Shear-tensile crack as a tool for reliable estimates of the non-double-couple mechanism: West Bohemia-Vogtland earthquake 1997 swarm

Shear-tensile crack is a model for an earthquake mechanism that is more constrained than the moment tensor but that can still describe a non-shear focus. As such, the shear-tensile crack model is more robust than the moment tensor model and yields more reliable estimates for the earthquake mechanism. Such an advantage verifies the credibility of the non-double-couple component found for some events of the 1997 West Bohemia-Vogtland earthquake swarm. As expected, in several cases, a significantly resolved non-double-couple component was obtained where the moment tensor approach failed. Additionally, for non-shear sources, the shear-tensile crack model offers optimization of the Poisson number within the focus, concurrently with retrieval of the mechanism. However, results obtained for the joint inversion of the 1997 swarm indicate that resolution is low. A series of synthetic experiments indicated that limited observations during 1997 were not the cause. Rather, hypothetical experiments of both very good and extremely poor network configurations similarly yielded a low resolution for the Poisson number. Applying this method to data for recent swarms is irrelevant because the small non-double-couple components detected within the inversion are spurious and, thus, the events are pure double-couple phenomena.     

长白山天池火山区的震群活动研究

2002和2003年夏季流动地震观测揭示,天池火山口附近存在大量的微震活动和一系列震群活动.地震定位结果表明地震主要发生在火山口附近,以震群形式发生的地震全部集中在天池火山口西南部,东北部地震密集区没有观测到震群活动.在夏季以外的其他季节,天池火山区只有一个固定地震台站（CBS）用于地震监测.利用CBS台不同时间的观测纪录,通过波形相关分析发现其他季节的主要震群活动仍然集中在天池西南部.震群的高精度相对定位揭示震源位置沿北西－南东向分布,倾向西南,倾角约80°. 2003年7月13日的震群发生期间,地震震源位置出现从深到浅的迁移现象,同时震源深度较大的地震在不同台站的地震波初动方向几乎全部向上,表明震源具有明显的膨胀分量.考虑到长白山天池火山2002年以来出现明显的地表形变、地球化学异常和谐频地震等现象,我们认为震群活动可能与5 km深度附近存在岩浆热液活动和岩浆增压有关.     

唐山余震震源参数和衰减的联合反演

利用唐山余震的数字化地震记录,研究了唐山余震的震源参数.发展了一种 P 波谱的反演方法,以消除用波谱分析求解震源参数过程中的不确定因素的影响.经过数值实验和对实际资料的应用,初步证明了这种方法的实用性.利用5个台站接收的35次地震记录的 P 波频谱资料,反演了唐山滦县地区的震源动力学参数,得到了5个台站的 P 波 Q 值和震源频谱的高频衰减率.Q 值分布在408——847之间,均值为520;值分布在1.54——3.22之间,均值为2.41.在该区域的小震频谱的定标律研究中,发现应力降随地震矩的增加而增加.      

2013年前郭MS5.8震群矩张量研究

2013年吉林前郭M_S5.8震群为爆发性震群,目前余震活动仍然在持续.基于吉林、辽宁、黑龙江、内蒙古四省地震台网记录的前郭震群波形资料,利用波形信噪比、震源类型、台站及速度模型组合的指标选择最佳的反演方案,应用矩张量的三种反演模式,对序列中5个M_S≥5.0地震进行矩张量反演研究,获得了全矩张量、偏矩张量和纯双力偶的矩张量.使用F-test对地震的三种模式的矩张量反演结果进行显著性检验来确定最佳反演模式.结果显示,5个地震的最优矩张量解均为全矩张量模式反演获得的结果,其双力偶分量仅有20%~65%,矩心深度位于地下3~4 km处,地震在Hudson震源类型图上的投影远离双力偶震源类型区域.这些结果表明,震源类型并非典型的构造地震,推断前郭地震可能是与人类活动有关的诱发地震.     

基于Langston分解和Hilbert变换约束的区域偏量矩张量反演方法及其应用

本文基于Langston的震源机制分解方法以及Minson和Dreger修正后的近场位移的解析解表达式,给出了一种区域纯偏量矩张量的求解方法,方法使用基于Hilbert变换的波形包络作为增强约束．对该方法进行了数值试验. 试验结果表明,定位准确且速度结构已知的情况下,背景高斯噪声水平达30%时,该方法仍可以得到较稳定的解;使用0.01——0.1 Hz的中长周期频段进行反演,在随机震相到时误差最大plusmn;3 s的情况下,近90%的情况可以得到相对准确的解. 速度结构模型的干扰试验表明,平均模型接近真实地壳结构时,可以得到接近真实的解;模型与真实的地壳结构的误差在10%以内时,得到的解与真实解比较接近;误差接近20%时,矩张量解会出现很大的偏差;地震的定位误差主要影响震源深度的判定,从而导致最终解中出现虚假的非双力偶成分,但在约束为偏量矩张量的情况下,反演得到的断层面参数与真实解偏差不大;在台站方位角覆盖较差(＜60deg;)的情况下,使用平均模型仍可以得到较为准确的解．使用该方法研究了2010年10月24日河南周口太康MW4.7地震的震源机制,结果显示矩张量解与初动符号解较为一致．      

基于“剪切+张裂”一般位错模型频率域求解微震震源机制

研究微地震的震源机制,获得压裂区域的破裂方向、尺度和应力状态等信息,在非常规油气开采过程中具有重要意义.对于微震,通常采用剪切位错或者矩张量模型对震源进行描述.本文从其实际发震机制出发,使用了"剪切+张裂"的一般位错点源模型,并基于此模型发展了一种利用全波形信息,通过波形振幅谱相关和初至约束,在频率域求解微震震源机制的方法.该方法适用于地面和井中观测,能够在得到常规震源参数（断层走向、倾角和滑动角）的同时给出裂缝断层剪切和张裂错动的距离信息,更直观体现破裂程度.理论数值测试证明方法有效、可行,在未滤波的情况下,实际数据的波形拟和结果仍较为一致,同时还发现错动距离与应力降等常规破裂参数并不严格相关,说明剪切、张裂错距可作为独立的新参数来定量评估水压致裂效果,指导工程开发进行.     

基于粒子群优化的双力偶模型振幅谱反演方法及应用

发展了一种基于全波形振幅谱的频率域双力偶震源机制反演方法. 通过理论振幅谱与观测振幅谱的拟合搜寻断层面参数, 基于粒子群优化算法可以在较短的时间内得到稳定可靠的解． 数值试验表明, 在定位误差较大, 以及台站布局较差的情况下, 振幅谱反演仍可较为准确地得到震源机制, 并且由此计算得到的最优震源深度仍比较接近真实的震源位置． 使用该方法用2010年5月17日渤海ML4.0地震的震源机制进行了检验, 结果与加权P波初动解非常一致． 应用该方法对山东半岛及近海地区2003——2010年14次MLge;4.0地震震源机制进行了估计．      

长岛震群震源谱参数反演和震源参数特征

采用高频截止(High-Cut)震源模型,以均方根误差最小原则稳健地求解震源谱参数,并由此推算震源尺度和静态应力降。实际应用显示,该模型的理论谱对观测谱有很好的拟合,可明显改善拐角频率识别准确度。计算了长岛震群内71次M_L≥2.5地震事件的震源参数,结果表明：(1)拐角频率处于2～10 Hz范围,与震级大小存在一定的相关性,截止频率范围处于10～30 Hz之间,与地震大小的相关性不明显;(2)地震矩M₀分布在10¹²～10¹⁴ N·m,与震级M_L存在正相关关系：logM₀=0.977M_L+10.186;M_L与矩震级M_W之间的关系为：M_W=0.651M_L+0.766;(3)根据相对应力降时域演化发现,自2017年3月3日M_L4.5地震之后应力快速释放,应力降水平在均值附近波动,而且多数M_L≥3.5地震发生于...     

Retrieval of source parameters of an event of the 2000 West Bohemia earthquake swarm assuming an anisotropic crust

We propose an inversion scheme for retrieval of characteristics of seismic point sources, which in contrast to common practice, takes into account anisotropy. If anisotropy is neglected during inversion, the moment tensors retrieved from seismic waves generated by sources situated in anisotropic media may be biased. Instead of the moment tensor, the geometry of the source is retrieved directly in our inversion; if necessary, the moment tensor can be then determined from the source geometry aposteriori. The source geometry is defined by the orientation of the slip vector and the fault normal as well as the strength of the event given by the size of the slip and the area of the fault. This approach allows direct interpretation of the source geometry in terms of shear and tensile faulting. It also makes possible to identify volumetric source changes that occur during rupturing. We apply the described algorithm to one event of the 2000 West Bohemia earthquake swarm episode. For inversion we use information of the direct P waves. The structure is approximated by three different models determined from travel-time observations. The models are inhomogeneous isotropic, inhomogeneous anisotropic, and homogeneous anisotropic. For these models we obtain seismic moments M_T = 3.2 − 3.8 × 10¹⁴ Nm and left-lateral near-vertical oblique normal faulting on a N-S trending rupture surface. The orientation of the rupture surface is consistent with fault-plane solutions of earlier studies and with the spatial distribution of other events during this swarm. The studied event seems to be accompanied by a small amount of crack opening. The amount of crack opening is slightly reduced when the inhomogeneous anisotropic model is assumed, but it persists. These results and additional independent observations seem to indicate that tensile faulting occurs as a result of high fluid pressure.     

伽师地震区地壳细结构及发震断层的初步研究

199年至1998年伽师地区共出现9次震级为6.1-6.8级的强震. 在一个非常短的时间间隔内和非常小的地区范围内接连出现这么多次震级非常接近的地震,确实非常罕见. 为研究伽师强震区的深部构造背景和孕震机制,本文对伽师地震区的余震观测资料进行了分析处理. 利用联合反演技术同时得到了地震震源位置和地震区地壳三维速度结构. 余震震中沿一北北东向条带分布,与强震分布的两个条带中的北东向条带位置基本重合. 三维反演得到的速度结构结果表明,在地下12 km以下存在一条北北东向和一条北北西向的低速条带. 上述两低速条带与强震分布的两个条带位置很接近. 初步推测,低速条带对应了地壳深部的两条断裂. 在我们观测期间,北北东向断裂有微震活动,北北西向断裂相对平静.     

利用连续重力观测约束2014智利Iquique地震的震源机制解

2014年4月1日,智利北部Iquique地区近海发生MW8.1地震,地震发生之后,国际上一些著名的地震科研机构和学者采用不同的数据和方法计算得到此次地震的震源机制解,但这些结果存在较大差异.地球长周期自由振荡的振幅主要依赖于地震矩的大小及地震断层的破裂方式,可以很好地约束地震震源机制.因此,本文根据2014年Iquique地震现有的6个不同震源机制解模拟计算了该地震激发的自由振荡信号,并与全国连续重力台网中16个弹簧重力仪的观测结果进行比对,基于1.5~5.3mHz的球型简正模分析和约束了Iquique地震的震源机制解.研究发现,基于美国地质调查局WPhase Moment Tensor Solution反演的震源机制解的自由振荡模拟值与实际观测符合最好,其相应的震级能较好反映Iquique地震释放的总能量,而利用海啸数据反演的标量地震矩偏小,联合远场和近场长周期观测数据反演可显著改善震源机制解.另外,还基于格尔木重力台站的模拟值与观测值定量分析了不同震源机制解参数对自由振荡振幅的影响.结果表明地震的标量地震矩M0对自由振荡振幅的影响最大,而断层走向、倾角、滑动方向角和震源深度对自由振荡的振幅影响相对较小.     

Constraining the focal mechanism of the Lushan earthquake with observations of the Earth’s free oscillations

The amplitudes of the Earth's free oscillations have a close relationship to earthquake focal mechanisms. Focal mechanisms of large earthquakes can be well analyzed and constrained with observations of long period free oscillations. Although the 2013 Lushan earthquake was only moderately sized, observable spherical normal modes were excited and clearly observed by a superconductive gravimeter and a broadband seismometer. We compare observed free oscillations with synthetic normal modes corresponding to four different focal mechanisms for the Lushan earthquake. The results show that source parameters can be analyzed and constrained by spherical normal modes in a 2.3–5 mHz frequency band. The scalar seismic moment M0 has a major influence on the amplitudes of free oscillations; additionally, the strike, dip, rake and depth of the hypocenter have minor influences. We found that the synthetic modes corresponding to the focal mechanism determined by the Global Centroid Moment Tensor show agreement to the observed modes, suggesting that earthquake magnitudes predicted in this way can readily reflect the total energy released by the earthquake. The scalar seismic moment obtained by far-field body wave inversion is significantly underestimated. Focal mechanism solutions can be improved by joint inversion of far- and near-field data.     

Crustal velocity structure of central Gansu Province from regional seismic waveform inversion using firework algorithm

The firework algorithm (FWA) is a novel swarm intelligence-based method recently proposed for the optimization of multi-parameter, nonlinear functions. Numerical waveform inversion experiments using a synthetic model show that the FWA performs well in both solution quality and efficiency. We apply the FWA in this study to crustal velocity structure inversion using regional seismic waveform data of central Gansu on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Seismograms recorded from the moment magnitude (M _W) 5.4 Minxian earthquake enable obtaining an average crustal velocity model for this region. We initially carried out a series of FWA robustness tests in regional waveform inversion at the same earthquake and station positions across the study region, inverting two velocity structure models, with and without a low-velocity crustal layer; the accuracy of our average inversion results and their standard deviations reveal the advantages of the FWA for the inversion of regional seismic waveforms. We applied the FWA across our study area using three component waveform data recorded by nine broadband permanent seismic stations with epicentral distances ranging between 146 and 437 km. These inversion results show that the average thickness of the crust in this region is 46.75 km, while thicknesses of the sedimentary layer, and the upper, middle, and lower crust are 3.15, 15.69, 13.08, and 14.83 km, respectively. Results also show that the P-wave velocities of these layers and the upper mantle are 4.47, 6.07, 6.12, 6.87, and 8.18 km/s, respectively.     

Source process of the 1990 Gonghe,China, earthquake and tectonic stress field in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau

TheM _s =6.9 Gonghe, China, earthquake of April 26, 1990 is the largest earthquake to have been documented historically as well as recorded instrumentally in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau. The source process of this earthquake and the tectonic stress field in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau are investigated using geodetic and seismic data. The leveling data are used to invert the focal mechanism, the shape of the slipped region and the slip distribution on the fault plane. It is obtained through inversion of the leveling data that this earthquake was caused by a mainly reverse dip-slipping buried fault with strike 102°, dip 46° to SSW, rake 86° and a seismic moment of 9,4×10¹⁸ Nm. The stress drop, strain and energy released for this earthquake are estimated to be 4.9 MPa, 7.4×10^–5 and 7.0×10¹⁴ J, respectively. The slip distributes in a region slightly deep from NWW to SEE, with two nuclei, i.e., knots with highly concentrated slip, located in a shallower depth in the NWW and a deeper depth in the SEE, respectively.Broadband body waves data recorded by the China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN) for the Gonghe earthquake are used to retrieve the source process of the earthquakes. It is found through moment-tensor inversion that theM _s =6.9 main shock is a complex rupture process dominated by shear faulting with scalar seismic moment of the best double-couple of 9.4×10¹⁸ Nm, which is identical to the seismic moment determined from leveling data. The moment rate tensor functions reveal that this earthquake consists of three consecutive events. The first event, with a scalar seismic moment of 4.7×10¹⁸ Nm, occurred between 0–12 s, and has a focal mechanism similar to that inverted from leveling data. The second event, with a smaller seismic moment of 2.1×10¹⁸ Nm, occurred between 12–31 s, and has a variable focal mechanism. The third event, with a sealar seismic moment of 2.5×10¹⁸ Nm, occurred between 31–41 s, and has a focal mechanism similar to that inverted from leveling data. The strike of the 1990 Gonghe earthquake, and the significantly reverse dip-slip with minor left-lateral strike-slip motion suggest that the pressure axis of the tectonic stress field in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau is close to horizontal and oriented NNE to SSW, consistent with the relative collision motion between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The predominant thrust mechanism and the complexity in the tempo-spatial rupture process of the Gonghe earthquake, as revealed by the geodetic and seismic data, is generally consistent with the overall distribution of isoseismals, aftershock seismicity and the geometry of intersecting faults structure in the Gonghe basin of the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau.Contribution No. 96 B0006 Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China.     

The August–December 2000 earthquake swarm in NW Bohemia: the first results based on automatic processing of seismograms

Main features of the August–December 2000 earthquake swarm which occurred in the major focal area of the North-West Bohemia / Vogtland swarm region are presented. Seismograms from four stations of WEBNET were automatically processed to get arrival times, first motion amplitudes and hypocentre coordinates of a representative set of events. Altogether 7017 microearthquakes in the magnitude range of M_L=0–3.3 were identified. It is shown the decay of activity of individual swarm phases followed the modified Omori law, which points to a partial similarity with aftershock sequences of tectonic earthquakes. The space-time distribution of a subset of 2913 events with low location residuals shows a strong space clustering of the earthquake hypocentres and their pronounced migration between individual swarm phases. Most of the activity took place along an elliptical, nearly vertically dipping, 6 km long N-S oriented fault plane in depths ranging from 10.5 to 6.5 km. The P and T axes were estimated by FOCMEC for the 782 strong events and three groups of earthquakes with similar faulting type were distinguished. In contrast to the normal and strike-slip faulting events that created the prevailing portion of the swarm and were distributed uniformly within the focal area, the reverse events were clustered in time and space.     

On the observability of isotropic seismic sources: The July 31, 1970 Colombian earthquake

Theoretical calculations are made to study the observability of isotropic components of seismic sources. In particular we consider the 1970 deep Colombian earthquake, for which a precursory isotropic component was previously reported by Gilbert and Dziewonski.We compare an ultra-long period vertical record at Pasadena of the 1970 event to synthetic seismograms calculated both for Gilbert and Dziewonski's source model and for the pure double-couple source of Furumoto and Fukao, and obtain better overall agreement for the latter. The amplitude of the long-period synthetic for the isotropic source is about 5–15 times smaller than the synthetic for the deviatoric source, suggesting that the data may be relatively insensitive to the presence of a small isotropic source. When this possibility was tested, the overall agreement was found to be almost completely insensitive to the presence of even a reasonably large isotropic component.However, the isotropic source was derived from multi-station moment tensor inversion, rather than from single-station studies. A numerical experiment on the effect of lateral heterogeneity of eigenfrequencies and of Q on the inversion for the moment tensor shows that even relatively small amounts of heterogeneity can produce spurious isotropic sources from moment tensor inversion.     

Moment tensor inversion of near-source broadband data

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Optimum size and density of surface grid arrays for retrieving accurate shear-tensile fracturing of microearthquakes

Surface arrays became an important tool for monitoring the induced seismicity in hydraulic fracturing experiments and for assessing the impact of fluid injection on the fracturing process of microearthquakes. The layout of sensors plays a key role in this task because it controls the accuracy of event locations and retrieved seismic moment tensors. We simulate various configurations of grid sensor arrays characterized by a different number of sensors, array span, sensor spacing, depth of sources and various shear/tensile source mechanisms of events. The moment tensor inversion is carried out using synthetically calculated P-wave amplitudes with added random noise. A bias in the solutions is evaluated by errors in the double-couple percentage of inverted moment tensors because the double-couple errors inform us about the sensitivity of the network to detect the shear/tensile fracturing mode of induced microearthquakes. The results show that the accuracy of the double-couple percentage is mostly controlled by the offset-to-depth ratio R defined as the ratio of half of the network size to the event depth. The optimum value of R is in the range of 0.75–1.5 irrespective of the type of the focal mechanism. If 121 (11 × 11) sensors are distributed in a regular grid and recorded data are characterized by a 10% random noise, the double-couple error is less than 6%. This error increases, if R is not optimum or if the number of sensors is reduced. However, even sparse arrays with 49 (7 × 7) or 16 (4 × 4) sensors can yield a reasonable accuracy, provided the surface grid arrays are designed to have an optimum size.     

Effects of 1-D versus 3-D velocity models on moment tensor inversion in the Dobrá Voda area in the Little Carpathians region,Slovakia

Retrieving the parameters of a seismic source from seismograms involves deconvolving the response of the medium from seismic records. Thus, in general, source parameters are determined from both seismograms and the Green functions describing the properties of the medium in which the earthquake focus is buried. The quality of each of these two datasets is equally significant for the successful determination of source characteristics. As a rule, both sets are subject to contamination by effects that decrease the resolution of the source parameters. Seismic records are generally contaminated by noise that appears as a spurious signal unrelated to the source. Since an improper model of the medium is quite often employed, due to poor knowledge of the seismic velocity of the area under study, and since the hypocentre may be mislocated, the Green functions are not without fault. Thus, structures not modelled by Green functions are assigned to the source, distorting the source mechanism. To demonstrate these effects, we performed a synthetic case study by simulating seismic observations in the Dobrá Voda area of the Little Carpathians region of Slovakia. Simplified 1-D and 3-D laterally inhomogeneous structural models were constructed, and synthetic data were calculated using the 3-D model. Both models were employed during a moment tensor inversion. The synthetic data were contaminated by random noise up to 10 and 20 % of the maximum signal amplitude. We compared the influence of these two effects on retrieving moment tensors, and determined that a poor structural model can be compensated for by high-quality data; and that, in a similar manner, a lack of data can be compensated for by a detailed model of the medium. For examples, five local events from the Dobrá Voda area were processed.     

利用广义叠加反演方法估算长岛震群应力降

地震应力降是表征震源特性的一个重要参数,通常由震源谱计算得到.但如何从大量地震的观测谱中校正路径和台站效应,准确地分离出震源谱并计算应力降,仍是一个难题.本文采用广义叠加反演方法通过分阶段叠加从观测谱中迭代分离出震源项、台站项和路径项,并利用分震级的叠加震源项与理论谱的拟合得到经验格林函数,再利用由经验格林函数校正后的真实震源谱估算出应力降.该方法不需要知道仪器响应、场地响应和传播路径上的衰减系数,并且不用事先假设震源具有自相似的恒应力降特征,计算效率很高,适用于反演大量地震的震源参数.我们将广义叠加反演方法应用于长岛震群,利用S波谱估算了1431个ML≥1.0地震的应力降.结果表明,广义叠加反演方法获得的震源参数和用传统方法得到的结果一致;长岛震群地震的应力降较小(中值是0.3 MPa),变化范围很大(0.009～3.04MPa之间),属于低应力降事件集;同时应力降中值随地震矩增大而增大,偏离了自相似理论.应力降空间变化不均匀,高应力降事件主要集中在震群的端部(NW端),到最近断层距离的依赖性不强,在9、10km处的应力降中值略高于其他深度.根据应力降的变化特征和区域构造条件,我们推测地下流体在长岛震群的活动中起到一定的作用.