MICAPS系统二次开发实现气旋加密观测报处理

根据沿海地区气象台站预报服务的需求，对MICAPS系统的资料处理功能进行修改扩充，实现对气旋加密观测报的有效快速处理，满足业务服务需要。     

专业气象服务业务工作平台实现

根据省级专业气象服务的需求和业务工作流程的需要,设计开发了业务系统工作平台,平台针对专业气象服务产品制作数据来源的多元化,进行了资料采集的实时数据监测及分类处理,具有专业用户分类管理和用户权限相结合的统一集成的专业气象服务产品多功能制作界面,能动态生成每天专业气象服务产品制作流程,系统可对用户制作的产品进行产品预览、存储、发布和系统用户日志管理等操作,实现了集数据信息采集处理、产品加工制作、产品分类发布、业务功能管理等功能的省级专业气象服务业务工作平台.     

海量气象数据计算处理及可视化在决策气象服务移动平台上的应用

针对高效智能的决策气象服务需求及海量气象数据在移动端应用瓶颈,国家气象中心气象大数据处理及网络应用团队设计研发了中央气象台决策气象服务移动平台,本文介绍了该平台服务器和移动终端总体结构,及其在气象实况监测、基于位置服务的精细化网格预报、预报预警、决策服务产品快速推送、灾害性天气智能提醒等方面的功能特点,并通过分布式实时计算处理框架、HTML5和移动GIS等关键技术实现了对海量气象数据高效处理计算、移动网络传输、网络服务、移动端实时渲染和交互操作等。该平台在国家、省级决策气象服务业务应用中运行稳定,在台风登陆、暴雨灾害、重大活动等气象服务保障中发挥了重要作用,为决策气象服务人员提供了基于位置服务的气象实况、预报预警、决策服务产品推送、灾害性天气智能提醒等综合服务功能,对建设智慧型气象服务系统具有重要意义。     

地市级气象业务系统的结构和业务现代化建设

地市级气象业务的结构由信息采集,信息传输及综合处理,气象产品加工制作、气象服务四部分组成。在业务现代化建设方面应该以信息采集的准自动化,信息传输的网络化,信息综合处理的标准化,气象产品加工制作的客观定量化为目标。气象服务系统建设要偏重于改变落后的服务方式,提高服务产品的质量,向服务的专业化、系列化和直观、形象、快捷方向发展。     

手机气象短信服务中用户投诉原因浅析与应对

分析了手机气象短信服务中产生用户投诉的主要原因，并给出相应的解决方法；提出“处理用户投诉的过程，其实质就是在手机用户与气象服务部门两者利益之间谋求沟通和寻找平衡点的过程”的观点；指出处理用户投诉应遵循“互惠双赢”的原则。通过对实例进行分析比较，总结出有效处理用户投诉应具备的基本素质和有针对性的服务技巧，以及应当避免的问题。     

易语言v5.6在县级气象服务业务中的应用

易语言具有全中文可视跨平台编程、简单易学、代码短小、调取集成化模块快速实现等特点,适用于气象服务编程处理。就气象业务服务中的快速服务与自动化处理问题,借助易语言帮助解决,展示了易语言解决县级预报服务问题简捷、快速和准确以及业务服务可视化的优势。     

风云气象卫星数据存档与服务系统

国家卫星气象中心依托风云卫星工程,对多批次工程建设采取统一设计、滚动开发、分批扩展的方法,建成气象卫星数据存档与服务系统。系统架构于多个高性能计算机集群,应用可配置的动态加载容器和多机作业负载均衡并发处理技术将集群构建为高扩展性、高可用、高效率的业务系统。对Internet的全集数据共享技术、分布式时空一体化数据库存储技术、基于WebGIS的全球卫星影像发布技术、可视化处理与显示技术、三维地球影像发布技术、多源数据融合处理技术等多项关键技术进行研究与应用,为用户提供多种数据共享服务方式,提高了数据下载效率。目前,国家卫星气象中心已存档国内外21颗气象卫星801类共1150 TB数据,为24258个注册用户提供各类数据共享服务,该系统亦可通过配置扩展,适应未来国家卫星气象中心数据存档与服务的需求。     

离散点要素等值线计算机成图

从１９９５年开始,省农业气象中心自行研制开发了山西省农业气象情报自动化处理系统,实现了实时资料的自动翻译、打印输出。但对应用范围相当广泛的要素分布图却一直困绕着我们,这也成为情报自动化处理系统的一大不足。随着服务领域的不断拓宽,要素分布图作为服务产品...     

大容量历史气象信息的集成管理和应用开发

为实现大容量的历史气象信息的储存、整理和再利用,为气象分析的检索、查询、交换提供一个快捷的途径,中山市气象局基于业务服务需求开发了一套针对历史大容量气象信息的处理系统(BMDAS),它可实现对性质、来源不同的资料进行处理和集成,并针对不同的需求实现不同的检索和输出,最终实现对气象业务、服务应用以及气象信息共享的支持。     

自驾天气服务系统的设计与实现

自驾、客运和货运活动中,行驶路段天气状况已成为关系安全行驶的关键要素,使得个性化、精细化的自驾天气信息服务作为专业化气象服务的新需求越发强烈。为满足该需求,提出一套自驾天气服务系统模型。该系统模型以计算机Google Maps地图方式定制路线,手机客户端接收服务短信为目标完成设计。该设计以"数据→信息→知识→产品"的思路处理气象数据,获得的客观分析格点场气象服务信息作为气象服务基础;路线处理以Google Map API解析用户定制路线的JSON为基础,采用PrimeFaces的Decoder方法和分布函数过滤得到途经点路线的地理坐标集;最后对定制用户以短信方式提供途经点的气象信息服务。基于本模型开发的自驾天气服务系统已经投入试运行,开拓了新的短信气象服务业务方式。     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

A review of recent advances in research on Asian monsoon in China

This paper reviews briefly advances in recent research on monsoon by Chinese scholars, including primarily： （1） the establishment of various monsoon indices. In particular, the standardized dynamic seasonal variability index of the monsoon can delimit the geographical distribution of global monsoon systems and determine quantitatively the date of abrupt change in circulation. （2） The provision of three driving forces for the generation of monsoon. （3） The revelation of the heating-pump action of the Tibetan Plateau, which strengthens southerlies in the southern and southeastern periphery of the Plateau and results in a strong rainfall center from the northern Bay of Bengal （BOB） to the Plateau itself. （4） Clarification of the initial onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon （ASM） in the BOB east of 90°E, Indochina Peninsula （ICP） and the South China Sea, of which the rapid northward progression of tropical convection in the Sumatra and the rapid westward movement of the South Asia High to the Indochina Peninsula are the earliest signs. （5） The provision of an integrated mechanism for the onset of the East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM）, which emphasizes the integrated impact of sensible heat over Indian Peninsula, the warm advection of the Tibetan Plateau and the sensible heat and latent heat over the Indochina Peninsula on the one hand, and the seasonal phase-lock effect of the northward propagation of low frequency oscillation on the other. （6） The revelation of the ＂planetary-scale moisture transport large-value band＂ from the Southern Hemisphere through to the Asian monsoon region and into the North Pacific, which is converged by several large-scale moisture transport belts in the Asian-Australian monsoon regions and whose variation influences directly the temporal and spatial distribution of summer rainfall in China. （7） Presenting the features of the seasonal advance of the EASM, the propagation of intraseasonal oscillation, and their relationship with rainfall in Ch     

Field Experimental Investigations on the Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-Content in Cloudwater Samples

The Fe(II)/Fe(III)-partition in cloudwater samples collected during two field campaigns is evaluated. It turned out that the simultaneous occurrence of complexing and reducing substances in the atmosphere and the cloud processing increase the solubility of iron compounds present in aerosol particles. A correlation between the concentration of iron(II) in the liquid phase and the intensity of the solar irradiation was observed for most of the cloudwater samples. This could be due to the fact that both the photochemical reduction of the iron(III) complexes and the photochemical reductive dissolution of iron(III)(hydr)oxides are depending on the pH-value. Iron(II) seems to be oxidised back to iron(III) preferably by hydrogen peroxide during the night. Positive correlations were received e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the concentration of oxalate and between the percentage of iron(III) and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. A negative correlation was found e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the pH-value. The uncertainty of the whole process of sampling and analysis was investigated and the conformity of the results was satisfying considering the sometimes difficult conditions during a field campaign.     

Model simulations of rainout and washout from a warm stratiform cloud

A one-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model with parameterized microphysics is used to investigate the processes which control the rainout and washout of soluble gases from warm, precipitating stratiform clouds. Calculations are presented simulating the distributions of soluble species within and below the cloud layer and in the precipitating raindrops as a function of time and species' solubility. Our calculations indicate that for species with low solubility, wet removal processes are relatively slow and thus do not significantly affect the species' gas-phase abundance. As a result, the removal of low-solubility species by rainout and washout is controlled by thermodynamic processes with the concentration of the species in cloud and rainwater largely determined by the species' solubility. For highly soluble species on the other hand, dissolution into cloud droplets and removal in rain is quite rapid and the abundance of highly soluble species within and below the cloud falls rapidly as soon as the precipitation begins. Because of this rapid decrease in concentration, we find that for highly soluble species: concentrations in cloud droplets near the cloud base can exceed that of raindrops by factors of 2 to 10; washout can dominate over rainout as a removal mechanism; and that, after an extended period of rainfall, the rate of removal becomes independent of the microphysical properties and rainfall rate of the cloud and is controlled by the rate of transport of material into the precipitating column by horizontal advection.     

How the “Best” Models Project the Future Precipitation Change in China

Projected changes in summer precipitation characteristics in China during the 21st century are assessed using the monthly precipitation outputs of the ensemble of three “best” models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B, A2, and B1 scenarios. The excellent reproducibility of the models both in spatial and temporal patterns for the precipitation in China makes the projected summer precipitation change more believable for the future 100 years. All the three scenarios experiments indicate a consistent enhancement of summer precipitation in China in the 21st century. However, the projected summer precipitation in China demonstrates large variability between sub-regions. The projected increase in precipitation in South China is significant and persistent, as well as in North China. Meanwhile, in the early period of the 21st century, the region of Northeast China is projected to be much drier than the present. But, this situation changes and the precipitation intensifies later, with a precipitation anomaly increase of 12.4%–20.4% at the end of the 21st century. The region of the Xinjiang Province probably undergoes a drying trend in the future 100 years, and is projected to decrease by 1.7%–3.6% at the end of the 21st century. There is no significant long-term change of the projected summer precipitation in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley. A high level of agreement of the ensemble of the regional precipitation change in some parts of China is found across scenarios but smaller changes are projected for the B1 scenario and slightly larger changes for the A2 scenario.     

Role of the 10–20-Day Oscillation in Sustained Rainstorms over Hainan,China in October 2010

Hainan, an island province of China in the northern South China Sea, experienced two sustained rainstorms in October2010, which were the most severe autumn rainstorms of the past 60 years. From August to October 2010, the most dominant signal of Hainan rainfall was the 10–20-day oscillation. This paper examines the roles of the 10–20-day oscillation in the convective activity and atmospheric circulation during the rainstorms of October 2010 over Hainan. During both rainstorms,Hainan was near the center of convective activity and under the influence of a lower-troposphere cyclonic circulation. The convective center was initiated in the west-central tropical Indian Ocean several days prior to the rainstorm in Hainan. The convective center first propagated eastward to the maritime continent, accompanied by the cyclonic circulation, and then moved northward to the northern South China Sea and South China, causing the rainstorms over Hainan. In addition, the westward propagation of convection from the tropical western Pacific to the southern South China Sea, as well as the propagation farther northward, intensified the convective activity over the northern South China Sea and South China during the first rainstorm.     

台风“彩虹”(1522)近海急剧加强的特征分析

采用多种大气和海洋资料对1522号台风"彩虹"近海急剧加强的特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明大气环流形势的变化、海洋环境的维持和台风内部结构的变化都有利于台风的近海加强。具体表现为:高层南亚高压西部型转东部型和中层西太平洋副热带高压加强西伸引起的环流形势的变化,使得台风区域高层辐散增强,中低层气旋性环流增强,低层台风东侧的水汽通量增强;低层北方弱冷空气侵入台风外围区域促进辐合抬升,环境风切变的减弱及弱切变的维持有利于台风加强,这些都是有利于台风增强的环流和动力条件。台风路径海域高海表温度和海洋暖涡的存在对台风急剧增强起了重要作用。此外,由于环流变化引起的潜热加热增大,导致了双中心位涡柱的形成和高层暖心的增加,台风内部结构的变化也有利于台风的进一步加强。     

Energy and Water Balance at Soil-Air Interface in a Sahelian Region

l. IntroductionModel simulation of soll physical properties is very 1mportant for climate studies becauseof the role they play in different interaction processes with the atmosphere. One of the mostwidespread studies is the implementation of soil models 1n General Circulation Models(GCMs); previous studies showed, in fact, that climate simulat1ons are sensitive to theparameterization of the energy and mass fluxes at the land surface (V1terbo, l995; Beljiaars etal., l996; Dolman et al., l997…     

非轴对称双涡相互作用的研究

在平流动力学的框架内,用准地转正压涡度方程模式实施了19组试验,研究双涡合并的条件及较大尺度涡旋自组织的问题。结果指出:(1)存在着两个影响双涡合并的因素,即初始双涡中心之间的距离和初始涡旋的非轴对称分布。初始两个对称涡旋合并具有明显的临界距离效应,但初始两个非轴对称涡旋能否合并还受到初始涡旋的非对称结构的复杂影响。(2)存在着两类不同的较大尺度涡旋的自组织过程,形成较大尺度涡旋。第一类,初始两个涡旋相同,均呈轴对称分布。双涡作用经历了缓变、快变,以及涡量羽翼的生成、拉伸和发展的过程,合并后呈对称性流型;终态涡内区涡量的堆积来源于两个初始涡,终态涡外区的螺旋带来源于两个初始涡外缘线涡量羽翼的拉伸。第二类,初始两个涡旋不同,一个为椭圆型,一个为偏心型,均呈非轴对称分布。双涡作用中,椭圆涡一边互旋,一边向计算区域中心靠近,同时涡量范围加大,形成了终态涡的内核区;偏心涡一边互旋,一边被不断拉伸,形成了终态涡的螺旋带区;表现出终态涡内区的涡量堆集来源于椭圆涡,终态涡外区螺旋带主要来源于偏心涡的反复拉伸及断裂的特性。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.