弹性填料处理河道污水实验研究

采用弹性填料曝气生物膜法对污染的河道水体进行处理的实验研究,结果表明,在2m/h的流速、水温为16℃~18℃、气水比为1∶1的条件下,采用弹性填料的生物膜处理系统运转正常,不易发生堵塞或系统短流,系统此时的水力停留时间为3.5h左右,污水中的COD和NH3-N去除率稳定,其均值分别为49.4%和19.1%。     

三相生物流化床处理啤酒废水

通过三相生物流化床处理啤酒废水的实验研究,探讨曝气量和水力停留时间对处理效果的影响,确定最佳曝气量为0.25 m³/h,最佳水力停留时间为1.5 h。在该实验条件下,COD_cr平均去除率在85％以上,生物浓度高达28.31 mg/L,生物膜活性强,同时反应器具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

水力旋转填料生物接触氧化处理城市污水的研究

通过对中试规模的新型水力旋转填料生物接触氧化法处理城市污水的试验研究,利用新型填料的独特构型,增强反应器的传质性能,探讨了接触氧化池对COD、NH+4-N的去除,及水力停留时间、气水比、温度对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明在水力停留时间为2~2.5h,气水比为(7~8)∶1,进水COD、NH4+-N浓度分别为130.1~366.5mg/L、11.3~19.2mg/L的条件下,两者的平均去除率为75.9%、65.4%,出水COD、NH4+-N浓度均已达到国家二级排放标准;气水比和水力停留时间对接触氧化池处理效果的影响较为明显;低温下接触氧化池对有机物、氨氮的去除仍具有较好的效果。     

褐铁矿与石英砂作为反硝化生物滤池填料的比较

近年来铁氧化物在废水处理及其他环境污染控制领域中的应用得到了广泛关注。本文研究了石英砂和褐铁矿作为填料时的反硝化生物滤池的启动以及在不同水力停留时间下的反硝化脱氮性能。结果表明,褐铁矿为填料的反硝化生物滤池更容易启动并达到稳定状态。维持反硝化生物滤池的运行条件在p H 7.50±0.15和温度22±3℃,进水中的化学需氧量浓度和NO3--N浓度分别为400 mg/L和100 mg/L,当水力停留时间为4 h时,两个反应器中NO3--N的去除率均在99%以上;当HRT缩短为1 h时,以褐铁矿为填料的生物滤池中NO3--N的去除率依然保持在98%以上,而以石英砂为填料的生物滤池中NO3--N的去除率仅为83.25%,并且出水中检测到NO2--N,其最大浓度为0.9 mg/L。实验结果表明褐铁矿是一种良好的反硝化生物滤池填料。     

喀斯特山区溪流上覆水—孔隙水—沉积物中不同形态氮的赋存特征及其迁移——以麦西河为例

选取贵州百花湖入湖支流麦西河为对象,研究了上覆水—孔隙水—沉积物体系氮的形态差异,结果表明:麦西河上覆水中,以硝态氮(NO-3-N)为主,氨态氮(NH+4-N)次之,亚硝态氮(NO-2-N)最低;孔隙水中,溶解无机氮中以NH+4-N为主, NO-3-N次之, NO-2-N最低;沉积物中,总氮(TN)的含量为1110.67～4413.16mg/kg;固定态铵含量为34.56～170.05mg/kg,占TN的1.47%～6.25%;可交换态氮以NH+4-N为主, NO-3-N次之, NO-2-N最低。孔隙水NH+4-N是上覆水NH+4-N的2.65～19.51倍,上覆水NO-3-N是孔隙水NO-3-N的7.14～20.43倍。沉积物TN与孔隙溶解水无机氮(DIN)、孔隙水NH+4-N、沉积物可交换态氮和沉积物可交换性NH+4-N呈显著正相关;在沉积物中,可交换性NO-3-N与可交换性NH+4-N及可交换态氮呈显著正相关,可交换性NH+4-N与可交换态氮呈极显著正相关;孔隙水溶解无机氮与孔隙水NH+4-N呈极显著正相关。麦西河不同介质中氮的迁移关系则表现为:由于浓度梯度,上覆水中的NO-3-N扩散到孔隙水中,进而累积到沉积物中;沉积物的可交换性NH+4-N,进入孔隙水,最终扩散到上覆水中。      

上流式曝气生物滤池深度处理炼油厂外排污水

炼油厂外排污水水质复杂,可生化性已较差,但上流式曝气生物滤池对其有较好的处理效果.研究结果表明曝气生物滤池处理炼油厂外排污水在有机负荷(COD)为 4.39 kg·m-3·d-1、水力负荷为3 m3· m-2·h-1、气水比为31下,COD、NH3-N的去除率达到81.9%、73.2%;曝气生物滤池的主要影响因素依次是水力负荷、气水比、有机负荷;得到的经验速度方程与Monod方程基本吻合.该实验为炼油厂外排污水再生回用提供了一种工艺方法.     

河道污染治理技术-- 生物接触氧化填料研究

选择不同填料对生物接触氧化法处理生活污水进行了进一步的研究与应用,探讨了温度、接触氧化停留时间等因素对其处理效果的影响。实验研究结果表明,在水温为18℃~20℃,水力负荷为70m l/m in时,采用鹅卵石和沸石的复合填料挂膜,进行生物接触氧化法处理生活污水,在降解NH3-N和氨氮等方面取得良好效果,COD、NH3-N去除率都高达80%以上。     

硝化载体选择试验研究

实验结果表明,以活性炭和甲壳素为悬浮载体的生物反应器,进水中NH3-N质量分数为50mg/L,水力停留时间为20h,投加量分别为8.93g/L、2.71g/L时,氨氮去除率接近于100%,为适宜的硝化细菌生长载体.     

纳米铁还原脱氮动力学及其影响因素

饮用水中硝酸盐(NO3-)对人体健康有危害。为了去除水溶液中NO3-,在实验室制得纳米铁颗粒。它的粒径为20～40 nm,比表面积(BET)为49.16 m2/g。本研究通过批实验考察了纳米铁对NO3-还原脱氮动力学性质和影响NO3-脱氮快慢的主要因素,如反应pH、纳米铁投加量和NO3-起始浓度。实验结果表明,pH越低越有利于NO 3-还原。在一定范围内,NO 3-还原速率随纳米铁投加量增加而增大,而随NO 3-起始浓度升高而降低,反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,表面吸附和氧化还原反应是纳米铁对NO3-脱氮的主要去除机理。纳米铁对NO3-还原过程中可能反应的途径进行了讨论,NO3-还原产物取决于反应条件。在本研究条件下,纳米铁对NO3-脱氮的最终产物主要为NH4+-N而不是N2,必须进行更多的研究来解决这一问题。     

青藏高原高寒草地小流域水体碳氮输出特征及其影响因素

以青藏高原长江源区典型高寒草地小流域为研究对象,基于2012年小流域气象监测数据和小流域径流水样分析,探讨了小流域水体碳氮输出特征,分析了气象因子和土壤水热对小流域水体碳氮输出的影响。结果表明,径流水体碳氮质量浓度均较低,其中可溶性有机碳(DOC)、可溶性有机氮(DON)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)含量分别在2.95~6.96mg.L-1、0.45~1.15mg.L-1、0.02~0.88mg.L-1和0.16~0.36mg.L-1之间;DOC、DON、NO3--N在8~10月份之间随时间逐渐升高,9月中旬达到峰值后波动下降,NH4+-N无显著的季节变化特征,溶解氮中DONNO3--NNH4+-N;DOC和DON的输出量与降水、不同土层(20、40、60、90、120cm)地温和不同深度(10、20、40、60cm)土壤水分、水温呈极显著正相关(P0.001),与90、120cm土壤水分呈极显著负相关(P0.001);NH4+-N的输出量与降水、气温、水温呈显著正相关(P0.05);NO3--N与降水呈极显著正相关(P0.001)。     

Diversity of marine and brackish water nitrite-oxidizing consortia developed for activating nitrifying bioreactors in aquaculture

Nitrite is a well-known toxicant in aquaculture, produced as intermediate in nitrification. Two nitrite-oxidizing bacterial consortia, one from marine environment and the other from brackish water, were developed by enrichment technique at National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, for removal of nitrite from recirculating aquaculture systems. In the present study, bacterial diversity of the consortia was assessed based on 16S ribosomal RNA and the functional gene analysis. Clone libraries of 16S ribosomal RNA gene and nitrite oxidoreductase A gene were constructed, and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis was carried out to cluster the clones. Dendrograms generated through molecular characterization showed 29 and 27 clusters in marine and brackish water consortia, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of representative clones from each cluster depicted profound diversity in the consortia consisting autotrophic nitrifiers belonging to Proteobacteria, anaerobic ammonia oxidizers, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and heterotrophic denitrifiers. Functional gene analysis corroborated with the presence of specific nitrite oxidizers. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed the abundance of nitrite oxidizers in the order of 1.51 ± 0.38 × 10⁹/g and 4.88 ± 0.42 × 10⁷/g in marine and brackish water consortia, respectively. Diversity indices and pattern of distribution of organisms within the consortia were analyzed using Geneious, VITCOMIC, Mega 5 and Primer software. The marine nitrite-oxidizing consortium showed higher Shannon–Wiener diversity and mean population diversity than brackish water consortium, suggesting that the former was having more diverse flora and higher potential to be used as startup cultures for activating nitrifying bioreactors subsequent to acclimatization to the required salinity.     

百花湖水体氮的空间分布研究

初步探讨了百花湖水体中氮的空间分布特征,并分析了氮及溶解氧(DO)的相关性。对8个站位的表层、4m、8m及12m水体中总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及溶解氧进行了测定。结果表明,百花湖水体中总氮的平均含量为1.18mg/L,氨氮的平均含量为0.144mg/L,硝酸盐氮的平均含量为0.20mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮的平均含量为0.018mg/L。百花湖入湖口附近的1号采样点总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮的平均浓度都较其它采样点高。分析表明百花湖中DO浓度与硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.629、-0.724。      

Nitrogen pools in Georgia coastal waters

The amount of nitrogen present as ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, dissolved organic nitrogen, and particulate nitrogen was determined for nearshore Georgia shelf waters and for tidal water inundating a 0.5 hectare dikedSpartina alterniflora salt marsh in the adjacent estuary. Concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite were comparatively low in offshore water (<2.2 μg-at N/1), and in high tide water in the marsh (<9.9 μg-at N/1). High concentrations of ammonia, up to 73.4 μg-at N/1, were measured in low tide water draining from marsh. The largest pools of nitrogen in offshore water and in high tide water in the marsh creek were dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) (2.5 to 20.4 μg-at N/1) and particulate nitrogen (PN) (0.1 to 30.0 μg-at N/1). Concentrations in marsh creek water at low tide were higher, ranging from 4.4 to 38.0 μg-at N/1 for DON and from 13.0 to 239.0 μg-at N/1 for PN. Comparisons of the average concentrations of dissolved and particulate forms of nitrogen in the marsh tidal creek during flood and during ebb tide suggested no net movement of the inorganic nitrogen nutrients, a net influx of PN to the marsh, and a net outflux of DON from the marsh.     

溶井微污染水供水就地处理技术研究

溶井是西南岩溶区主要的分散式供水方式。本文在对典型地区溶井水污染特征分析基础上,通过对现有分散供水水处理工艺原理的分析,提出了溶井供水的水污染防治措施,并结合中试试验,对溶井快渗池的设计思路、设计参数、水处理工艺以及施工中的注意事项进行了详细说明。试验表明,溶井在采取水处理措施后,出水浊度均低于5度,微量有机物去除率大于35%,氨氮可削减60%以上,细菌总数最大可截留95%;溶井快渗池工艺在溶井水处理过程中不需要添加任何药剂,避免了混凝剂和消毒剂对水质产生的副作用和卫生问题,出水水质主要指标基本达到生活饮用水卫生标准。      

河岸带表土层氮素非饱和入渗运移规律模拟

自制土槽装置,室内模拟氮素在河岸带表土层中非饱和入渗的过程.通过观测土槽中不同点位渗流水体出流时间的先后顺序以及各点水体中TN、NH₄+-N浓度随入渗时间的变化,探讨氮素在河岸带表土层中非饱和入渗的运移规律.试验结果表明:在河岸带表土层非饱和入渗过程中,水分水平运移速度小于垂直运移速度,NH₄+-N的运移滞后于水分的运移;在土壤"干"-"湿"-"干"过程中,各点TN、NH₄+-N浓度值随时间先急剧增加再缓慢减少然后趋于稳定.另外,河岸带表土层对非饱和入渗氮素的截留效果较好,试验11 h时,在1.08m的坡长距离上,距土表面12 cm深度TN、NH₄+-N浓度比进水分别下降74.23%和68.02%.     

氨氮在煤矿采空区充填矸石中的运移机制

我国西部多数煤矿区矿井水往往含有较多的生产污水,导致其氨氮含量较高,利用煤矿采空区充填矸石对矿井水进行预处理已成为矿井水及矸石资源化利用的重要措施。以神华神东煤炭集团公司保德矿矸石为充填介质、以矿井水中的氨氮为研究对象,通过模拟采空区的水文地质环境,开展柱模拟实验,结合CXTFIT 2.1软件,研究氨氮在充填矸石中的运移机制,这对于评价煤矿采空区充填矸石对矿井水的预处理效果具有重要意义。结果表明:达西流速3.12 cm/h、25℃时,Cl?在充填矸石中的运移可用CDE模型较好地表征(r2=0.999),较高的纵向弥散系数(D)、溶质分子扩散系数(D_f)、机械弥散系数(D_h)和弥散度(λ)值与充填矸石较大粒径、较长运移距离有关,淋出液中总溶解性固体(TDS)和Cl?的质量浓度呈显著线性关系;双点位吸附溶质运移模型能够较好地表征氨氮的运移过程,氨氮的阻滞系数R为23.79,其在矸石上的平衡吸附点位仅占总吸附点位的46%,一级动力学吸附速率常数α为3.5×10?4 h?1;氨氮的孔隙流速及水动力弥散系数远低于Cl?的数值,这主要与高含量的黏土矿物高岭石对氨氮的吸附有关;在649 h的氨氮运移过程中,亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐氮以及pH值均无明显变化,实验中后期TDS稳定,这进一步证实氨氮在模拟的矸石柱运移过程中以对流、弥散迁移及吸附为主,生物转化作用可以忽略。研究结果可为评价我国煤矿采空区地下水库的水质预处理技术提供重要理论依据。      

Impacts of Human Activities on Groundwater Quality of an Alluvial Aquifer: A Case Study of the Eskişehir Plain, Turkey

Hydrochemical and water-quality (except biological) data obtained through a two-year sampling and analysis program indicate that the highest concentrations of groundwater pollution occur in the central and eastern parts of Eski?ehir city. Groundwater quality degradation outside the urban area results from agricultural activities. The most serious pollution of groundwater in the Eski?ehir plain is from nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate). The concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate of the 51 surveyed water wells range from 0.01–1.65 mg/L, 0.01–1.80 mg/L, and 1.1–257.0 mg/L, respectively. Orthophosphate concentrations in groundwater range from 0.01–1.25 mg/L. Considerable seasonal fluctuation in the groundwater quality was observed. In general, the groundwater quality in wet seasons was better than the quality in dry seasons.     

盘山山前地下水与矿泉水污染成因分析

文章利用主成分分析方法,结合揭示变量和样品之间在成因或空间上联系的对应分析,通过SPSS统计分析软件,对盘山山前地区地下水和矿泉水污染成因进行分析。研究表明,盘山山前存在地下水和矿泉水污染;局部范围的污染主要是由于食品厂等企业的排污引起的,污染成分主要是Cl-和NO3—N,主要污染地区是塔院地区,其次是西大佛塔至南营,污染程度与至污染源的距离有关;大部分地区存在三氮面状污染,农业氮肥的施用是其主要原因。     

Initial observations of water quality indicators in the unconfined shallow aquifer in Dili City,Timor-Leste: suggestions for its management

The management of groundwater quality is a critical issue in developing nations where sanitation and drinking water targets are commonly addressed by facilitating access to groundwater, which is then managed as a common-pool resource. We investigate the quality of the shallow unconfined groundwater in Dili’s alluvial fan system, which 50% of Dili’s rapidly growing population use for all their water requirements. Using the basic chemical and microbiological analyses that are locally available (sulfate, total hardness, fluoride, manganese, iron, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total coliform and E. coli) we show that the shallow wells commonly contain enhanced concentrations of dissolved solids and microbiological contaminants (total coliform and E. coli), relative to deeper wells. Cool, shallow wells are worse than warm equivalents. Elevated nitrate and nitrite pollution in the embassy district are tentatively attributed to affluence factors, such as lawn cultivation and water filtration equipment. Microbiological contamination, and associated manganese contamination of groundwater, mimic population patterns, but are concentrated in the finer grained sediments of the small fans and low-slope interdistributary areas. We suggest that rapid development and successful implementation of appropriate sanitation policy in Dili (and elsewhere) is required to address the problematic features of the shallow groundwater system. Success will be predicated on (1) the establishment of baseline data, and (2) development of a systems-thinking approach to holistic water resource management.     

基于资源(火用)理论的黄河干流水资源评价

采用循化、小川、兰州、下河沿、青铜峡、石嘴山、三湖河口、头道拐、吴堡、龙门、潼关、三门峡、花园口、泺口和利津共15个黄河干流沿线水文监测断面,计算各水文监测断面水资源多年平均组成。各水文断面监测项目包括水位、流量、气温、水温、pH、电导率、钙、镁、钾、氯离子、硫酸根离子、碳酸根离子、碳酸氢根离子、离子总量、溶解氧、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、高锰酸盐指数、生化需氧量、氰化物、砷化物、挥发酚、六价铬、汞、镉、铅、铜、铁、锌和细菌总数等。基于资源[火用]理论,采用[火用]指标对黄河干流水量和水质进行了统一度量。根据黄河干流实测数据,对水资源化学[火用]、物理[火用]和生物[火用]进行核算,并分析多年水资源[火用]变化趋势以模拟黄河干流水资源空间分布状况。最后,[火用]势高概念的提出为进一步量化和比较黄河干流的生态发展状况提供基础。