栖霞组沉积地球化学特征及其环境意义

沉积环境的古氧相特征是沉积环境和古海洋特征恢复的重要内容。岩石地球化学特征是判断其形成环境氧化还原条件的重要手段之一。本文以来宾地区铁桥面为重点．通过对栖霞组灰岩的地球化学分析，结合沉积学、古生态学特征．认为栖霞组沉积于贫氧的沉{只背景．是在海水深度和海域的局限程度等沉积条件发生周期性变化的情况下形成的。古氧相地球化学指标V(V十Ni)、Cc/La、U／Th值都适用于该组以钙质沉积为主的沉积物。黄铁矿矿化程度(DOP值)变。化较大．眨映该区多变的古氧相特征。     

广西来宾栖霞组缺氧沉积环境地球化学特征

地层的岩石地球化学特征是判断其形成环境氧化还原条件的重要手段之一。本文对广西来宾铁桥剖面栖霞组中层纹状灰岩和含泥质灰岩进行地球化学分析，结合栖霞组沉积学和古生态学特征，对栖霞组沉积环境进行了探讨。岩石微量元素含量、黄铁矿矿化程度（DOP值）、痕量元素V／Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、V/(V Ni)等比值的研究结果显示，研究区具有缺氧沉积成因的地球化学特征。     

从地球生物学角度讨论华南中二叠世海相烃源岩缺氧沉积环境成因模式

探讨陆棚环境缺氧沉积的成因, 对查明海相优质烃源岩时空分布、恢复地史时期古环境演化具有重要意义.华南地区中二叠世栖霞组有机质丰富, 出现多方面缺氧沉积特征, 同时多门类底栖生物繁盛, 其成因一直令人困惑.简要介绍了陆棚浅海缺氧环境的生物特征及古氧相划分, 分析了栖霞组一个由纹层状灰岩和块状灰岩组成的典型的沉积序列的古氧相特征.块状灰岩的生物特征和地球化学特征均指示常氧沉积环境; 而纹层状灰岩的生物特征偏向常氧相, 沉积地球化学特征偏向厌氧相, 体现了陆棚缺氧沉积环境水体溶氧量不稳定的特点.栖霞组沉积特征表明, 栖霞组缺氧沉积环境的频繁出现与较高的生物产率有关.结合区域古地理和古特提斯古海洋背景, 认为华南地区中二叠世缺氧环境的成因与当时陆海分布格局和古海洋表面洋流系统有关.      

广西来宾栖霞组缺氧沉积环境的地球化学特征

地层的岩石地球化学特征是判断其形成环境氧化还原条件的重要手段之一，笔者对广西来宾铁桥剖面栖霞组中层纹状灰岩和含泥质灰岩进行岩石地球化学分析，结合栖霞组积学和古生态学特征，对栖霞组沉积环境进行了探讨，岩石微量元素含量、黄铁矿矿化程的DOP值、痕量元素V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、V/（V Ni)等比值的研究结果显示，研究区具有缺氧沉积成因地球化学特征，是由温度引起的季节性盆氧。     

安徽巢湖地区中二叠统栖霞组的遗迹化石特征及其沉积环境

在安徽巢湖177高地、无为白牡山等地中二叠统栖霞组顶部灰岩段和臭灰岩段发现大量遗迹化石Zoophycos cf.caudagalli。这些遗迹化石以系统觅食迹为主,指示水动力及波浪作用较弱、贫氧的深水沉积环境。在栖霞组的砾状灰岩中,发现部分Zoophycos穿插于灰岩砾石和基质之中,这揭示栖霞组石灰砾岩中的砾石并非成岩作用成因,而是碎屑流沉积形成,属于异地成因碳酸盐岩。综合巢湖地区栖霞组的地层和岩石地球化学特征以及Zoophycos的生活习性和分布特征,发现表明巢湖地区中二叠统栖霞组臭灰岩段和顶部灰岩段属于贫氧的碳酸盐台缘斜坡沉积。     

武汉地区二叠系栖霞组灰岩—含泥灰岩韵律层生物产率

选取生物产率分析指标生源w(Ba)、生源w(Al)及w(Al)/w(Ti)比值,分析了武汉地区二叠系栖霞组灰岩-含泥灰岩韵律层的生物产率变化;同时用w(V)/w(V+Ni)、w(V)/w(Cr)及w(Mo)等指标分析了韵律层的古氧相特征.结果表明:武汉地区栖霞组灰岩-含泥灰岩韵律层灰岩部分的生物产率较低,形成于常氧环境;含泥质灰岩部分的生物产率明显较高,形成于缺氧环境.这种生物产率和沉积环境古氧相随韵律层规律性的变化,证实生物产率是导致栖霞组有机质质量分数变化的主要原因.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部岐山地区上奥陶统平凉组深水沉积特征及古地理分析

岐山地区上奥陶统平凉组是一套颜色较深的泥岩、粉砂岩、泥质灰岩,夹有薄层斑脱岩的沉积岩系,与上覆和下伏地层在岩石类型、沉积环境和形成的构造背景方面都有明显的差别。研究平凉组的沉积特征,分析其形成环境和构造背景,对于揭示鄂尔多斯盆地晚奥陶世的古地理、古气候、古构造都具有重要的理论意义。通过剖面测制和镜下鉴定,对平凉组的地层学、岩石学和沉积相进行了精细研究。结果表明,平凉组按照岩石组合学特征可以分为3个旋回。第一旋回以泥岩和砂岩为主,灰岩相对较少,沉积作用以浊流沉积和砂质等深流、泥质等深流沉积为主;第二旋回泥岩和灰岩所占比例大致相等,沉积作用为泥质等深流和灰质等深流沉积;第三旋回以砂泥岩为主,少量灰岩,属于砂质等深流为主,少量灰质等深流,浊流沉积不发育。平凉组沉积作用及沉积特征表明,晚奥陶世,华北陆块南缘发生大规模裂陷,结束陆表海沉积,盆地的南部边缘形成大陆斜坡。     

重庆石柱二叠纪栖霞组地球化学特征及其环境意义

在对重庆市石柱县二叠纪栖霞组地层野外露头沉积特征研究的基础上,结合室内薄片观察,根据碳酸盐岩样品的元素含量、比值及相关性,探讨了栖霞组沉积地球化学特征与古环境意义.用于古环境分析的10件栖霞组样品SiO₂、MgO含量低,且两者具有较好的正相关性,Sr含量高,平均为1 751×10-6,Mn/Sr<0.1,Fe/Sr<1,δ18O_PDB>-10‰,表明成岩过程中样品几乎不受硅化及白云岩化作用的影响,未发生化学性质上的改变,可作为古环境分析的可靠对象.栖霞组碳酸盐岩CaO含量高,平均为53.81%,接近纯灰岩的理论化学组成,陆源元素Al₂O₃、TiO₂含量很低,平均值分别为0.17%与0.012%,表明其形成于陆源碎屑影响微弱的稳定古海洋环境.古气候指标MgO/CaO比值极低,平均为0.026,古盐度指标100×(MgO/Al₂O₃)比值高,平均为1 241,古水深判别指标Sr/Ba、1000×(Sr/Ca)比值高,平均值分别为286和4.54,指示了栖霞组碳酸盐岩为潮湿气候下的陆表海(远岸)沉积.古氧相地球化学指标U/Al、V/Al、Mo/Al、Cr/Al、Co/Al、V/(V+Ni)和U/Th特征一致表明栖霞组碳酸盐岩沉积于贫氧—缺氧环境.垂向上,陆源元素∑(Al₂O₃+TiO₂)含量逐渐降低,古水深指标Sr/Ba、1000×(Sr/Ca)比值逐渐增大,表明栖霞组沉积过程中离岸渐远、陆源供给逐步减少、水体持续加深.     

滇东北镇雄西部栖霞—茅口组碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及环境意义

镇雄县安家坝一带中二叠统栖霞组-茅口组地层出露较好,沉积连续。以此剖面为基础,连续采集碳酸盐岩样品42个,根据其显微特征、元素相关性、元素组份含量及相关元素的比值特征,探讨了研究区碳酸盐岩沉积地球化学特征与古环境意义。研究表明(1)样品中CaO与SiO_2、MgO呈现出比较明显的负相关关系,且后两者在岩石中的含量很低,说明样品在沉积和成岩过程中受陆源物质影响或改造的程度较小。(2)通过对元素含量以及相关元素比值的垂向分布特征分析,如Sr/Ba、MgO/CaO和V/V+Ni等,对不同沉积阶段进行了古水深和古氧相等方面的研究,数据表明茅口组沉积环境相比栖霞组具有较明显的差异。     

恩施剖面栖霞组下部贫氧-缺氧环境成因模式

我国华南地区二叠系栖霞组沉积了多套富有机碳的暗色岩系,是华南地区油气勘探的潜在烃源岩。其形成主要与水体的氧化还原以及古特提斯海洋洋流系统有关。然而,栖霞期水体的缺氧-贫氧的成因模式还需要更多的地质证据。本文选择湖北省恩施剖面栖霞组下部臭灰岩段钙质页岩及碳酸盐岩夹层为研究对象,开展稀土元素REE、微量元素Th/U比值以及碳酸盐矿物晶格内微量硫酸盐硫同位素组成分析。研究结果表明,栖霞组下部臭灰岩段的下部沉积水体主要为缺氧至贫氧条件,而臭灰岩段上部主要为贫氧至氧化条件。这些缺氧至贫氧沉积主要是由洋流的上涌造成。洋流的上涌将深水环境中缺氧、贫氧的底部水体涌至陆棚斜坡地带,造成斜坡浅水地带形成一个近似倒三角的缺氧-贫氧水体带,从而沉积了栖霞组暗色薄层石灰岩或钙质页岩。     

Distribution of major and trace elements in La Luna Formation, Southwestern Venezuelan Basin

The La Luna Formation (Maraca section), Maracaibo Basin, was studied by means of V and Ni analysis of the bitumen, total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (St), major elements (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Ti, Na, K, P), trace elements (V, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, and Zn), and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) of the whole rock, and St, major elements (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Ti, Na, K, P), trace elements (V, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ba, U, Th) and rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sn, Eu, Th, Yb, Lu) of the carbonate-free fraction. The results are discussed based on the organic and inorganic association of trace elements and their use as paleoenvironmental indicators of sedimentation. An association between V and organic matter is suggested by means of correlation between V and Ni vs. TOC, the use of EPMA (whole rock) and V and Ni concentrations (carbonate-free fraction), whereas Ni is found in the organic matter and the sulfide phase. Fe is present as massive and framboidal pyrite, whereas Zn precipitates into a separate phase (sphalerite), and Ni, Cu and, in some cases, Zn, can be found as sulfides associated with pyrite. Concentrations of V and Ni (bitumen), TOC, St, V, Ni, Cr, Cu and Zn (whole rock), U, Th, Mo (carbonate-free fraction) are indicative of changes in the dysoxic sedimentation conditions in the chert layers (TOC, St, V, Ni, Cu and low Zn and V/Cr <4) to euxinic anoxic conditions in the argillaceous limestone (TOC, St, V, Ni, Cu and high Zn and V/Cr >4). In the sequence corresponding to the argillaceous limestone, variations in the concentrations of TOC, St, V, Ni, Zn, Cu and Cr (whole rock) can be observed, also suggesting variable sedimentation conditions. The following is proposed: (i) sedimentation intervals under euxinic conditions associated with high contribution and/or preservation of organic matter, allowing a high concentration level of V and Ni in the organic phase and the accumulation of Cu, Zn and Ni (in a smaller proportion) in the sulfide phase; (ii) sedimentation intervals under anoxic conditions and in the presence of relatively lower H₂S, which allowed lower concentrations of V and Ni in the organic phase and higher concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Ni in the sulfide phase. Rare earth elements (REE) concentrations exhibit a marked increase in Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Y and Lu for the QM-3 interval, relative to Post-Archean Average Shale (PAAS). REE enrichment in shales has been related to the presence of phosphate minerals such as monazite or apatite. However, these minerals were not detected through XRD or EPMA in the whole rock or in the carbonate-free fraction. The association of REE with organic matter is suggested due to the absence of phosphate minerals, although assessment of these elements require further analysis.     

Argillite debris converted to bauxite during karst weathering: evidence from immobile element geochemistry at the Olmedo Deposit, Sardinia

The Olmedo bauxite deposit occurs in the Nurra district of northwest Sardinia. It forms a stratiform horizon in Cretaceous limestone and marl. Uplift in mid-Cretaceous had exposed recently deposited limestone to karst weathering, and a layer of argillaceous debris accumulated on its surface and was partly converted to bauxite. Intermediate products were desiccated marl, bauxitic argillite and argillaceous bauxite. Subsidence followed, and the bauxite was preserved by the deposition of late Cretaceous limestone and other sediments. Uplift in Oligocene-Miocene time, with ensuing erosion, exposed the bauxite horizon to its present configuration. Concentrations of normative minerals illustrate chemical processes and the build-up of Al in the bauxite horizon. Plots of chemical data and correlation coefficients show that Al, Ti, Zr, Nb, Th, Cr and V were immobile during the bauxitization process. Mass changes point to large net removal of Si, Mg and K from the system, although some of this material and slightly mobile Al were reprecipitated in the underlying argillite and altered marl. Immobile element ratios trace the source of the bauxite to the underlying argillaceous limestone. Al in the bauxite was accumulated from the degradation of 25 to 50 m of the argillaceous limestone. Received: 10 June 1996 / Accepted: 15 April 1997     

Geochemistry evidence for depositional settings and provenance of Jurassic argillaceous rocks of Jiyuan Basin,North China

This paper aims to discuss the depositional settings and provenances for the Jurassic in Jiyuan basin, North China, based on the rare earth element (REE) and trace element features of 16 Jurassic argillaceous rock samples from the Anyao, Yangshuzhuang and Ma’ao Formations, respectively. Generally, geochemical analysis results show that chondrite-normalised REE distribution patterns of all the three formations are characterised by light-REE (LREE) enrichment, moderately negative Eu anomalies, slightly negative Ce anomalies, and strong fractionation between LREE and heavy-REE (HREE). Trace element proxies V/(V + Ni), Ce _anom index, Ce/La, Sr/Ba, and Sr/Cu indicate a weak oxidation–reduction environment, progressively decreasing reducibility and water depth from the bottom up during Jurassic in Jiyuan basin. Palaeoclimate varied from humid in the Early Jurassic to arid in the Middle Jurassic, corresponding with the variations of palaeoredox and palaeosalinity. The provenances of Jurassic rocks in Jiyuan basin are mainly from felsic sources related to active continental margin and continental island arc. The Early–Middle Jurassic (Anyao and Yangshuzhuang Formations) provenances are mainly derived from North Qinling and partially from the eroded recycled felsic sedimentary covers of Taihang Mountain. In the late stage of Middle Jurassic (Ma’ao Formation), Taihang Mountain has been the primary source to Jiyuan basin. We conclude that the Jurassic rocks of Jiyuan basin reveal the progressive uplift and denudation processes of the Taihang Mountain.     

桌子山中奥陶统克里摩里组下段稀土元素特征与沉积介质分析

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部的内蒙古桌子山地区奥陶纪地层出露完整,沉积类型丰富,是研究鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪沉积的关键地区。该区在中奥陶世时位于从浅海向深海的转换部位,达瑞威尔期沉积的克里摩里组由深灰色薄层状石灰岩和灰黑色泥岩组成,是研究鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪深水氧化-还原条件的一个较为理想的层位。本文在详细的野外观察基础上,测试克里摩里组薄层细粉晶-泥晶石灰岩和灰黑色泥岩的稀土元素（REY）和其他与氧化-还原条件相关的微量元素,主要包括V、Cr、Ni、Co等,着重分析探讨其形成时的氧化-还原条件。结果表明：1）石灰岩和泥岩稀土总量（REE）分别为28.18×10^-6和100.37×10^-6,轻、重稀土比值分别为9.60和9.69;2）石灰岩和泥岩稀土元素Y/Ho、（La/Yb）_N、（La/Sm）_N、（La/Nd）_N值分别为29.01、1.35、0.92、0.95和25.72、1.21、0.96、1.02;3）石灰岩无Ce负异常或具有微弱的正异常,同时具有明显的Eu正异常,泥岩具有明显的Ce负异常和较弱的Eu正异常;4）石灰岩和泥岩的其他微量元素比值V/Cr、V/（V+Ni）、Ni/Co分别为1.10、0.62、7.75和3.54、0.89、5.15。依据本文研究结果,结合沉积特征和前人研究成果可以推测,克里摩里组沉积于风暴浪基面之下,远离海岸,但同时又受淡水影响,其中石灰岩形成于氧化环境,泥岩形成于还原环境,同一沉积背景下这种氧化与还原环境的交替是由等深暖流造成的,可称为水动力氧化环境。     

南黄海盆地中、古生界盖层条件

分析南黄海盆地中、古生界的盖层条件,可为该区油气地质条件研究以及后期油气资源评价提供基础。充分利用现有钻井、测井、地震等多种实际资料,在对盆地及邻区构造、地层、沉积等地质背景分析的基础上,进行了盖层条件的分析。结果表明,南黄海盆地中、古生界主要发育5套盖层,包括钻井已经钻遇的上二叠统龙潭-大隆组泥质岩、下三叠统泥灰岩和膏岩、下白垩统湖相泥质岩,以及两套经地震解释和海陆对比划分的下寒武统、下志留统泥质岩;盆地现存盖层条件的好坏是中、古生界油气藏能否得以保存的关键条件,其中下古生界整体要优于上古生界,上古生界的青岛坳陷要好于烟台坳陷,海相中生界总体较差。     

Rock composition and origin of the Duwi Formation calcareous rocks, Upper Egypt

Upper Cretaceous phosphorite beds of the Duwi Formation, Upper Egypt, are intercalated with limestone, sandy limestone, marl, calcareous shales, and calcareous sandstone. Calcareous intercalations were subjected to field and detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigations in order to constrain their rock composition and origin. Mineralogically, dolomite, calcite, quartz, francolite and feldspars are the non-clay minerals. Smectite, kaolinite and illite represent the clay minerals. Major and trace elements can be classified as the detrital and carbonate fractions based on their sources. The detrital fraction includes the elements that are derived from detrital sources, mainly clay minerals and quartz, such as Si, Al, Fe, Ti, K, Ba, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu, Zr, and Mo. The carbonate fraction includes the elements that are derived from carbonates, maily calcite and dolomite, such as Ca, Mg and Sr. Dolomite occurs as being dense, uniform, mosaic, very fine-to-fine, non-ferroan, and non-stoichiometrical, suggesting its early diagenetic formation in a near-shore oxidizing shallow marine environment. The close association and positive correlation between dolomite and smectite indicates the role of clay minerals in the formation of dolomite as a source of Mg^2＋ -rich solutions. Calcareous rocks were deposited in marine, oxidizing and weakly alkaline conditions, marking a semi-arid climatic period. The calcareous/argillaceous alternations are due to oscillations in clay/carbonate ratio.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中南部马五1-2亚段岩相古地理特征及其对储层的影响

为探讨岩相古地理环境对储层的影响,以鄂尔多斯盆地中南部马五_1-2亚段为例,综合利用岩芯观察及薄片鉴定、多矿物测井解释模型以及单因素分析多因素综合作图法等多种方法,对研究区岩相、岩相古地理特征进行了研究,并结合测井解释储层厚度的分布特征及实际天然气产量数据分析了岩相古地理环境对储层分布的影响。分析结果表明,研究区马五_1-2亚段岩石类型主要包括白云岩（泥晶白云岩、膏盐溶蚀角砾白云岩、溶蚀角砾泥晶白云岩、溶蚀角砾含灰粉晶白云岩、灰云岩、含膏云岩、含泥含灰云岩、泥云岩）、石灰岩（云灰岩、含泥云灰岩）以及部分蒸发岩（石膏岩、盐岩）。岩相古地理环境以蒸发台地和局限台地亚相为主,蒸发台地亚相包括云坪和含膏云坪微相,局限台地亚相包括膏盐湖、膏湖和含膏湖微相。岩相古地理环境在一定程度上影响储层分布,蒸发台地亚相中的云坪微相、含膏云坪微相以及局限台地亚相中的部分含膏湖微相、膏湖微相均是储层发育的有利区域。     

炭质泥质灰岩饱水流变试验研究

采用岩石直剪流变仪对重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡滑带(炭质泥质灰岩)进行了岩石饱水直接剪切流变试验.通过分析流变试验结果,从而得出滑带炭质泥质灰岩的剪应力-剪切位移曲线,进而得到软岩的长期强度.结果表明:炭质泥质灰岩饱水条件下与自然状况下流变强度和瞬时剪切强度参数相比,饱水状况下的长期强度有明显降低,饱水状况下炭质泥质灰岩摩擦系数比自然流变降低13.87%,比瞬时剪切的摩擦系数低40.91%; 饱水状况下炭质泥质灰岩黏聚力比自然流变降低13.81%,比瞬时剪切获取的黏聚力降低36.67%.因裂隙损伤扩展,饱水条件下长期抗剪强度比自然状况下长期抗剪强度有所降低,但是没有直剪流变试验长期抗剪强度与瞬时抗剪强度相比降低显著,为深入认识和分析鸡尾山滑坡滑带软岩的流变力学特性提供重要的试验和依据.