准噶尔盆地西南缘霜冻灾害的特征分析

兵团农七师春、秋季气温变化很不稳定,秋霜冻往往过早来临,春霜冻也常常结束较晚,致使历年均有不同程度的霜冻害发生。本文利用该区域霜冻灾害的特征资料进行分析,并提出防御霜冻的措施。     

An analysis on the physical process of the influence of AO on ENSO

The influence of the spring AO on ENSO has been demonstrated in several recent studies. This analysis further explores the physical process of the influence of AO on ENSO using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data over the period 1958–2010. We focus on the formation of the westerly wind burst in the tropical western Pacific, and examine the evolution and formation of the atmospheric circulation, atmospheric heating, and SST anomalies in association with the spring AO variability. The spring AO variability is found to be independent from the East Asian winter monsoon activity. The spring AO associated circulation anomalies are supported by the interaction between synoptic-scale eddies and the mean-flow and its associated vorticity transportation. Surface wind changes may affect surface heat fluxes and the oceanic heat transport, resulting in the SST change. The AO associated warming in the equatorial SSTs results primarily from the ocean heat transport in the face of net surface heat flux damping. The tropical SST warming is accompanied by anomalous atmospheric heating in the subtropical north and south Pacific, which sustains the anomalous westerly wind in the equatorial western Pacific through a Gill-like atmospheric response from spring to summer. The anomalous westerly excites an eastward propagating and downwelling equatorial Kelvin wave, leading to SST warming in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in summer-fall. The tropical SST, atmospheric heating, and atmospheric circulation anomalies sustain and develop through the Bjerknes feedback mechanism, which eventually result in an El Niño-like warming in the tropical eastern Pacific in winter.     

长白山积雪酸度初步研究

本文通过1985年12月对长白山积雪的考察资料,分析了针阔叶混交林带、山地晴针叶林带,山地岳桦林带和高山苔原带积雪的pH值、电导率和雪水化学组分的差异,积雪酸度呈弱酸性,局地大气污染物对雪水影响较小。     

气候变化对内蒙古草原退化的影响

文章综述了草原退化现状、气候变化对内蒙古草地退化的影响,提出了国内在该方面的研究成果及不足。建议应加强多学科、多部门联合攻关、针对薄弱环节加大研究力度、构建长期稳定监测预警的体系。     

大气冰核对雷暴云电过程影响的数值模拟

利用已有的二维雷暴云起、放电模式模拟了一次雷暴天气,并通过敏感性试验研究了冰核浓度变化对雷暴云动力、微物理及电过程的影响。结果表明：随着大气冰核浓度的增加,雷暴云发展提前,上升气流速度和下沉气流速度均呈现降低的趋势。大气冰核浓度提升有利于异质核化过程增强,冰晶在高温区大量生成,而同质核化过程被抑制,因此冰晶整体含量降低,引起低温区中霰粒含量降低和高温区中霰粒尺度降低。在非感应起电过程中,正极性非感应起电率逐渐减小,负极性非感应起电率逐渐增大。由于液态水含量随大气冰核浓度的增加逐渐降低,高温度冰晶携带电荷的极性由负转变为正的时间有所提前。在感应起电过程中,由于霰粒尺度减小及云滴的快速消耗,感应起电率极值逐渐降低。冰晶优先在高温区生成而带负电,不同大气冰核浓度下的雷暴云空间电荷结构在雷暴云发展初期均呈现负的偶极性电荷结构。在雷暴云旺盛期,随着冰核浓度增加,空间电荷结构由三极性转变为复杂四极性。在雷暴云消散阶段不同个例均呈现偶极性电荷结构,且随着冰核浓度的增加电荷密度值逐渐减小。     

青藏高原地形对孟加拉湾热带气旋影响的对比研究

本文用我们的实验室模拟、个例诊断分析的结果与综合分析方法得到的热带气旋的典型结构相对比，进一步探讨了高原地形对孟加拉湾热带气旋的影响（消亡及降水等）机制问题。     

地球自转年际变化作用于全球海温异常的观测事实和数值试验

本文通过12年144个月的全球海温距平格点资料分析得到El Nino和反El Nino事件只是全球海温异常变化的一个部分，全球各大洋海温变化具有一定的联系。通过一个简化的一层海洋模式对全球海温异常变化的模拟发现，地球自转速度变化首先引起纬向风的异常，再由异常的纬向风切应力作用于洋流和海温的异常，这一简化的海洋模式基本上模拟出了全球各大洋海温时空分布实况的变化特征。具体表现为:地球自转速度减慢（加快）时，大洋低纬度东部升温（降温），太平洋的西北部和西南部降温（升温），大西洋和印度洋中高纬海域降温（升温）。     

基于条件非线性最优扰动的目标观测中瞄准区 不同引导性变量的影响试验研究

基于GRAPES区域业务预报模式,采用一种快速算法计算出来的条件非线性最优扰动对实际台风个例麦莎(No.0509)开展了目标观测研究,应用数值模式,进行一系列的敏感性试验,讨论了与目标观测设计相关的一些问题,包括确定瞄准区时使用不同的引导性变量对目标观测效果的影响、及瞄准区范围变化对预报效果的影响。文中分别以提高麦莎在检验区(20.125°—35.3125°N,116.8125°—129.75°E)内的24 h海平面气压预报和24 h累积降水量预报为目的,基于条件非线性最优扰动使用了3种不同的引导性变量寻找敏感区(又称瞄准区),对这些敏感区的分布特点和有效性进行了比较和讨论。试验结果表明,在使用的3种引导性变量中,用不同的引导性变量识别的敏感区是有差别的,总体上说,文中使用的3种引导性变量识别的瞄准区对提高预报都是有效的,特别是第2和第3种的效果更好些,且两者识别的瞄准区常显示出类似的特点。文中进一步针对检验区内24 h累积降水量预报误差问题,将前面确定的瞄准区范围扩大相同的幅度,讨论瞄准区范围变化对改进预报的影响。试验结果表明,增加瞄准格点数,有可能使预报效果得到改善,但是试验结果同时也暗示了单纯靠扩大瞄准...     

环境场条件对雷暴传播运动影响实例分析

通过对一个明显后向传播雷暴和一个无明显传播特征雷暴的环境场进行对比,分析环境场条件对雷暴传播运动的影响。结果表明：二者高空均受冷涡后部西北气流控制,有中空急流,低层受暖温度脊影响,气温较高,傍晚前后受短波槽影响,在鲁西北地区产生对流天气;后向传播雷暴的环境场水汽条件较好,大气斜压特征明显,近地面层高温高湿,θse锋区位于对流层中层,中层干空气与低层冷空气入侵,二者共同作用是雷暴的产生机制;无明显传播特征雷暴的环境场水汽条件较差,θse锋区位于850 hPa以下,对流层低层干冷空气与暖湿空气交绥是雷暴的产生机制;雷暴易发生在水汽通量散度中心北侧梯度较大的区域,主回波后部大气为不稳定层结且具有辐合中心、相对湿度较大的特征,这是产生新对流单体的关键;若雷暴区有湿平流,雷暴的下游方向有水汽辐合中心,且辐合中心具有斜压特征,有利于雷暴新生,反之,则不利于雷暴新生。     

初始扰动对积云发生发展影响的数值模拟

利用完全弹性三维冰雹云模式,模拟研究了初始扰动对积云发生发展的影响。模拟结果表明,对流发生层结条件满足的情况下,不同初始扰动会导致云不同的发生发展。扰动中心位温偏差大小适当,仅增加扰动厚度或降低扰动中心高度均能使积云发展更快、强度更大;适当减小水平扰动半径能促使积云提前发展,但会导致对流强度减弱;而增大扰动中心位温偏差,不但能增加对流强度,还能促使积云提前发展。     

Comments on ‘the influence of geostrophic shear on the cross-isobar angle of the surface wind’

Boundary-Layer Meteorology -     

Anthropogenic impact on the albedo of the earth

The impact of man and animal on the Earth's surface albedo (reflectivity), until recently believed to be quite small, or not considered at all, is analyzed. Discussion is presented of changes in the albedo due to the heat island effects of cities on snow cover, to agricultural cultivation, irrigation, and to overgrazing; the latter of which is emphasized. In arid climates, protected steppe areas have a low albedo due to dark plant debris accumulating on the crusted soil surface, whereas the same type of terrain, when overgrazed, exhibits a high albedo of trampled, crumbled soil. Extrapolating from observed spatial differences between overgrazed terrain and natural steppe, it is suggested that anthropogenic pressures mainly due to overgrazing could have had a very significant effect on the Earth's surface albedo both regionally and as a global average during the last few thousand years. The Earth's surface albedo presently might be 0.154 whereas it might have been 0.141 about 6000 years B.P. Thus, the surface albedo could have increased by a = 0.013, or by nearly 10% of its value when steppe areas were in their virgin state. The hypothesized increase would be much larger in the Northern hemisphere than in the Southern. There are uncertainties even in the second digit of the suggested value for the present day albedo, and thus certainly for the albedo in the past. Seasonal mapping of the surface albedo from LANDSAT type satellites is recommended.     

A numerical research on the influences of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on the medium-range weather processes

In this paper, we use a spectral model for the medium-range numerical weather forecast to discuss the impact of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on the medium-range weather processes. Under the tests of two typical winter and summer cases, we find that the influences of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on summer weather are really important, especially on its rainfall, surface heat transport and 500 hPa height field. On winter weather, however, the influences are very weak.     

基于大涡模拟评估GRAPES模式对对流边界层的模拟性能

为检验GRAPES半拉格朗日动力框架在大涡尺度上的模拟性能,为未来发展千米及其以下高分辨尺度的数值模式奠定基础,并构造GRAPES大涡模式以检验和发展边界层湍流参数化提供科学工具。通过在GRAPES模式中加入Smagorinsky-Lilly小尺度湍涡参数化,并将模式分辨率提高至50 m,构建GRAPES大涡模式(GRAPES_LES),以便分析GRAPES模式在大涡尺度上的适用性。同时利用广泛应用的已有大涡模式UCLA_LES作为参考,通过对干对流边界层湍流的模拟分析及与UCLA_LES模拟结果的对比,得出如下主要结论:GRAPES半拉格朗日动力框架能够模拟出与已有的大涡模式相似的边界层湍流特征;同时,通过分析也证明GRAPES存在由于采用半拉格朗日平流计算而带来过度耗散的问题:当使用相同的滤波尺度(Smagorinsky 常数)时,GRAPES_LES模拟出的速度场更为平滑,小尺度湍流结构过于光滑,通过对湍流能量的能谱分析更清楚地表明了这一点。进一步,对不同的Smagorinsky常数(对应不同的滤波尺度)进行了敏感性试验,表明可以通过改变滤波尺度,有效地缓解半拉格朗日框架隐含的耗散问题,得到更接近UCLA_LES所模拟的湍流特征。     

The Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the development of ice on Lake Windermere

Windermere, the largest lake in England, seldom freezes over but the sheltered bays are usually covered with ice for several days every year. Here I analyse the meteorological factors influencing the development of ice on the lake between 1933 and 2000 and relate these to the regional and global changes in the weather. The results demonstrate that the methods used to describe the development of ice at high latitudes can also be used to predict the formation of ice on this temperate lake. The best indicator of change was the number of ice-days recorded every winter. Regression analyses based on a Poisson model showed that there were significant negative correlations between the number of ice-days and the local air temperature, the Central England Temperature and the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI). The relationship with the NAOI was particularly pronounced and explained 50% of the observed inter-annual variations. A hindcasting model based on the NAOI correctly predicted the most severe winters reported in the area between 1864 and 1910. The observed and predicted numbers of ice-days were also correlated with an index of sea ice in the Baltic. The results demonstrate that the number of ice-days reported on Windermere} can be used as a proxy indicator of climate change and show that the NAO has had a major effect on the development of ice on this lake for at least a hundred and thirty years.     

一次热带气旋过程对出梅影响的数值模拟研究

采用中尺度数值模式WRF对2001年江淮梅雨期热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)进行数值模拟,研究TC"飞燕"对梅雨结束过程的影响。结果表明,模式能够较好地模拟出"飞燕"的路径与强度演变,并能够较为精确地再现梅雨后期的降水强度和落区。对比分析消除"飞燕"影响的敏感性数值试验结果发现,"飞燕"影响梅雨的机制在于:随着其向东北向移动,西太平洋副热带高压北抬,东亚高、低空急流强度均有所减弱,低空切变辐合变弱,梅雨锋强度减弱,使得来自西南方向的水汽输送减少,造成假相当位温梯度和湿位涡倾斜项减小,垂直上升运动明显削弱,降水中断,导致梅雨结束。而消除"飞燕"影响后,梅雨后期降水仍然较多,梅雨期将有所延长。     

基于气候系统内在层次性的气象干旱指数研究

气候系统除了具有非线性/非平稳性,还有层次性,许多大小不一的时空尺度构成了多层次结构,不同层次的气候系统具有不同的可预报性和稳定性。对于一种气象干旱指数而言,主要考虑从某一时段(尺度)内降水、温度、土壤湿度等要素测量值来建立干旱指数。本文首先从气候系统的非线性/非平稳性和内在层次性出发,针对中国不同地区的区域气候及其变化特征,使用信息熵方法从降水观测资料中提取出区域降水的两个(均态和变化)本征尺度,提出一种基于区域气候系统层次性内在特征的气象干旱指数MSPI。以2011年长江中下游春季严重气象干旱的发生、发展、持续、缓解情况为例,对MSPI的干旱监测能力进行检验。发现MSPI对不同程度的干旱都有较好的表征能力,并且对于干旱过程也有较好的识别能力。从各方面综合考虑,MSPI是一种可以较好满足逐日气象干旱监测、检测需求的气象干旱指数。在实际应用中,气象干旱指数MSPI可以作为其他不同时间尺度上的各种干旱指数的有益补充。