An Overview of Deepwater Pipeline Laying Technology

The technology and methods involved in pipeline laying in shallow water have evolved to the level of routine and commonplace. However, regarding the unexpected deepwater complexity, the traditional pipeline laying techniques have to confront many new challenges arisen from the increase of the water depth, diameter of the pipe and the welding difficuhy, all of which should be modified and/or innovated based on the existed mature experiences. The purpose of this investigation is to outline the existing and new engineering laying techniques and the associated facilities, which can provide some significant information to the related research. In the context, the latest deepwater pipeline laying technology and pipe laying barges of the renowned companies from Switzerland, Norway, Italy etc., are introduced and the corresponding comparison and discussion are presented as well.     

U.S. Gulf of Mexico deepwater pipeline construction – A review of lessons learned

The purpose of every offshore oil and gas pipeline is to transport fluid through a conduit from one point to another, but differences in field location, water depth, development strategy, time of sanction, seafloor topography, ownership and other factors means that installed mileage is expected to have complex site, time and location dependencies. The purpose of this review is to describe and illustrate the main factors that impact pipeline construction in the deepwater U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Understanding the nature of these dependencies and the manner in which factors interact and impact pipeline construction is the principal goal of this review. System attributes and their impact on activity drivers are described using a series of mini case studies. Lessons learned are synthesized and summarized.     

平台运动下深水钻井隔水管非线性动力响应研究

建立深水钻井隔水管在波、流和平台运动的联合作用下的运动方程,模拟1 000 m深水钻井隔水管的非线性动力响应.分析在波、流作用下钻井液密度和顶部张力比等因素对隔水管振动频率的影响,研究平台的静偏移和动态运动对隔水管最大弯矩分布的影响.结果表明,平台运动对深水钻井隔水管的动力响应有较大影响,使隔水管上部最大弯矩峰值增加了1倍多.     

国内外深水区油气勘探新进展

深水区油气资源丰富，近年来深水油气勘探不断升温。在全球6大洲18个深水盆地中已发现约580亿桶油当量的油气资源。目前，巴西、美国墨西哥湾的深水油气田已经投入生产，而且产量不断增加，西非地区也已进入开发阶段，西北欧、地中海以及亚太地区的许多国家也都在积极开展深水油气勘探或开发。海上油气钻探不断向深水区和超深水区发展，探井数目也在继续增加，投资力度不断加强，储量每年也有很大的增长。深水油气勘探成功率平均达到30％，其中，西非的勘探成功率最高。深水区烃源岩生烃潜力较好，最好的烃源岩主要分布于侏罗系、白垩系和第三系的地层中，储层以浊积岩储层为主，盖层通常比较发育，大多数圈闭都与地层因素有关。我国南海北部陆坡深水区盆地属准被动边缘盆地，从烃源岩、储层、盖层、圈闭到运聚条件等都具备了形成大型油气田的基本地质条件，具有丰富的资源前景。     

Petrographic and seismic evidence for the depositional setting of giant turbidite reservoirs and the paleogeographic evolution of Campos Basin,offshore Brazil

The paleogeographic evolution of Campos Basin, a major oil province of Brazil, during the deposition of its giant turbidite reservoirs, was reinterpreted based on the integration of quantitative sandstone petrography and structural analysis of regional 3D seismic data. The major detrital compositional trends indicate that the geodynamic evolution of the continental margin, rather than global eustatic sea-level fluctuations, has exerted the main control on sand supply to the deepwater systems. This control was imposed by the interaction of three geodynamic processes: (i) escarpment retreat of the coastal mountain ridges, (ii) mantle plume-related dynamic uplift and magmatic activity, and (iii) tectonic reactivation of major basement fault-zones. The pattern of distribution of compositional and textural parameters within the turbidite sequences indicated that the sand supply to deepwater was also constrained by high-frequency stratigraphic processes of the climate Milankovitch band. This new approach to the controls on the formation of the sand-rich, deepwater systems in Campos Basin has a key importance for the generation of realistic models for the exploration of new turbidite reservoirs and for the optimized development of producing turbidite oilfields in such a world-class hydrocarbon province. The proposed integrated methodology can help to unravel the controls on the deposition of deepwater sand-rich, deepwater reservoirs in other divergent margin settings.     

陵水17-2气田深水钢悬链立管强度敏感性分析研究

陵水17-2气田是国内首个采用钢悬链立管的深水气田。以该气田钢悬链立管(SCR)为例,结合国外经验确定了影响强度的主要因素,利用FLEXCOM软件建立了强度分析模型并进行了敏感性分析。通过对比分析,得到以下结论:管线重量公差较其他因素对立管强度有着更明显的影响,管线重量的正负公差分别对立管触地区和悬挂区强度影响较大,其中等效应力最大增加了13.5%;内部压力的变化对重质管线强度影响较轻质管线明显;柔性节点刚度对立管强度的影响主要集中在悬挂区;立管安装误差对悬挂区和触地区等效应力影响为6.5%～9.5%。为陵水17-2气田及其他类似工程提供参考和借鉴。     

Multiaxial Fatigue Analysis on Reeled Deepwater Steel Catenary Risers with Girth Weld Defects

In the present study, we simulated the reel-lay installation process of deepwater steel catenary risers（SCRs） using the finite element method and proposed multiaxial fatigue analysis for reeled SCRs. The reel-lay method is one of the most efficient and economical pipeline installation methods. However, material properties of reeled risers may change, especially in the weld zone, which can affect the fatigue performance. Applying finite element analysis（FEA）, we simulated an installation load history through the reel, aligner, and straightener and analyzed the property variations. The impact of weld defects during the installation process, lack of penetration and lack of fusion, was also discussed. Based on the FEA results, we used the Brown-Miller criterion combined with the critical plane approach to predict the fatigue life of reeled and non-reeled models. The results indicated that a weld defect has a significant influence on the material properties of a riser, and the reel-lay method can significantly reduce the fatigue life of SCRs. The analysis conclusion can help designers understand the mechanical performance of welds during reel-lay installation.     

Multiaxial Fatigue Analysis on Reeled Deepwater Steel Catenary Risers with Girth Weld Defects

In the present study, we simulated the reel-lay installation process of deepwater steel catenary risers (SCRs) using the finite element method and proposed multiaxial fatigue analysis for reeled SCRs. The reel-lay method is one of the most efficient and economical pipeline installation methods. However, material properties of reeled risers may change, especially in the weld zone, which can affect the fatigue performance. Applying finite element analysis (FEA), we simulated an installation load history through the reel, aligner, and straightener and analyzed the property variations. The impact of weld defects during the installation process, lack of penetration and lack of fusion, was also discussed. Based on the FEA results, we used the Brown-Miller criterion combined with the critical plane approach to predict the fatigue life of reeled and non-reeled models. The results indicated that a weld defect has a significant influence on the material properties of a riser, and the reel-lay method can significantly reduce the fatigue life of SCRs. The analysis conclusion can help designers understand the mechanical performance of welds during reel-lay installation.     

海洋深水区地震数据采集技术

近几年在研究区海域深水陆坡区地震数据采集工作中,形成了一套有效的深水区地震数据采集技术,主要包括优化研究区海域深水区观测系统设计技术、提高研究区海域深水区激发效果技术、改进研究区海域深水区地震数据接收技术以及提高研究区海域深水区成像效果的其他技术方法等.通过系统研究和创新,进一步提升了研究区海域深水区地震数据采集水平,...     

国内深水录井技术初探

深水蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,国内的油气勘探开发重点正在向海上转移。国外有相对成熟的深水钻井工艺,国内的深水钻井工艺研究刚刚起步,与之相配套的深水录井工艺在国内几乎还是空白。从HSE保障、油气显示发现及解释评价、优化钻井、钻井信息化建设等方面分析了国内深水钻井对录井的需求;从保障钻井安全、工程参数获取、岩屑采集、钻井液气体分析、资料的综合解释等方面阐述了深水钻井给录井带来的影响,并提出了对策,对深水录井的发展提出建议。     

深海环境中溢油输移扩散的初步数值模拟

通过对溢油在深海环境中的输移过程及行为特点的分析,初步建立基于拉格朗日积分法的深海溢油模型.该模型除了能够模拟油气混合物在真实深海环境中的共同输移与分离输移扩散过程,还考虑了石油溶解、气体溶解、天然气水合物形成与分解等行为变化对溢油运动轨迹的影响.应用该模型初步数值模拟了一次实际深海溢油试验,结果表明溢油在水下的空间分...     

对吕宋海峡深水瀑布的重新认识

On the basis of the latest version of a U.S. Navy generalized digital environment model(GDEM-V3.0) and World Ocean Atlas(WOA13), the hydraulic theory is revisited and applied to the Luzon Strait, providing a fresh look at the deepwater overflow there. The result reveals that:(1) the persistent density difference between two sides of the Luzon Strait sustains an all year round deepwater overflow from the western Pacific to the South China Sea(SCS);(2) the seasonal variability of the deepwater overflow is influenced not only by changes in the density difference between two sides of the Luzon Strait, but also by changes in its upstream layer thickness;(3) the deepwater overflow in the Luzon Strait shows a weak semiannual variability;(4) the seasonal mean circulation pattern in the SCS deep basin does not synchronously respond to the seasonality of the deepwater overflow in the Luzon Strait.Moreover, the deepwater overflow reaches its seasonal maximum in December(based on GDEM-V3.0) or in fall(October–December, based on the WOA13), accompanied by the lowest temperature of the year on the Pacific side of the Luzon Strait. The seasonal variability of the deepwater overflow is consistent with the existing longest(3.5 a) continuous observation along the major deepwater passage of the Luzon Strait.     

高海水围压下多金属硫化物切削动力学分析

为研究高海水围压条件下截齿切削多金属硫化物(SMS)的动力学特性,根据深海环境构建了镐形单截齿破碎多金属硫化物的切削力数学模型,同时考虑海底多金属硫化物高孔隙、非线性等特点,选取合适的材料本构模型及其相关参数,基于LS-DYNA数值模拟平台,利用有限单元法建立高海水围压条件下截齿切削多金属硫化物的数值仿真模型,模拟了不同海水围压条件下多金属硫化物的切削破碎过程。研究结果表明:截齿上的海水围压对矿体破碎的影响很小,矿体上的海水围压对矿体破碎影响较大;在高海水围压条件下,多金属硫化物的强度明显增大,切屑更难从基岩剥离,截齿受到的三向阻力明显增大,高围压作用限制了截齿切削破碎过程中的振动,截齿载荷波动性显著减小。     

New tool for internal pressure during fabrication and installation of mechanically lined pipelines using reel-lay method

As an ideal use of corrosion-resistant alloys and low-alloy steels, Mechanically Lined Pipelines (MLPs) have been employed gradually for offshore exploitation. If the risk of thin-walled liner wrinkling is to be effectively averted, reel-lay is the most economical installation method for this type of pipeline, especially for deepwater oil and gas development. A suite of tools and corresponding techniques is proposed in this paper to realize the spooling-on of an MLP stalk with inner pressure to avoid detachment and wrinkling of the MLP liner. Additionally, The related numerical verification and a prototype test for a 5-in. MLP spooling-on tool are completed to prove the validity of this new technique and further illustrate the application effect of providing internal pressure during the spooling-on of MLP stalk to a reel.     

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Deepwater Drilling Risers Subjected to Random Loads

Excited by ocean currents, random wave and vessel motion, deepwater drilling risers exhibit significant dynamic response. In time domain, a method is proposed to calculate the nonlinear dynamic response of deepwater drilling risers subjected to random wave and dynamic large displacement vessel motion boundary condition. Structural and functional loads, external and internal pressure, free surface effect of irregular wave, hydrodynamic forces induced by current and wave, as well as wave and low frequency (drift) motion of the drilling vessel are all accounted for. An example is presented which illustrates the application of the proposed method. The study shows that long term drift motion of the vessel has profound effect on the envelopes of bending stress and lateral displacement, as well as the range of lower flex joint angle of the deepwater riser. It can also be concluded that vessel motion is the principal dynamic loading of nonlinear dynamic response for the deepwater risers rather than wave force.     

南海琼东南深水海区地质灾害类型与特征

南海琼东南深水海区是南中国海石油天然气资源潜在储量较为丰富的地区,油气勘探开发的力度正日益加大。但是,该海区处于南海大陆坡与西沙海槽区域,海底水深大,地形变化剧烈,水体动力环境和海底地质条件复杂,引发地质灾害的触发机制丰富,稍有疏忽,将给石油钻井平台带来巨大损失。在收集有关资料的基础上,对海底的地质环境务件作了研究,发现了一些有可能发生或潜在的地质灾害类型,并对其特征作了描述,以引起有关方面在石油钻井钻前井场工程地质调查和评价时予以重视。     

深水油气田井场调查内容及方法技术研究

随着海洋油气资源开发的深入发展,我国的油气勘探开发已由浅海转向深水海域,深水井场调查是深水油气田勘探开发过程中的一个重要环节,但目前国内尚未开展此项工作,深水井场调查的内容和方法技术较浅水区相比有较大差异,难度较大。通过调研并结合以往浅水区井场调查经验,对深水井场工程地质及环境地质调查的内容和方法技术作了研究。针对深水海区地质环境条件和地质灾害因素复杂等特点,详细探讨了深水井场调查的技术难点和调查研究内容,重点介绍了深水井场调查的技术方法,特别是水下声学定位、深拖、水下机器人和深水地质取样等调查技术,以期为我国深水井场工程地质调查内容和技术方法的研究提供参考。     

深水钻井液研究与评价模拟实验装置

分析了我国深水钻井的现状和未来发展趋势,调研分析了深水钻井所面临的困难和深水钻井液必须具备的基本性能。在理论推导并结合实践的基础上,研制了深水低温钻井液基本性能模拟实验装置、深水钻井液水合物生成与抑制评价实验装置以及深水钻井液循环与井壁稳定模拟实验装置等,并对模拟装置的实验可行性和平行性进行了验证。实验结果表明,新研制模拟实验装置控制精度较高、实验平行性较好,能够满足深水钻井液性能测定与评价的基本要求,为我国深水钻井液技术研究奠定了一定的室内实验研究基础。     

复杂载荷作用下立管触地段损伤管道的动力响应

触地段(Touchdown zone, TDZ)是在役钢悬链线立管(Steel catenary riser, SCR)的关键部位,在复杂载荷作用下,极易形成损伤缺陷,其载荷寿命的评估是深海结构工程中的一个关键问题。本文以大型有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,运用损伤管道实体单元与土弹簧阻尼单元相互作用的模型模拟触地段损伤海底管道在复杂载荷作用下的动力响应,数值计算考虑了管-土相互作用过程中的材料非线性、几何非线性以及接触非线性。讨论了单一环向体积损伤位于触地段管道的不同位置时,触地段损伤管道在不同载荷作用下的动力特性及特征点的动力响应。结果表明,管道所受内外压力以及管道提升端的竖向位移载荷会影响结构的自振频率;体积损伤部位的动力响应较完好部位更剧烈;体积损伤的位置和动力载荷频率对管道动力放大系数的影响很大;当动力载荷的激励频率越接近结构基频时,损伤管道的动力响应及动力放大系数越大。     

南海西北部琼东南盆地深水沉积环境演化及其油气勘探意义

Over the past several years, a number of hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered in the deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin, northwestern South China Sea. These oil/gas fields demonstrate that the...