云南省滑坡泥石流灾害评估方法研究

通过对云南省滑坡泥石流灾害资料的收集和调研,提出了滑坡泥石灾害分类与等级划分标准,根据滑坡泥石流灾害评估的综合性、客观性、科学性和实用性原则,建立了人员伤亡、房屋破坏、基础设施破坏和农业损失的评价指标体系。提出了调查、统计、评估和核灾等滑坡泥石流灾害结合评估办法,以期实现抗灾救灾管理工作的规范化和制度化。     

泥石流灾害风险评估理论与方法研究

近年来,频繁发生的泥石流灾害给中国部分地区造成了巨大的破坏。泥石流点多面广、成灾迅速,难以对其进行准确的监测预报,风险评估就显得尤为重要。本文从泥石流灾害风险的构成要素、危险性评估研究和承灾体脆弱程度评估研究等方面分析了泥石流灾害风险的研究现状。从当前的研究现状中可以发现：灾害风险公式得到广大学者普遍认同,泥石流危险性评估方法也相对比较成熟;但在泥石流灾害对承灾体的致损风险机理分析方面研究尚需深入,危险性评估中如何实现从点评价向面评价过渡还需进一步探讨,对承灾体脆弱性研究也需要引起重视。因此,在今后的评估研究中,需要加强这些方面的研究探索,进一步提高泥石流灾害风险评估结果的可信度,提高其实用性。     

基于高分辨率遥感影象的城市泥石流灾害损失评估

文章探讨了城市泥石流灾害损失评估的系统方法,该方法包括了泥石流堆积泛滥区危险区划、城市土地覆盖类型遥感解译、损失评估模型构建和价值核算4个主要内容。以美国高分辨率的"快鸟"卫星影象为数据源完成了研究区的土地覆盖类型遥感解译,根据泥石流危险程度和土地覆盖类型特征,构建了城市泥石流灾害的损失评估模型。最后,应用GIS提供的分析工具完成了研究区不同土地覆盖类型的泥石流灾害损失计算和评价。     

山洪泥石流风险评估与风险管理理论与方法

山洪泥石流是中国常见的自然灾害,充分认识其形成机制与潜在风险是防灾减灾的关键。本文阐述了山洪泥石流形成机理,以及风险分析与管理的方法和内容,系统认识了地表产流流量激增、土体破坏物质供给激增、沟道堵塞体级联溃决流量放大和动床侵蚀规模增大等4个山洪泥石流的形成过程,介绍了基于动力过程的山洪泥石流风险评估方法和承灾体易损性评估方法,构建了基于灾害动力过程的风险评估与风险制图方法。进而,基于风险评估结果,提出可用于具体灾害点减灾的风险管理内容和风险调控技术、灾害防治的工程与非工程措施与制技术方案。最后,重点讨论了包括灾害风险预测、临灾预案、灾害防治工程方案等内容的风险处置对策,并形成一套基于山洪泥石流动力过程的风险评估与风险管理理论与方法体系。     

天水地区泥石流灾害基本特征

天水地区泥石流灾害可以分为泥流、泥石流和水石流三种。泥石流灾害暴发的频率与境内降雨的年时空分布规律基本一致,但其在空间上分布极不均匀。基于SRTM90数据,并结合天水地区泥石流灾害点实地调查统计分析,可以得出该区泥石流主要发育在1600~2200m高程以内的坡度在30°以上的风化强烈与松散堆积集中的山体斜坡带。     

地貌灾害间接经济损失评估 ——-以泥石流灾害为例

泥石流是地貌灾害的一种主要类型,泥石流灾害损失目前还无法准确统计,其一是因为对灾害损失的统 计还没有分灾种细化,往往是按大类例如地质灾害甚至是按总类自然灾害来统计;其二是因为灾害损失统计也即 灾情定量评估本身还存在一些科学技术问题尚未解决。灾害损失中的直接经济损失评估只是技术问题,而间接经 济损失评估不仅涉及到技术问题,更重要的是尚有一些科学问题仍未解决。因此,目前还没有一种普遍认同的灾害 间接经济损失评估方法。本文提出了两种方法,调查分析法：理论上可行,操作上困难,实际上只是一种设计方案; 比例系数法：操作上可行,经验成分多,仍然是一种比较粗略的方法。就目前灾害研究水平和防灾减灾实际需要来 考虑,比例系数法仍不失为一种有实用价值的灾害间接经济损失的评估方法。     

浙江省泥石流形成及成灾特点

浙江地处我国东南沿海,近几年频繁遭受泥石流等山地灾害的危害。由于所处地理地质和气候环境,发育的泥石流有其独特的地域特征。从泥石流的发育特征、形成过程等探讨了浙江泥石流形成的机理,分析了其成灾特点。结果表明,浙江省泥石流为滑坡、崩塌转化型泥石流,泥石流的形成机理及过程主要为:强降雨下滑坡、崩塌发生,持续强降雨使得滑坡、崩塌松散物流化从而形成泥石流。滑坡、崩塌转化型泥石流在流域特征上表现为形成区坡度大,易发滑坡、崩塌,水力条件充分等。泥石流灾害具有低频性、群发性、并发性、突发性、夜发性、危害大等特点。     

甘肃省南部单沟泥石流灾害风险评估

随着全球变化研究的深入与防灾减灾各方面问题认识的不断深化,滑坡泥石流灾害风险评估与管理受到了国际社会的越来越广泛的关注。目前,山区泥石流灾害风险评估途径较为单一,主要为定性的分析。因此,选取武都区汉王镇嘴子沟为研究对象,利用单沟危险度及易损度作为基础评价指标,进行不同降雨频率单沟泥石流灾害风险评估。单沟危险度采用Flo-2d数值模型软件进行模拟,并利用GIS技术进行危险区划;易损度通过遥感解译技术和承灾体经济价值归一化处理相结合,得到各类承灾体易损度。通过危险度与易损度耦合,得到研究区风险等级,并进行风险区划;同时基于人员损失评估模型和财产损失评估模型,建立风险评估模型,评估结果表明:10a一遇损失价值1 043.51万元;20 a一遇损失价值963.36万元;50 a一遇损失价值1 356.91万元;100 a一遇损失价值1 322.44万元。通过对嘴子沟泥石流灾害风险评估,获得了该泥石流沟在不同降雨频率下的泥石流灾害损失价值,为地方各级政府在经济建设规划、生态环境管理和防灾减灾等方面提供科学依据和必要的技术支撑。     

澜沧江中下游滑坡泥石流分布规律与危险区划

澜沧江中下游地区滑坡泥石流灾害分布广泛,通过调查,研究区发育滑坡泥石流灾害点1152处,严重影响航道畅通、水利水电建设和城镇发展。本文分析丁滑坡泥石流灾害分布规律、影响滑坡泥石流形成发展的静态环境因素组合和动态因素组合。开展滑坡泥石流危难区划评价,是为了进一步认识该地区滑坡泥石流恬动规律和发展趋势,为流域区域开发提供科学依据。本文应用因子叠置法、极差分析法和模糊数学理论对研究区滑坡泥石流危险度进行综合医划,划分出高、中、低危险区和危险江段,为制定澜沧江中下游地区滑坡泥石流减灾防灾中长期规划提科学依据。     

江口县坝盘镇某泥石流灾害成因以及活动性分析

江口县处于我国西南地区,属于中低山侵蚀—溶蚀沟谷地貌,降雨量丰富,区域内坡面型泥石流具有群发性。本文对江口县坝盘镇某泥石流从地质环境条件和泥石流发育特征出发,分析泥石流灾害成因和活动性。     

证据权模型在泥石流灾害易发性评价中的应用

利用空间统计方法进行泥石流易发性定量评价的本质是度量影响因子（地形、地貌、岩性等）和响应因子（泥石流）之间的空间关系,最后给出所有影响因子综合作用结果,得到泥石流易发性评价结果。选取高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、岩性、降雨量与水系距离7个因素作为泥石流影响因子,采用证据权模型,对研究区内泥石流进行灾害易发性评价,使用自然间断法将研究区内泥石流易发程度分级,得到研究区泥石流易发后概率图,获得了较高的置信度,方法简单易行,可以在其它灾害易发性评价中推广。     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system's performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN)real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system′s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early—warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system’s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

青藏高原东缘和邻区晚新生代泥石流活动规律及其成因

本文根据大量野外考察资料和室内测年数据 ,通过对晚新生代以来不同时段泥石流沉积物的分布特征研究 ,总结了青藏高原东部及华北地区第四纪泥石流活动的规律。认为晚新生代大规模的泥石流活动始于晚第三纪 ,晚上新世～早更新世泥石流活动主要中心集中在青藏高原东部边缘地区 ;中更新世是泥石流活动最活跃的时段 ;晚更新世位于大陆内部的秦岭北坡及陇南山地泥石流活动减弱 ,华北北京山区及太行山东麓泥石流活动加强。第四纪泥石流活动的规律性变化与青藏高原的阶段性隆起及亚洲季风的建立有关     

灰色理论在舟曲南屿沟泥石流灾害危险性评价中的应用研究

为分析不同因素对泥石流灾害危险性的影响程度，基于对舟曲南屿沟泥石流灾害影响因素调查结果总结和分析，利用灰色理论分析了泥石流灾害危险性与影响因素间关联程度，并建立了其预判模型。结果表明：沟岸坡度、沟道堵塞程度及冲淤变幅，沟道平均纵坡降和长度，沟道内植被覆盖率、流域面积及人口密度，松散固体物源量和灾害点密度等因素的影响程度较接近；相同区域内不同沟道泥石流灾害危险性程度受沟岸坡度、沟道堵塞程度、冲淤变幅、沟道平均纵坡降及长度等因素影响显著；基于自然和人为因素建立了泥石流灾害易发程度预估模型，其能够为区域内泥流灾害防治工作部署提供依据。     

区域和沟谷相结合的泥石流预报及其应用

在分析泥石流预报现状和泥石流减灾决策对泥石流预报的要求的基础上,提出了建立区域和单沟相结合的泥石流预报的问题。以泥石流发育的基础数据库、降水的动态预报与监测和泥石流预报模型为基础,以GIS技术为工具,建立泥石流预报平台。泥石流预报模型采用基于模糊数学的泥石流预报模型,预报结果应用概率分级进行表述,以适应泥石流预报准确率低的不足,并最大程度地克服了过分依赖临界降水量进行泥石流预报的不足。将该泥石流预报方法应用到北京山区泥石流预报中,建立了北京山区泥石流预报系统。     

中国2004年泥石流灾害特点及其对减灾的启示

分析了我国2004年成灾特点,大陆首次出现大规模的大风泥石流,在植被较好的地区仍然有泥石流发生,年内同一地区多次成灾增大了灾害损失,建筑选址不当是造成人员死亡的一个重要原因,低频性泥石流常造成严重灾害.受上述成灾特点的启示,提出在进行潜在泥石流判识时要慎重对待植被较好的区域,注重对低频泥石流的防范,在建筑物选址时应注意潜在泥石流危害,加强重大工程建设区泥石流灾害的预警,建立群测群防体系,进行监测预警,制定临灾预案,发展灾害保险业务以分担灾害风险等减灾对策.     

泥石流预报中前期有效降水量的确定

前期有效降水量是泥石流预报的重要参数之一,对不同类型泥石流的形成有不同的影响形式,对土力类泥石流的形成主要是影响泥石流形成区土体的土壤含水量.在每次前期降水增加的土壤含水量和其有效降水量遵循相同衰减规律,以及每次前期降水的有效降水量和其增加的土壤含水量衰减过程都是相互独立的假设条件下,通过分析土壤含水量随时间的变化关系,可以得到前期有效降水量与前期降水量随时间的变化关系,从而可以确定前期有效降水量.通过对云南蒋家沟降水和土壤含水量的实际观测,对这个关系进行了分析研究,并利用最小二乘法得出了前期有效降水量的计算公式.