高温高压下斜长角闪岩弹性、电学性质及其地质意义

在1.0GPa、室温至700℃条件下,分别采用超声波反射-投射法和阻抗谱法,测量了华北克拉通北缘绿泥石化斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度和电导率.在常温、压力＞0.35 GPa的条件下,斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度与压力呈线性关系,说明此时岩石中的微裂隙已经基本闭合.依据该线性关系,得到常温常压下斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度为6.390 7 km/s,压力系数为0.160 6 km/(s·GPa).在1.0 GPa条件下,斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度与温度呈线性关系,温度系数为-0.000 594 km/(s·℃).在1.0 GPa、200～700℃条件下,斜长角闪岩样品的电导率符合Arrhenius公式,指前因子为25.78～105.32 S/m,活化能为0.57～0.66 eV.利用实验获得的弹性波纵波速度及其温度系数和压力系数以及电导率与温度的关系,结合现今华北克拉通地热学的基本参数,计算得到斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度-深度剖面和电导率-深度剖面,将二者分别与华北克拉通北缘深部地壳的弹性及电性结构进行对比的结果表明:高温高压下绿泥石化斜长角闪岩的弹性波纵波速度与该地区中地壳速度相当,电导率介于中、下地壳范围内.综合来看,实验的绿泥石化斜长角闪岩有可能是组成现今华北克拉通北缘的中地壳岩石之一.     

青藏高原北羌塘新生代火山岩中的麻粒岩捕虏体

北羌塘枕头崖地区新生代火山岩主要岩石类型为安山岩和英安岩类。其中,安山岩在一定程度上显示了埃达克质火山岩的特征,如高Sr(>1000×10-6)、Sr/Y>50以及低Yb(<2×10-6),表明其应源于榴辉岩相的青藏高原加厚陆壳中下部(>45km深度)。而英安岩类富集LILE,如Rb、Ba、Th、U和K等,亏损HFSE,如Ti、Nb、Ta和Sr等,尤其是Sr显著亏损,表明其应源于斜长石稳定的麻粒岩相源区。该区新生代安山岩和英安岩中麻粒岩捕虏体可分为两种类型,即二辉石麻粒岩和单斜辉石麻粒岩。二辉石麻粒岩平衡温度为783~818℃,单斜辉石麻粒岩形成压力在0·845~0·858GPa之间,来源深度约为27·9~28·3km,表明它们是来自青藏高原加厚陆壳中部的岩石样品,代表了本区英安岩类火山岩的源区物质组成。     

塔里木盆地岩石高温高压下波速的实验研究及其地质意义

给出了塔里木盆地多种岩石样品在高温高压下弹性波纵波波速(Vp)的实验室测量结果。在最大压力为2 GPa,常温下样品的Vp范围从6．007-6．803 km·s-1时,最大值为安山质火山碎屑岩;当温度为600℃,Vp范围从 5．871-6．658 km·s-1时,其最大值是安山岩。结合地震转换波速度结构等资料,分析认为塔里木盆地地壳结构在大部分地区可三分:上地壳为花岗质变质岩为主;中地壳以花岗闪长岩为特征;下地壳是以安山玄武质成分为特征的岩层。     

大别山榴辉岩的密度和波速及其对壳—幔循环的启示

测定了大别山地区榴辉岩和麻粒岩的密度和高温高压 (至 5 .0GPa和 130 0℃ )的纵波速度 (Vp)。超高压榴辉岩具有较高的密度和Vp 及较弱的各向异性。榴辉岩的压力系数为 0 .2 2～ 0 .33km/s·GPa ,超高压榴辉岩的温度系数为 - 3.41× 10 -4 km/s·℃。榴辉岩的密度和波速的分析表明 ,地幔深部的超高压榴辉岩形成后可能包含了两个过程 ,即一部分榴辉岩通过拆沉作用进入深部地幔 ,另一部分快速折返至地壳内或地表 ,榴辉岩的形成过程代表了壳幔物质循环。现今的大别山深部可能只存在少量榴辉岩。     

1.0 GPa、高温下岩石熔融玻璃的弹性波速测量及其地球物理意义

利用超声波反射法,在1.0GPa、最高温度分别达900℃和730℃条件下,测量了岩石成分从酸性到基性的7种熔融玻璃的纵波波速(vp)和横波波速(vs)随温度的变化。实验过程证明,高压下升温过程中样品被压缩导致了样品中弹性波走时减少,而降温过程中样品长度基本保持不变。结果显示,1.0GPa下,随实验温度升高,不同成分玻璃的vp首先以-0.2×10-3km.s-1.℃-1到-0.7×10-3km.s-1.℃-1不等的速率缓慢降低,而其vs多以-0.1×10-3km.s-1.℃-1速率随温度升高而降低。当温度高于玻璃转变温度(Tg)后,玻璃的vp开始以-0.8×10-3km.s-1.℃-1到-3.6×10-3km.s-1.℃-1不等的速率快速下降。根据玻璃vp随温度变化速率的改变,拟合出这几种玻璃的转变温度从584℃到654℃。由实验获得的玻璃波速,利用Voigt-Reuss-Hill(VRH)平均计算出下地壳岩石中玻璃的存在将降低岩石的波速,并由此为下地壳低速层提出一种新的解释,即非晶质体的存在可能在下地壳形成地震波低速层。     

高温高压下辉闪岩的部分熔融与弹性波速

在YJ-3000t高压装置上,利用超声波脉冲透射-反射法,测量了压力0.6～2.0GPa、室温至1 091℃条件下辉闪岩的纵波波速(vp),并对实验中间产物进行了取样和详细的显微观测统计。结果显示,0.6GPa压力下,室温至763℃,样品的vp下降了3.7%,vp的温度系数vp/T为-0.3×10-3 km/(s.℃),而763～1 025℃,vp快速下降了36.1%,vp/T达-9.7×10-3 km/(s.℃);1.0GPa压力下,室温至808℃,vp下降了3.2%,vp/T=-0.3×10-3 km/(s.℃),808～1 091℃时vp快速下降了41.5%,vp/T为-9.9×10-3 km/(s.℃);2.0GPa压力下,室温至927℃,vp下降了4.3%,vp/T为-0.2×10-3 km/(s.℃),927～1 087℃时,vp下降了20.9%,vp/T达-9.6×10-3 km/(s.℃)。实验产物观测表明,恒压下辉闪岩的vp首先随温度近线性缓慢降低,后由于岩石的脱水和部分熔融作用,导致vp急剧下降。随温度升高,实验产物中熔体的含量增加;同时形态上从封闭囊状逐渐向连通管状或薄膜状演化,连通程度增加。从角闪石一侧向斜长石一侧,熔体颜色变浅。样品初熔阶段,低黏度的熔体在矿物颗粒边界和裂隙中形成的微细薄膜,导致岩石vp随熔体含量增加急剧下降。研究证实,含水矿物脱水和岩石部分熔融是中、下地壳低速层的重要成因。     

高温高压下闪长岩弹性纵波速度的实验研究

利用YJ-3000吨压力机,在1．0GPa、室温至1000℃条件下采用超声波脉冲透射-反射法就位测量了闪长岩的纵波速度(VP),并在720℃、780℃、870℃和980℃获得了4个实验产物。在1．0GPa恒定压力下,闪长岩的VP随温度升高呈线性缓慢降低;当温度大于750℃时,波速开始大幅度下降。显微镜观察和电子探针鉴定结果表明：在不同温度下闪长岩内部的矿物发生了不同程度的脱水和部分熔融等反应。波速随温度升高呈线性和非线性下降,主要是由于在高温高压条件下岩石内部矿物发生热膨胀、脱水和部分熔融等反应引起了岩石     

高压下测量岩石纵波速度的反射-透射法

:介绍了一种高压下测量岩石纵波速度的新方法——反射—透射法。并在室温高压 ( 0 .1～ 0 .3GPa)的条件下测量了麻粒岩和榴辉岩等样品的纵波波速 ,所获得的结果在误差范围内与前人的工作相吻合 ,而该方法能达到的实验压力更高。与透射法相比 ,反射—透射法的优点在于它适用于地幔岩石纵波速度的测量     

塔里木西南缘下地壳低速层的成因：斜长角闪岩的纵波速度和衰减的限制

在1．0GPa，室温-1200℃条件下，测量了新疆库地地区斜长角闪岩的纵波速度(Vp)和品质因子(Q值)，得出在1．0GPa恒压下，Vp和Q值随温度和深度的变化关系。结果显示，Vp和Q值随温度的升高而下降，观察实验样品并结合Vp和Q值与熔体含量的关系，发现部分熔融是影响Vp和Q值变化的主要因素。依据实验结果，并结合区域上压力梯度和温度梯度资料计算了Vp和Q值随深度的变化。结果表明Vp和Q值先随深度的增加而缓慢增大，在32km左右开始突然减小，表明开始出现低速层。结合温度和熔体含量的关系得出，低速层的出现可能是部分熔融的结果。塔里木及周边地区的地震测深以及地震反演的结果也显示，在相同的温度和压力条件下，地壳内部32—44km的范围内存在低速层，同时高温高压的实验结果与阿拉木图地区的Vp值相当一致，可以推测塔里木西南缘下地壳的岩石成分中含有斜长角闪岩。     

东天山觉罗塔格构造带晚三叠世镁安山岩的厘定及其构造意义

新疆东天山地区印支期岩浆活动的岩石成因、源区性质及相关动力学背景一直是区域地质问题争论的焦点。对东天山构造带阿奇山安山岩开展岩石学、地球化学及锆石U-Pb-Hf系统研究,结果表明安山岩具斑状结构和气孔状构造,斑晶矿物主要为单斜辉石和斜长石,基质以针状斜长石微晶为主。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明镁安山岩喷发于235 Ma(晚三叠世),并含有石炭纪年龄的继承锆石。锆石Hf同位素分析显示岩浆期锆石具有低的ε_Hf(t)值(-31.7~-7.6)和古老的亏损地幔模式年龄(T_DM=2.2~0.7 Ga)。岩石地球化学特征显示样品为高MgO含量(3.7%~4.7%)和K₂O/Na₂O比值(0.6~1.1)及低TFeO/MgO比值(1.6~1.8)的高钾钙碱性镁安山岩。岩石地球化学特征结合区域构造-岩浆-成矿作用揭示阿奇山镁安山岩为板内伸展背景下含金云母的富集岩石圈地幔在较浅深度(<80 km)部分熔融的产物,且母岩浆混有古老地壳物质。晚三叠世阿奇山镁安山岩的厘定反映了该时期东天山地区处于岩石圈伸展-减薄阶段。     

玄武岩的高温高压实验研究

玄武岩及其高温高压相—榴辉岩的相组合,经历了长期的地质作用,反映出一定的时空条件。从高温高压实验矿物学,实验岩石学入手,对于以相组合出现的某些化学体系进行平衡条件研究,可揭示此类岩石形成的物理化学环境,并有助于阐明地球内部的物理状态、组成成分以及活动过程。     

超高温高压流变仪的研发及应用

随着我国能源勘探及地球深部探测等向深部发展,深井越来越多,地层温度、压力越来越高。保证高温高压状态下钻井液流变性能的稳定是深井安全钻进的必要前提,测定钻井液高温高压流变性是评价和优选钻井液体系最基础的工作。依托国家科技部重大仪器设备开发专项,通过对压力控制系统、温度控制系统、剪率控制系统、粘度检测系统等方面技术难题的攻关,研制成功了国内首台超高温高压流变仪。该仪器可在高温高压及低温高压条件下对钻井液、完井液、压裂液等样品的流变性进行高精度测量。     

高温高压菱镁矿电导率实验研究

在俯冲带中,菱镁矿相比于其他碳酸盐矿物会在更高的温度压力环境下稳定存在,常被认为是地球深部碳循环的主要载体,其电学性质的研究对俯冲带及地球深部的电性结构具有重要的意义。本文在YJ-3000t高温高压设备上利用Solartron-1260阻抗/增益-相位分析仪,在1～3 GPa和773～1173 K条件下,对天然菱镁矿的电导率进行了原位测量。实验结果表明,在实验条件下,天然菱镁矿的电导率在10^-2～10^-7 S/m范围内,菱镁矿的电导率对温度有很强的依赖性,随着温度的升高,电导率增大,电导率与压力的关系呈正相关,随着压力的升高而增强。结合前人的研究成果及样品电导率随温度、压力的效应和活化能,可推断天然菱镁矿导电机制为大极化子导电。     

Thermochemistry of the high structural state plagioclases

The enthalpies of solution of a suite of 19 high-structural state synthetic plagioclases were measured in a Pb₂B₂O₅ melt at 970 K. The samples were crystallized from analyzed glasses at 1200°C and 20 kbar pressure in a piston-cylinder apparatus. A number of runs were also made on Amelia albite and Amelia albite synthetically disordered at 1050–1080°C and one bar for one month and at 1200°C and 20 kbar for 10 hr. The component oxides of anorthite, CaO, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂, were remeasured.The ΔH of disorder of albite inferred in the present study from albite crystallized from glass is 3.23 kcal, which agrees with the 3.4 found by Holm and Kleppa (1968). It is not certain whether this value includes the ΔH of a reversible displacive transition to monoclinic symmetry, as suggested by Helgesonet al. (1978) for the Holm-Kleppa results. The enthalpy of solution value for albite accepted for the solid solution series is based on the heat-treated Amelia albite and is 2.86 kcal less than for untreated Amelia albite.The enthalpy of formation from the oxides at 970 K of synthetic anorthite is ?24.06 ± 0.31 kcal, significantly higher than the ?23.16 kcal found by Charluet al. (1978), and in good agreement with the value of ?23.89 ± 0.82 given by Robieet al. (1979), based on acid calorimetry.The excess enthalpy of mixing in high plagioclase can be represented by the expression, valid at 970 K: ΔH^ex(±0.16 kcal) = 6.7461 X_abX²_An + 2.0247 X_AnX²_Ab where X_Ab and X_An are, respectively, the mole fractions of NaAlSi₃O₈ and CaAl₂Si₂O₈. This ΔH^ex, together with the mixing entropy of Kerrick and Darken's (1975) Al-avoidance model, reproduces almost perfectly the free energy of mixing found by Orville (1972) in aqueous cation-exchange experiments at 700°C. It is likely that Al-avoidance is the significant stabilizing factor in the high plagioclase series, at least for X_An≥ 0.3. At high temperatures the plagioclases have nearly the free energies of ideal one-site solid solutions. The Al-avoidance model leads to the following Gibbs energy of mixing for the high plagioclase series: $\text{ΔG}{}^{\mathrm{mix}}\text{= ΔH}{}^{\mathrm{ex}}\text{+ RT X}{}_{\mathrm{Ab}}\text{ln[X}{}^2{}_{\mathrm{Ab}}\text{(2 ? X}{}_{\mathrm{Ab}}\text{)]+ X}{}_{\mathrm{An}}\text{ln}\text{[X}{}_{\mathrm{An}}\text{(1+X}{}_{\mathrm{An}}\text{)}{}^2\text{]}\text{4}$. The entropy and enthalpy of mixing should be very nearly independent of temperature because of the unlikelihood of excess heat capacity in the albite-anorthite join.     

The use of high temperature gas chromatography to study the biodegradation of high molecular weight hydrocarbons

A consequence of the biodegradation of petroleum is that lower molecular weight compounds are removed preferentially to higher molecular weight (HMW) compounds greater than triacontane (n-C₃₀). The extent to which the latter compounds are biodegraded has rarely been studied. Reasons for this include the technical difficulties associated with carrying out biodegradability tests with solid, water-insoluble substances and the limits of the analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC).A quantitative high temperature GC (HTGC) method was developed to monitor the biodegradation of the aliphatic fraction of a waxy Indonesian oil by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Recoveries of over 90% were obtained for n-alkanes up to hexacontane (C₆₀) using liquid-liquid continuous extraction. After only 14 days, 80% of the aliphatic hydrocarbons had been degraded. At the end of the 136-day study, 14% of the original fraction remained. This comprised mainly C₄₀₊ compounds. No decrease in the concentrations of compounds above C₄₅ was observed. However, the use of a rapid screening biodegradation method provided tentative proof that Pseudomonas fluorescens was capable of utilising n-alkanes up to C₆₀ once the bacteria had acclimated to HMW alkanes.     

青藏高原北部白榴碧玄岩年代学及地球化学研究

本文在可可西里北部边缘银顶山地区首次发现含橄榄石的高镁高钾质超基性火山岩。火山岩在阿尼玛卿-昆仑-木孜塔格缝合带南侧呈熔岩残丘形式产出,分布面积约为0.2 km²,其形成时代为上新世(5～4 Ma),是岩浆的快速侵位-喷溢的结果。斑晶主要为橄榄石(10%～12%)+白榴石(21%～27%)+霞石(13%～16%)±透辉石(29%～31%),基质主要为透辉石+云母+Fe-Ti氧化物+玻璃,定名为白榴碧玄岩。对3个样品51个点的橄榄石电子探针数据计算显示,橄榄石牌号为Fo_74-87Fa_13-26,属贵橄榄石,岩石中的橄榄石均不存在扭折带,表明这些橄榄石很可能是岩浆结晶的产物,而非岩浆捕获体。通过计算,银顶山地区橄榄石的结晶温度大约在1 226 ℃～1 234 ℃左右。白榴碧玄岩的化学组分:SiO₂<45%,MgO>10%, Na₂O+K₂O>8%,Mg^#(68.84～70.80),而Cr(149×10^-6～156×10^-6)和Ni(138×10^-6～151×10^-6),⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(约0.708 6)和¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴ Nd(约0.512 4),处于EMII源区范围内。初步认为藏北地区上新世超基性火山岩来自于较深的源区,最有可能是软流圈顶部地幔的局部熔融,并受到俯冲地壳物质的交代。     

高温高压条件下铁岭灰岩晶包有机质的饱和烃演化特征

对铁岭灰岩抽提除去沥青“Ａ”后的残渣进行高温高压模拟实验,模拟实验研究表明,晶包有机质的释放与温度与温度和压力有关,高压有利于晶包有机质释放。晶包有机质和干酪根主要释放出低碳数烷烃,Ｐｒ／ｎＣ１７、Ｐｈ－ｎＣ１８在热演化过程中变化不大,Ｐｒ／Ｐｈ则波动较大。     

Viscosity of albite melt at high pressure and high temperature

 The viscosity of albite (NaAlSi₃O₈) melt was measured at high pressure by the in situ falling-sphere method using a high-resolution X-ray CCD camera and a large-volume multianvil apparatus installed at SPring-8. This system enabled us to conduct in situ viscosity measurements more accurately than that using the conventional technique at pressures of up to several gigapascals and viscosity in the order of 10⁰ Pa s. The viscosity of albite melt is 5.8 Pa s at 2.6 GPa and 2.2 Pa s at 5.3 GPa and 1973 K. Experiments at 1873 and 1973 K show that the decrease in viscosity continues to 5.3 GPa. The activation energy for viscosity is estimated to be 316(8) kJ mol⁻¹ at 3.3 GPa. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that a gradual decrease in viscosity of albite melt at high pressure may be explained by structural changes such as an increase in the coordination number of aluminum in the melt. Received: 6 January 2001 / Accepted: 27 August 2001     

Oxygen isotope salt effects at high pressure and high temperature and the calibration of oxygen isotope geothermometers

The influence of NaCl, CaCl₂, and dissolved minerals on the oxygen isotope fractionation in mineral-water systems at high pressure and high temperature was studied experimentally. The salt effects of NaCl (up to 37 molal) and 5-molal CaCl₂ on the oxygen isotope fractionation between quartz and water and between calcite and water were measured at 5 and 15 kbar at temperatures from 300 to 750°C. CaCl₂ has a larger influence than NaCl on the isotopic fractionation between quartz and water. Although NaCl systematically changes the isotopic fractionation between quartz and water, it has no influence on the isotopic fractionation between calcite and water. This difference in the apparent oxygen isotope salt effects of NaCl must relate to the use of different minerals as reference phases. The term oxygen isotope salt effect is expanded here to encompass the effects of dissolved minerals on the fractionations between minerals and aqueous fluids. The oxygen isotope salt effects of dissolved quartz, calcite, and phlogopite at 15 kbar and 750°C were measured in the three-phase systems quartz-calcite-water and phlogopite-calcite-water. Under these conditions, the oxygen isotope salt effects of the three dissolved minerals range from ∼0.7 to 2.1‰. In both three-phase hydrothermal systems, the equilibrium fractionation factors between the pairs of minerals are the same as those obtained by anhydrous direct exchange between each pair of minerals, proving that the use of carbonate as exchange medium provides correct isotopic fractionations for a mineral pair.When the oxygen isotope salt effects of two minerals are different, the use of water as an indirect exchange medium will give erroneous fractionations between the two minerals. The isotope salt effect of a dissolved mineral is also the main reason for the observation that the experimentally calibrated oxygen isotope fractionations between a mineral and water are systematically 1.5 to 2‰ more positive than the results of theoretical calculations. Dissolved minerals greatly affect the isotopic fractionation in mineral-water systems at high pressure and high temperature. If the presence of a solute changes the solubility of a mineral, the real oxygen isotope salt effect of the solute at high pressure and high temperature cannot be correctly derived by using the mineral as reference phase.     

Quasi-harmonic computer simulations of the structural behaviour and EOS of pyrope at high pressure and high temperature

Numerical simulations, using empirical interatomic potentials within the framework of lattice dynamics and quasi-harmonic approximation, have been carried out to model the behaviour of the structure and of some thermoelastic properties of pyrope at high pressure and high temperature conditions (0–50 GPa, 300–1500 K). Comparison with observed data, available as a function either of P or of T, suggests that the pressure effects are satisfactorily modelled, whilst the effect of T on the simulations is underestimated. The cell edge, bond lengths and polyhedral volumes have been studied as a function of P along five isotherms, spaced by 300 K steps. These isotherms tend to converge at high pressure, which demonstrates that the pressure effects become dominant compared to those of thermal origin in affecting the structural properties far from ambient conditions. The cell parameter, bond distances, and other structural and thermoelastic quantities determined through simulations have been parametrised as a function of P and T by polynomial expansions. Bulk modulus and thermal expansion have been discussed in the light of the high-temperature-Birch-Murnaghan and of the Vinet P – V – T equations of state. The predictions of the bulk modulus versus P and T from the present calculations and from the Vinet-EOS agree up to 10 GPa, but they differ at higher pressure. Received: 23 October, 1998 / Revised, accepted: 23 April, 1999