一个基于Eta垂直坐标的新WRF动力框架及其数值试验

针对我国陡峭地形数值预报难题,本文在国际先进WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式动力框架中引入阶梯地形垂直坐标,以期为改进复杂地形区域数值天气预报提供模式发展可选方案.设计气柱质量变换方法,实现阶梯地形和追随地形两种垂直坐标下动力方程组的形式一致,从而简化方程组离散及程序实现的...     

数值预报模式中双三次曲面地形与水平气压梯度力计算

利用C3连续双三次曲面拟合了全球数值模式地形曲面;讨论构建了有复杂地形数值模式引入地形追随高度坐标((z)坐标)后,同时引入包含定常斜率、曲率和挠率的双三次曲面地形,又进一步讨论了双三次曲面地形模式大气的水平气压梯度力计算问题.结果表明,对(z)坐标模式大气的压、温、湿场,通过做经、纬向三次样条拟合,求得地形斜率“静力平衡”气压差,从而插值(反演)任一水平面(海平面)上的气压场,同时可以求得时变的参考大气,则计算水平气压梯度(力)的精度,完全依赖于插值(反演)对应的水平面(海平面)气压场的计算精度.并指出,理论上可按三次样条的曲率判断,做变量场(地形)的局域或单点平滑.     

秦岭山区一次冷空气过程的数值模拟

利用较高分辨率的区域气候模式RegCM3,对1977年1月20-22日一次侵袭秦岭山区的冷空气活动过程进行数值模拟,分析秦岭山脉对冷空气的阻挡和屏障作用,并检验该模式在复杂地形条件下的模拟能力.结果表明:模式模拟的降温过程与实况比较一致,秦岭山脉对冷空气的阻挡和屏障作用可造成其南北两侧温差达4℃以上,并且滞留冷空气达12h以上.还分析了此次冷空气影响过程中的温度场和气压场的演变,结果发现:RegCM3区域气候模式能够比较真实地模拟复杂地形条件下温度场和气压场分布特征及其变化规律.     

次网格地形坡度坡向参数化及其对区域气候模拟的影响

随着数值模式水平分辨率的提高，模式下垫面特征的描述更加仔细，针对东亚地区复杂的地形和植被特征，发展适合非均匀下垫面的地表通量参数化方案，对改进数值模式和刻画高原附近地区复杂地形动力和热力。效应的能力非常必要。本文通过计算次网格地形坡度、坡向参数及其对到达地面短波辐射通量的影响，提出次网格地形热力效应的参数化方案，改进数值模式中复杂地形区域地面热量平衡的计算。利用p—σ区域气候模式的数值试验结果表明，次网格地形热力效应参数化方案的引入，对东亚地区夏季气候尤其是降水的模拟有明显的改进。     

青藏高原东部地区降水的定量数值预报初探

运用LASGη坐标有限区域数值预报模式对青藏高原东部的川、渝两省市1988年的18次强降水过程进行了不同方式下的定量降水预报的数值模拟,并根据中国气象局制定的有关规定对模拟预报结果进行了评估.该区域地形复杂,天气系统多变,对数值预报模式有较高的要求,LASGη坐标模式以其比较完善的动力框架和物理过程处理方法获得了较好的预报结果,其对小雨、中雨、大雨预报的TS评分可超过主观预报的水平.     

上海业务数值予报模式中地形动力效应试验

本文在上海台风研究所无地形的业务数值予报模式中引入地形,用实际天气过程进行了地形动力效应的予报试验。结果表明,引入地形后的模式,其予报能力有明显改善,尤其是对500hPa高空槽以及地面冷高压活动的予报,模式地形表现出重要影响。由此说明,即使在有限区域短期数值予报模式中,引入地形也是十分必要的。     

高分辨率η坐标模式对四川降水个例对比数值试验

在原η坐标模式基础上,利用９９５年８月２３日和１９９８年４月２８日四川西部两次强降水过程为例,通过改变水平分辨率和具有不同分辨率的地形资料,以及固定边界、意向影响嵌套边界,进行了一些数值试验。结果表明：（１）较低水平分辨率的η模式,采用较高分辨率的地形资料不一定能改善预报结果;（２）较高水平分辨率,并引入较高分辨率的地形资料,以及意向嵌套侧边界的η模式,对预报结果有较明显的改进。     

“软地形”数值预报模式及其在新疆暴雨预报中的应用

本文利用一改进的有限区域五层原始方程模式,引入一个“软地形”模型,对发生于塔里木盆地边缘等三次暴雨过程作了数值模拟试验,结果表明:在考虑地形后,降水量预报与实况更为接近,地形效应使降水多沿山区分布。低层偏东气流对暴雨有较大贡献,它不但可输送水汽到雨区上空,而且使低层产生辐合上升运动。从而说明:“软地形”数值模式除可较好地模拟新疆暴雨大尺度天气系统的演变,对降水预报,在区域和强度上也有一定的能力。     

复杂地形边界层风场的三维局地尺度数值模拟

设计了一个基于有限元方法的中γ尺度复杂地形条件下的三维非静力边界层风场数值模式,利用该模式对河南省登封市阳城工业区周围的实际三维地形进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与河南省气象科学研究所的实测资料进行了对比。结果表明,模式对峡谷地形的加速作用、山体的抬升与绕流均有较好的模拟,但是对背风坡涡旋的模拟不太理想。与实测资料的对比显示,在一定的条件下,模式可以得到较好的模拟结果。     

复杂地形下地面观测资料同化Ⅰ. 模式地形与观测站地形高度差异对地面资料同化的影响研究

中国地形复杂, 模式地形与实际观测地形存在一定高度差异, 因此设计合理的复杂地形下地面观测资料的同化方案有利于使我国目前仅用作探测手段的地面观测资料 (常规地面观测站和地面自动站) 在中尺度数值模式中得到充分利用.作者在MM5_3DVAR同化系统中利用近地层相似理论将地面观测资料进行直接三维变分同化分析, 并对地面资料同化方案设计中是否需要考虑模式与实际观测站地形高度差异进行探讨研究.研究结果表明: 通过近地层相似理论将地面观测资料同化到数值模式能起到一定的作用, 并且地面观测资料 (温度、湿度、风场、地面气压) 中各物理量同化到数值模式都能影响24小时降水数值结果, 但各物理量起的作用大小不一样, 其中影响最大的是温度, 其次为湿度; 地面观测资料同化方案设计有必要考虑模式地形与实际观测站地形高度差异, 适当考虑这种高度差异能取得较好的结果.     

Solitary rossby waves over variable relief and their stability. Part II: numerical experiments

The barotropic, quasi-geostrophic vorticity equation describing large scale, rotating flows over zonal relief supports nonlinear permanent form solutions, namely nonlinear topographic Rossby waves. Through an analytical theory, these solutions have been shown to be neutrally stable to infinitesimal perturbations.Numerical algorithms, which necessarily truncate the infinite number of degrees of freedom of any continuum model to a finite number, are capable of reproducing the numerical equivalent of these form-preserving solutions. Moreover, these numerical solutions are shown to preserve their shape throughout the numerical experiment not only in the limit of small amplitude, but also for high amplitude (Rossby number → O(1)).Through numerical simulation, the stability analysis is carried far beyond the analytical limit of infinitesimal perturbations. The solutions maintain their stability in agreement with the analytical theory, up to perturbations having intensities almost of the same order as the solutions themselves. For higher-amplitude perturbations, the solutions break up and typical turbulent behavior ensues. The passage from wave-like to turbulent behavior, upon surpassing a critical perturbation value, can be observed in the sudden loss of phase locking of the permanent solution Fourier modes.     

The use of a meso-gamma scale model for evaluation of pollution concentration over an industrial region in Israel (Hadera)

A model was developed for pollutant dispersion from a point source simulating the Hadera (Israel) power plant stack. The model is based on the NCAR mesoscale meteorological MM4 model that provides the wind fields and coefficients of turbulent diffusion. The model was implemented using an implicit numerical scheme with changing directions. A comparison between the model calculations and an analytical solution for the advection-diffusion equation shows good agreement. Relatively low numerical diffusion of the adopted advection scheme was noted. Results for the hilly region of central Israel are presented for a summer case.     

The numerical scheme development of a simplified frozen soil model

In almost all frozen soil models used currently, three variables of temperature, ice content and moisture content are used as prognostic variables and the rate term, accounting for the contribution of the phase change between water and ice, is shown explicitly in both the energy and mass balance equations. The models must be solved by a numerical method with an iterative process, and the rate term of the phase change needs to be pre-estimated at the beginning in each iteration step. Since the rate term of the phase change in the energy equation is closely related to the release or absorption of the great amount of fusion heat, a small error in the rate term estimation will introduce greater error in the energy balance, which will amplify the error in the temperature calculation and in turn, cause problems for the numerical solution convergence. In this work, in order to first reduce the trouble, the methodology of the variable transformation is applied to a simplified frozen soil model used currently, which leads to new frozen soil scheme used in this work. In the new scheme, the enthalpy and the total water equivalent are used as predictive variables in the governing equations to replace temperature, volumetric soil moisture and ice content used in many current models. By doing so, the rate terms of the phase change are not shown explicitly in both the mass and energy equations and its pre-estimation is avoided. Secondly, in order to solve this new scheme more functionally, the development of the numerical scheme to the new scheme is described and a numerical algorithm appropriate to the numerical scheme is developed. In order to evaluate the new scheme of the frozen soil model and its relevant algorithm, a series of model evaluations are conducted by comparing numerical results from the new model scheme with three observational data sets. The comparisons show that the results from the model are in good agreement with these data sets in both the change trend of variables and their magnitude values, and the new scheme, together with the algorithm, is more efficient and saves more computer time.     

WRF模式中QNSE方案的湍流长度尺度系数的调整试验研究

边界层参数化方案中湍流混合对数值模拟起着重要的作用,湍流混合作用的恰当描述对于温度、湿度、风场以及降水的准确模拟至关重要。我国长江中下游流域人口密集,暴雨灾害频发,很有必要寻找一种适合该地区降水模拟的边界层参数化方案。本文运用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）中尺度数值模式,以QNSE（Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination）边界层参数化方案为基础,将其中湍流混合长度尺度系数调整为可变参数。本文将Noh et al.（2003）提出的Prandtl公式与Janji?提出的修正湍流长度尺度系数的方法相结合,通过考虑非局地项的强迫、地表稳定度与边界层高度对湍流长度尺度系数的影响,强调大气的动力结构特征与热力结构特征对湍流混合的共同影响,从而提高QNSE边界层参数化方案在不同地理环境下的模拟能力。文章通过进行长江中下游地区的典型暴雨试验,将调整参数后的QNSE方案与原方案进行比较,重点分析调整参数后的方案与原方案对关键基本气象要素场、边界层结构特征以及降水的模拟能力,并将模拟结果与观测结果进行对比,结果表明:调整参数后的方案一定程度上改进了地表温度、边界层结构以及降水的模拟效果。进一步研究表明,调整参数后的方案主要通过改变边界层混合缓解水汽混合比、位温模拟方面的误差。     

应用于双向套网格模式的一种变格距差分解法

本文提出了一种用于双向套网格模式的变格距差分计算方案。该方案在不同格距的网格区采用不同精度的差分格式，它自然地连接粗细网格，避免了一般套网格方案在粗细网格相重合点上进行的重复计算。用解析法和数值试验证明了:它与其它一些变格距差分格式相比，对短波的穿透能力有明显改进，虚假的反射也较小。应用该方案建立了正压原始方程双向套网格模式，并采用空间分解和时间分解计算方法。这不仅使二维问题转化为二个一维问题，而且二维套网格也可简化为一维均匀网格和一维套网格两部分，从而使计算和程序简化。用理想场为初值所做的一系列数值试验表明，该模式中的波可以自由进出粗细网格区，计算稳定。最后，还用该模式做了台风路径预报试验，给出了一些试验结果。     

Improvement of the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino Planetary Boundary-Layer Scheme Based on Observational Data in China

The Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) planetary boundary-layer (PBL) scheme is a second-order turbulence closure model that is an improved version of the Mellor–Yamada scheme based on large-eddy simulation data. It simulates PBL structure and evolution well, particularly over the ocean surface. However, when used with various underlying surfaces in China, the scheme overestimates the turbulent momentum flux and the sensible heat flux. Based on observations of surface fluxes in China, we attempt to improve the MYNN model by modifying the parameters and representation of the turbulence scale. Closure constants and empirical expressions in the diagnostic equation are chosen first, and an additional component of the turbulent heat flux is considered in the potential temperature prognostic equation to improve the surface heat-flux modelling. The modified MYNN scheme is incorporated into a three-dimensional mesoscale model and is evaluated using various underlying surface observations. Amelioration of the surface turbulent fluxes is confirmed at five observational sites in China over different land-use types.     

A numerical method for solving the evolution equation of solitary Rossby waves on a weak shear

In this paper an evolution equation in integral-differential form for finite amplitude Rossby waves on a weak shear is presented and an efficient method for its numerical solution is set up. It is shown that a propa-gation of solitary wave is possible whenever a proper weak shear in basic flows acts with the nonlinear effects and dispersion of the media, both in the atmosphere and in the ocean. To test the numerical method for solving the evolution equation, a series of experiments are carried out. The results indicate that the solitary solutions do exist and interact with each other in quite a succinct, manner. Therefore the method is successful and efficient for solving initial value problems of the above equation. The time decoupling problem arising in the numerical scheme and the related filtering technique are discussed. A variety of interesting phenomena such as the interaction of solitary Rossby waves, damping, dispersion and the development of nonlinear wave train are numerically studied.     

An unsaturated soil water flow problem and its numerical simulation

1.IntroductionUnsaturatedsoilwaterflowisaflowwherewaterisnotfullofsoilhole,whichisanimportantformofflowinporousmedia.Predictionofanunsaturatedflowisprovidedwithsignificanceinmanybranchesofscienceandengineering.Theseincludeatmosphericscience,soilscien...     

一个改进的湍流垂直扩散过程参数化方案

研究了数值天气预报模式中次阿格湍流垂直扩散过程的参数化问题。以Ｂｏｕｇｅａｕｌｔ和Ｌａｃａｒｒｅｒｅ（１９８９）的参数化方案为基础，改进了处理湍流混合长的方法，使湍流混合长和热力混合长分别依赖于基本气流的静力稳定度和风场切变。新方案的基本思路是把ＶｏｎＫａｒｍａｎ（１９３０）提出的动力（风场切变）湍流扰动假设与ＢＬ－８９方案提出的热力（静力稳定度）湍流扰动假设结合在一起，强调了大气的热力结构、动力结构和湍流动能对湍流混合过程的共同影响。新方案和ＢＬ－８９方案的二维对比数值试验结果表明，在大气处于静力较稳定而风场切变明显条件下的湍流扰动表现能力方面，新方案比原方案有明显的改进。     

A comparison of wind-tunnel experiments and numerical simulations of neutral and stratified flow over a hill

A comparison is made of numerical and experimental results for flow over two-dimensional hills in both neutral and stably stratified flow. The numerical simulations are carried out using a range of one-and-a-half order and second-order closure schemes. The performance of the various turbulence schemes in predicting both the mean and turbulent quantities over the hill is assessed by comparing the results with new wind-tunnel measurements. The wind-tunnel experiments include both neutral and stably stratified flow over two different hills with different slopes, one of which is steep enough to induce flow separation. The dataset includes measurements of the mean and turbulent parts of the flow using laser Doppler anemometry. Pressure measurements are also made across the surface of the hill. These features make the dataset an excellent test of the model performance. In general second-order turbulence schemes provide the best agreement with the experimental data, however, they can be numerically unstable for steep hills. Some modifications can be made to the standard one-and-a-half order closure scheme, which results in improved performance at a fraction of the computation cost of the second-order schemes.