边界层参数化方案对高原低涡东移模拟的影响

利用新一代中尺度气象数值模式WRF的三种边界层参数化方案(YSU、MYJ和ACM2方案),对比检验了2008年7月1-3日和2009年7月29-30日两次高原低涡东移过程的模拟效果,初步分析了三种参数化方案模拟的高原大气边界层物理量特征.结果表明,从高原低涡生成后模拟至24 h,不同边界层方案均能较好地模拟出高原低涡的路径和中心强度.其中,采用MYJ方案得到的结果最接近观测值,而ACM2方案的偏差最大.不同的边界层参数化方案模拟的水平风速、位温、垂直速度场以及相当位温场的垂直分布特征有所不同.三种方案都较好地模拟出高原边界层高度的时空分布特征,而且日变化明显,空间上呈西高东低分布.通过对比分析地表感热和潜热通量,表明局地闭合的MYJ方案较适用于模拟潜热通量,由于受较强湍流交换和高层夹卷作用,非局地闭合的YSU和ACM2方案模拟的感热通量值偏大.根据研究对象的特点采用合适的边界层参数化方案,模拟效果有明显的改进.     

不同的边界层参数化方案对江淮一次暴雨过程数值试验研究

利用WRF模式分别耦合YSU、MYJ、ACM2和MRF边界层参数化方案对长江中下游地区2013年7月的一次暴雨个例进行模拟实验。为了检验边界层参数化方案的重要性,研究使用无边界层方案(NOPBL)的WRF模式对这次暴雨进行了模拟。通过与实测数据进行对比和分析,本文检验了这五种不同的实验设计对降水落区、总量、基本气象要素的模拟能力。综合模拟结果表明,不同的边界层参数化方案模拟的结果不同。不论是否使用边界层参数化方案,均能模拟出雨带的基本走向,但不同的方案对降水中心强度及位置的模拟与实况相比有差异。NOPBL产生了最大的偏差,ACM2和MRF次之,MYJ的方案对于小雨与大雨的模拟最优,而YSU对不同强度暴雨模拟的正确率都较高。通过物理量分析对比,MYJ方案较优的原因是:1)风场检测,MYJ方案的模拟结果更接近观测值;2)850 hPa水汽通量散度检测,MYJ方案能够模拟两支水汽输送通道。一支以偏西南风为主,在急流出口区有较强的南风风速辐合,使得从西南方向来的水汽向暴雨区辐合;另一支将偏东水汽向西部输送,保证暴雨区局部辐合。3)垂直速度检测,MYJ,YSU方案模拟的垂直运动中心与降水落区相近,但YSU模拟上升速度偏大,相对而言MYJ方案更合理。     

北京边界层参数化敏感性模拟研究

利用中尺度数值天气预报模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)模拟晴天条件下北京边界层的气象场特征,并通过敏感性试验研究四组边界层参数化方案(YSU、ACM2、MYJ和BL)对辐射、地表能量、近地面气象要素以及边界层结构的模拟差异。结果表明:四种边界层参数化方案都可以准确模拟向下短波辐射,对长波辐射的模拟能力相似。YSU方案模拟的感热通量最低,四种参数化方案对地表净辐射通量的模拟差异主要受到短波辐射的影响。MYJ方案模拟的2 m温度效果最好,YSU方案对2 m比湿以及10 m风速的模拟效果最优,综合而言,YSU方案对近地面气象要素的模拟效果较好。与探空数据对比,得到四种边界层参数化方案模拟的高层温度廓线偏冷,湿度偏高,风速偏低。与气象铁塔观测数据对比,白天四组试验都能够较为准确地反映温度垂直廓线,YSU方案在15 m以上模拟的相对湿度结果最接近观测值。YSU方案模拟的边界层高度最高,非局地方案模拟的边界层高度相对局地方案更高,MYJ方案模拟的边界层高度误差较大。     

边界层方案对华北低层O3垂直分布模拟的影响

利用WRF-Chem模式,采用3种边界层参数化方案 (YSU, MYJ和ACM2),针对1个晴空、静稳日 (2013年8月26日20:00—27日20:00(北京时)) 进行模拟,着重分析不同边界层参数化方案对夜间残留层形成及日出前后O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果,并与固城站地面及垂直同步观测资料进行对比。结果表明:3种边界层参数化方案均能够模拟出温度及风速的区域分布形式以及风温垂直结构的变化特征;相比之下,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层高度较YSU方案和ACM2方案明显偏高,该对比结果可能是导致近地面污染物浓度模拟差异的重要原因;在夜间稳定层结至日出后稳定状态打破的边界层结构演变过程中,采用YSU方案和ACM2方案模拟的温度和风速垂直扩线形式与观测结果更为接近;同样采用非局地闭合的YSU方案和同时考虑局地和非局地闭合的ACM2方案,对于边界层高度内O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果具有明显优势。     

宁夏两次低涡暴雨过程边界层方案的敏感性试验

利用中尺度数值模式WRF选取3种边界层参数化方案（YSU、MYJ和ACM2）对2018年8月20日和2019年8月2日宁夏两次低涡暴雨过程进行敏感性试验,对比分析不同边界层参数化方案对暴雨过程模拟的影响。结果表明：YSU和MYJ方案对暴雨的预报性能均较优,ACM2方案对强降水的空报率较大;YSU方案对逐时中等强度降水的模拟效果更优。YSU方案对低涡系统的移动路径和中心强度模拟效果最好。相比ACM2方案,YSU和MYJ方案对环境场物理量和边界层内水汽混合比的模拟更接近实况,并且YSU方案能准确地反映边界层内位温分布特征。YSU与ACM2方案的湍流混合强度更强,后者维持较强湍流的时间更长。总体上,YSU方案对宁夏低涡暴雨过程的模拟效果最优。     

WRF模式对山谷城市边界层模拟能力的检验及地面气象特征分析

利用先进的WRF中尺度模式中3种边界层参数化方案(YSU、MYJ和ACM2),模拟了2005年1月25~28日兰州市冬季地面温度和风速的变化,并与同期系留探空和自动气象站的实测资料进行了对比分析。结果表明:对兰州冬季大气边界层地面温度日变化的模拟,局地闭合的MYJ方案优于非局地闭合的YSU和ACM2方案;3种方案模拟的夜间位温廓线较好,白天的较差;在边界层低层,考虑局地和非局地闭合的ACM2方案模拟的位温廓线与观测值比较一致;在边界层上部,局地闭合的MYJ方案则更适合于描述大气湍流对位温垂直分布的影响;3种边界层参数化方案模拟的兰州地区冬季温度场空间分布特征相似,但MYJ方案模拟的夜间温度低于YSU和ACM2方案,白天则高于YSU和ACM2方案。     

中尺度模式边界层方案对华中区域降水预报的对比试验

选用华中区域中尺度模式中的ACM2、YSU、MYJ三种边界层参数化方案,对2012年5—7月进行降水模拟检验。通过比较三种方案模拟降水的总量分布,表明三种方案能够体现出累积降水的整体分布特征,但存在细节差异,降水TS评分(Ts)和BS偏差(Bs)统计显示ACM2的预报性能优于YSU方案和MYJ方案。大气温湿结构则体现了MYJ方案湍流输送较弱的特点,ACM2和YSU方案因使用非局地闭合理论,模拟结果相近。此外对一次西南低涡暴雨过程进行了分析,结果表明:ACM2方案对低涡移动路径、强度及造成的降水量的总体模拟效果最好。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地大气边界层参数化方案的模拟评估

沙尘起沙、沉降、传输均受到沙漠地区大气边界层条件的制约。沙漠地区观测资料匮乏,限制大气边界层模拟效果的检验和评估。利用WRFV3.7.1中尺度数值模式中5种边界层参数化方案(ACM2、BL、MYJ、MYNN2.5、YSU),模拟2014年4月塔克拉玛干沙漠大气边界层特征,并与塔中80 m塔及风廓线雷达晴朗天气下的观测资料对比分析。结果表明:5种方案均能模拟出近地面气温及地表温度,边界层高度,感热、潜热、地表热通量的变化趋势,但未能模拟出边界层风速的日变化趋势,温风湿廓线能较好的反映晴日沙漠地区边界层结构的变化特征,但未模拟出风速随高度变化趋势。沙漠地区下垫面干燥,热容量低,晴天极易形成对流不稳定边界层,非局地湍流参数化方案,ACM2方案是沙漠地区大气边界层模拟较为合理的选择。     

基于大涡模拟对两类典型边界层参数化方案的评估分析

在WRF模式的三维动力框架和同一种外强迫下,基于大涡模拟结果对Yonsei University(YSU)和Mellor-Yamada-Janiic(MYJ)边界层参数化方案进行了评估。模式初始场由一个探空观测给定,模式的外强迫为观测得到随时间变化的地面感热、潜热通量及辐射传输模式得到的辐射冷却率。通过显式解析边界层的大涡模拟试验和采用边界层参数化方案的模拟试验结果表明,与大涡模拟结果相比,YSU方案模拟的混合偏强,MYJ方案偏弱;YSU方案模拟的边界层高度偏高,边界层内偏暖、偏干;MYJ方案模拟的边界层高度偏低,边界层内偏冷、偏湿。     

WRF模式边界层参数化方案对川渝盆地西南涡降水模拟的影响

应用WRF v4.0模式五种边界层参数化方案（YSU、MYJ、MYNN2、ACM2和SH）,对2016 年汛期（5～9月）在川渝盆地东部造成暴雨的所有西南涡过程进行了数值模拟,检验评估了它们对各量级降水的预报能力,并基于加密的L波段秒级探空资料对比分析了模拟与实况边界层结构的差异,结合各方案对湍流运动的算法特点探讨了其差异的原因,最后对ACM2方案进行了湍流强度调整,由此改善其对于川渝盆地边界层与西南涡降水的模拟能力。结果表明:ACM2和YSU方案TS评分表现较好,相对其它方案ACM2空报较少,这种可以根据周围环境的稳定性切换局地或非局地算法的方案更适合于盆地西南涡降水模拟,但边界层方案对西南涡降水的空报都较普遍,尤以大量级降水更明显;精细的探空资料进一步表明,所有方案模拟的白天边界层高度都偏高,湍流混合强度都偏强。通过参数调整而降低混合强度的ACM2方案,模拟的边界层温湿结构则更符合实际观测,其边界层下部温度更低、湿度更高,减少了大量级降水的空报,使盆地西南涡降水模拟有一定改善;边界层参数化方案对西南涡模拟的差别主要体现为不同的西南涡位置与降水强度,但归根到底都源于方案的局地或非局地特性、不同的混合强度这两方面原因。因此,根据不同特定区域下垫面环境与气候状况合理选择方案的特性和混合强度是准确模拟边界层结构及其降水过程的关键。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.