻辑悖论, 称为“波恩近似佯谬”. 此佯谬是由于不恰当地使用波恩近似造成的. 本文摒弃波恩近似, 使用泛函的Fréchet微分和隐函数定理推导得到有限频率线性理论, 圆满解释了波恩近似佯谬. 由于有限频率非线性理论早已摒弃了波恩近似, 因此波恩近似概念在有限频率层析成像理论中完全没有必要.      

基于T-matrix的非线性参数估计方法

全波形反演可提供高精度的地下介质参数空间分布,但传统的全波形反演方法建立在Born近似的基础上,对初始模型具有一定的依赖性.为了摆脱Born近似的束缚,本文基于二维常密度声波方程,在De Wolf近似的前提下,借助传输矩阵(T-matrix)方法,深入研究了逆薄板传播算子(Inverse Thin-Slab Propagator,ITSP),实现了速度扰动的非线性估计.ITSP方法避免了Born级数方法在扰动较强、扰动区域较大时的发散性问题,且只经过一次扫描校正,计算效率较高.二维模拟数据分析验证了本文方法的可行性以及有效性.     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物分解的测井异常

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