藏南晚白垩世滑塌堆积特征及形成机制

藏南萨嗄－江孜－浪卡子一线断续发育了一套晚白垩世滑塌堆积地层, 呈带状分布，东西长约700km，以三叠系－下白垩统不同的外来岩块沉积混杂为特征。代表雅鲁藏布江缝合带俯冲晚期形成的边缘前陆盆地沉积。无独有偶，在班公错－怒江缝合带内部侏罗系木嗄岗群也是一套由外来岩块、原地岩块和基质 组成的沉积混杂堆积。二者构成了西藏高原特殊的沉积地层。     

阿拉善吉兰泰地区蛇绿混杂堆积带特征

蛇绿混杂堆积带地处鄂尔多斯地块与阿拉善地块的结合部位,也是早前寒武近东西向-北东向构造域与北北东向狼山构造带的交汇部位。该混杂岩由蛇绿岩岩块和混杂基质组成。蛇绿岩块有辉橄岩、辉石岩、辉长岩、斜长岩、玄武岩及硅质岩等,基质主要是橄榄岩。野外调查及室内鉴定结果显示,蛇绿岩岩块和基质遭受了较强的变质变形,地球化学研究表明其具有大洋壳蛇绿岩的特征。上述研究表明华北地块与阿拉善地块之间在早古生代曾经历了拉张-局限洋盆—最终碰撞闭会的全过程。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中段构造混杂带特征及其构造意义

<正> 混杂体(Melange)是由板块俯冲过程中所导致的各种构造作用而混杂形成的一些杂乱地质体。它的主要特征是大小不同的各类岩块嵌在比较塑性,遭到强烈剪切作用和破碎作用的基质中,每一混杂体都包括基质(matrix)、外来岩块(exotic block)和原地岩块(native block)三部分。根据其中含有时代新于基质的外来岩块和基质的强烈剪切变形而区别于沉积成因的滑塌体(Olistostrome),又可根据基质的塑性形变和外来成分岩块的普遍出现而区别于一般构造产物(破碎岩、构造角砾岩等)。     

秦岭勉县—略阳地区的构造混杂岩及其意义

秦岭造山带勉县长坝和略阳横现河地区发现的混杂岩均由不同性质的构造岩块和基质组成，混杂岩基质为受到不同变质作用的泥质岩或砂岩，属泥沙质混杂岩；构造岩块包括原地岩块和外来岩块两种基本类型，岩块大小不一，成分和形态复杂，在混杂岩中分布无序，两地区混杂岩普遍受到不同程度的褶皱变形和剪切作用，并且与两侧岩层以剪切带接触，综合研究表明长坝，横现河混杂岩明显区别于沉积成因的滑塌堆积，具典型构造混杂岩的性质特点，是勉略板块缝合带的重要标志。     

关于如年各组的新认识

分布于炉霍-道孚断裂带的如年各组为一套深海环境形成的构造变形强烈的含硅质岩复理石沉积,与大量的蛇绿岩残片和古生界灰岩等外来岩块共存,具有基质、原地岩块和外来岩块共存的沉积-构造混杂特征,时代可限制在中三叠世拉丁期-晚三叠世诺利期.为了与理塘蛇绿岩群及金沙江蛇绿岩群相对比,将其更名为如年各岩群.     

滑塌堆积及其构造意义

滑塌堆积是含有外来岩块的沉积，形成于陆壳拉张分裂阶段的陆坡或沉积盆地陡坡上．笔者讨论了其术语、岩块、基质特征、形成机制和古地理古构造条件，并列表分析了它与混杂堆积的区别。早期的滑塌堆积在后期陆壳拼合挤压条件下可受到程度不同的改造，乃至与混杂堆积叠加和（或）共生。最后，对中国滑塌沉积的发育特征及其与构造演化的关系作了概括的说明。     

内蒙古杜尔基构造混杂岩物质组成及构造属性研究

杜尔基构造混杂岩是一套由"基质"和"岩块"构成的混杂堆积地质体。通过岩石学、岩石地球化学特征研究,查明其"基质"主要为一套强变形浅变质的海相碎屑岩,局部具有复理石沉积建造的特点,形成于活动大陆边缘构造环境;"岩块"岩石类型为辉石角闪岩、角闪石岩、玄武岩、辉绿岩、闪长岩,其中玄武岩、辉绿岩具有低Ti、高Mg和Al的特点,为一套富钠贫钾岩系,具有洋中脊和岛弧拉斑玄武岩的双重构造属性,形成于洋内初始俯冲背景下的弧前构造环境,属"外来岩块";闪长岩SiO_2均值53.41%, MgO均值5.57%,Mg~#均值51,FeO/MgO均值1.08,属镁闪长岩(MA),相比玄武岩、辉绿岩更加富集Ti、Ta、亏损Nb,形成于俯冲消减背景下活动大陆边缘构造环境,与基质大地构造环境基本一致,应属"原地岩块"。通过对杜尔基构造混杂岩的物质组成及其构造属性的研究,结合其各组成物质的同位素年龄信息、区域地质背景及区域构造演化史研究成果,认为杜尔基构造混杂岩可能反映了晚石炭世洋内俯冲-早二叠世洋陆俯冲-中二叠世洋盆关闭的过程。     

台湾南部恒春半岛垦丁混杂岩的成因及其构造意义

垦丁混杂岩出露于台湾南部恒春半岛中新世增生楔内,长约20 km,宽最大可达1 km,呈北西-南东向狭长带状分布,大致平行于马尼拉海沟北段,其分布特征类似于与俯冲板块边界相关混杂岩的特征,因此垦丁混杂岩成因的确定对于了解台湾造山带结构及构造演化历史具有重要意义。关于垦丁混杂岩成因,目前主要分为沉积(olistostrome)成因和构造成因两大观点。通过野外观察,垦丁混杂岩的泥质基质普遍发生强烈的剪裂作用,鳞片状结构大量发育,基性或超基性的外来岩块夹杂其中。此外,在垦丁混杂岩内还发现香肠化的砂岩块、由泥质基质充填的脉体及砂岩表面的水压破裂等构造现象。这些现象均反映垦丁混杂岩为构造成因而非沉积成因。垦丁混杂岩体原形成于增生楔底部,并受到一定的高压及应力剪切作用,之后随同卷入的外来岩块及连续沉积地层块体一起沿着马尾逆断层出露于地表浅部,代表南海洋壳向东俯冲于菲律宾海板块之下形成的构造混杂堆积岩体。     

大兴安岭乌奴耳地区构造混杂岩的组成及地质意义

乌奴耳构造混杂岩由不同性质的岩块和基质组成,属泥沙质构造混杂岩.岩块可分为内部岩块和外部岩块两种类型.岩块大小不一,成分和形态各异,在混杂岩中分布无序.基质为片理化泥质岩或千枚状板岩,剪切变形强烈,面理产状紊乱,绕岩块分布.综合研究表明,乌奴耳构造混杂岩明显区别于沉积成因的滑塌堆积,是典型的泥沙质构造混杂岩,是新林-喜桂图缝合带的重要组成部分.     

造山带非史密斯地层

造山带一般都经历了多期板块裂解与拼合的复杂演化过程。造山带地层体在造山带洋盆会聚、俯冲消亡和陆内造山阶段,发生过强烈的构造搬运和构造混杂。俯冲带在消减板块下潜过程中,盆地中先前在重力机制下形成的原始浊积岩和远洋沉积(基质)、同沉积滑塌岩块,与先前在热力机制下形成的蛇绿岩和火山弧,与早先裂解的陆壳碎片等最终一并带入俯冲带内遭受剪切,发生构造混杂,由这种混杂作用形成的地层体通常由经强烈构造剪切作用的基质(浊积岩和远洋沉积)和混入的多种外来岩片(块)构成,是造山带非史密斯地层研究的主体。对造山带非史密斯地层,要针对基质和外来岩片(块)分别进行划分、对比研究。特别对基质中的外来岩片(块),要进行物态、时态,相态、位态、变形和变质历程的精细解剖与研究。通过造山带非史密斯地层研究,建立造山带地层系统理论模型,恢复造山带形成和演化历程。     

Distribution and character of upper mesozoic subduction complexes along the west coast of North America

Structurally complex sequences of sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive igneous rocks characterize a nearly continuous narrow band along the Pacific coast of North America from Baja California, Mexico to southern Alaska. They occur in two modes: (1) as complexly folded but coherent sequences of graywacke and argillite that locally exhibit blueschist-grade metamorphism, and (2) as melanges containing large blocks of graywacke, chert, volcanic and plutonic rocks, high-grade schist, and limestone in a highly sheared pelitic, cherty, or sandstone matrix. Fossils from the coherent graywacke sequences range in age from late Jurassic to Eocene; fossils from limestone blocks in the melanges range in age from mid-Paleozoic to middle Cretaceous. Fossils from the matrix surrounding the blocks, however, are of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and rarely, Tertiary age, indicating that fossils from the blocks cannot be used to date the time of formation of the melangesBoth the deformation of the graywacke, with accompanying blueschist metamorphism, as well as the formation of the melanges, are believed to be the result of late Mesozoic and early Tertiary subduction. The origin of the melanges, particularly the emplacement of exotic tectonic blocks, is not understood.     

那丹哈达岭地层与地体的关系

<正> 位于中国东北隅的那丹哈达岭(实为完达山北段,近年来地质文献中多称为那丹哈达岭),是我国北方唯一出露海相中生代地层的地区。该区森林覆盖面广,全面认识地层有困难;相对出露较多的硅质岩又缺乏大化石;此外对该区构造演化历史的认识也影响了对地层归属的研究。王秀璋(1959)根据放射虫和藻类的研究将地层划分为上三叠统镇江岩     

Sedimentation pattern in Central Anatolia at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

In the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, a mixture of sedimentary and tectonic melanges cover extensive areas, bordering the north, north-west and west of the Kir?ehir Massif. Broadly the age of this melange is Mesozoic; however it includes olistoliths whose ages range from Carboniferous to Cretaceous. A series of interconnected basins existed within the “melange belt” during Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary times. They have been infilled, throughout the Lower Tertiary, by slump and mass-flow deposits, produced by active tectonic events. These events seem to be a natural continuation of the earlier stronger tectonics which produced the melanges.     

Mass transport in European Cretaceous chalk; fabric criteria for its recognition

Although it is a pelagic sediment, fine-grained calcareous ooze may be mobilized prior to general lithification and redeposited as allochthonous units. Numerous occurrences of allochthonous chalk have been reported in recent years, having been recognized by large-scale bedding features seen in outcrop. Smaller-scale internal features, such as contorted laminae, and larger features, such as smeared burrows and imbricated flint nodules, attest to a significant amount of soft-sediment deformation and synsedimentary slumping in European chalk sections of Late Cretaceous age. Truly autochthonous chalks contain complex, tiered ichnofabrics and in some cases exhibit a diagenetic nodular fabric that is undisturbed by transport. In some situations, such as stagnant water conditions, autochthonous chalks may exhibit primary lamination, although this is very uncommon in European chalk sequences. Different types of redepositional processes produce an array of varied allochthonous fabrics. Glide and slump units, for example, contain internal deformational features produced during sliding. Ooze flow causes plastic deformation of chalk units, internally as well as externally. Resuspension and fluid flow of chalk sediment produces a deposit having a totally new fabric, such as a conglomerate composed of detrital chalk clasts. In this paper, typical macroscopic, sedimentary fabric types are illustrated, and the means of identifying them are discussed in terms of bioturbation features, in situ diagenetic nodules versus detrital clasts, physical deformation structures and development of flints.     

鲁西南莱芜、蒙阴、平邑盆地早第三纪地层的划分和对比

鲁西南地区分布着近东西向大致平行排列的早第三纪盆地群。在蒙阴、莱芜盆地早第三纪沉积称为官庄组，在平邑盆地称为卞桥组。依据沉积物特征和沉积旋回都能分为下段、中段和上段。通过对哺乳动物、介形类、轮藻、腹足类和孢粉等化石的研究可确定中段的沉积时代为早始新世，通过对轮藻、介形类和哺乳类动物的研究能确定下段和上段分别为始新世早期和中期。在卞桥组中段和官庄组中段发现介形类Ｃｙｐｒｉｄｅａ属，该属起源于晚侏罗世或早白垩世，在早白垩世繁盛，晚白垩世逐渐衰落，灭绝于晚古新世或早始新世，在早始新世沉积中的发现，是迄今在我国发现的最高层位。     

南秦岭勉略古缝合带非史密斯地层和古海洋新知

南秦岭勉略古缝合带是一个构造混杂岩型非史密斯地层区,由不同时代的原地地层系统和异地地层系统的构造岩片构成。泥盆纪—石炭纪硅质岩的常量元素、稀土元素分析结果指示了勉略小洋盆的存在。区域背景分析表明晚震旦世到早寒武世,南秦岭为扬子板块北部边缘的一部分,中、晚寒武世以后开始分裂形成南秦岭裂陷槽。该海槽于中、晚志留世萎缩但未关闭,泥盆纪又进一步开裂逐渐形成大陆边缘裂谷盆地,晚泥盆世后期到早石炭世早期形成一开放小洋盆。早石炭世后期出现洋壳俯冲,从而转化为活动大陆边缘盆地。该洋盆可能持续到二叠纪,并于印支期最终关闭、碰撞和造山。     

Peat-marl deposition in a Holocene paludal-lacustrine basin—Sucker Lake, Michigan

Exceptionally thick (over 15 m) deposits of peat which fill the northern end of Sucker Lake basin in northcentral Michigan document the volumetric importance of allochthonous organic material in a modern coal-forming environment. Organic debris that originates in, and is derived from, a highly vegetated floodplain immediately upstream is deposited as a lakeward-prograding lobe that exhibits features typical of most lacustrine Gilbert deltas, but is composed almost entirely of organic material. This system overlies an additional 7 m of nearly pure, brecciated lacustrine carbonate, deposited as shallow lake-margin benches and emplaced into the deep basin centre by gravity sliding prior to deltaic progradation. In the southern end of the basin, bottomset beds of fine silt-size organic phytoclasts onlap distal facies of progradational bench carbonates, which originate (in shallow water) through calcite encrustation about stems of the dominant macrophyte Chara. With continued sedimentation, a stratigraphic succession in which allochthonous organics will overlie pure, allochthonous lacustrine carbonates and in part be overlain by autochthonous carbonates will characterize the northern end of this Holocene system. In the southern end around the basin margins, however, autochthonous carbonates will entirely underlie allochthonous organics. Numerous continuous cores (up to 22 m) through these units document: (1) the importance of sources of allochthonous organic debris in modern coal-forming complexes, (2) the genetic relationship between nearly pure calcareous and nearly pure carbonaceous facies within these paludal-lacustrine settings, and (3) the complexity of interrelationships between the several component facies within such continental sedimentary systems.     

Structured serpentinite melanges of the Koryak-Kamchatka fold system

The Kuyul, Taigonos, and Upper Khatyrka structured serpentinite melanges at the Pacific continental margin of Northeast Asia considered in this paper are diverse in tectonic setting, age, and geological history. They are characterized by an ordered internal structure expressed in regular arrangement of rock blocks different in composition. These blocks make up mappable tectonic sheets deformed into complex, nappe-related folds. Difference in the block composition of particular sheets is often combined with different composition of serpentinite matrix. The structured melanges of Cape Povorotny (Taigonos Peninsula) and the Kuyul Terrane were formed during accretion of oceanic complexes to a suprasubduction zone and their subsequent juxtaposition. The Upper Khatyrka melange comprises oceanic, island-arc, and marginal-sea complexes. The study of structured melanges makes it possible to ascertain the history of continental accretion and transformation of the oceanic crust. The combination of ordering and chaotic structure allows us to consider structured melanges as manifestations of nonlinear geodynamics.