河源市高埔岗温泉勘查与评价

河源市高埔岗温泉属于中低温地热田Ⅱ-2型,阐述温泉区内水文地质特征,全面分析温泉区的地温场、热盖层、热储岩性与富水性、热矿水水质特征、热储类型等总结出高埔岗温泉地热田特征,评价热矿水可采量,进行地热计算,为高埔岗温泉开发利用提供科学依据。     

藏北温泉盆地地热田水文地球化学特征研究

藏北温泉盆地地热资源丰富,但研究程度较低。为查明温泉盆地地热资源赋存状态及热源来源,揭示热循环机理,定量评估研究区热储温度、冷水混入比例、热循环深度等,利用温泉盆地地热田共18组温泉水样进行水化学分析,进行定量计算。结果表明:温泉盆地温泉水水化学类型主要为Ca-HCO3?SO4型。温泉盆地地下热水在向上运移过程中,受浅层地下水的混合作用影响,使得热水变为“未成熟水”。温泉水中文石、方解石等钙质热液的饱和度指数大于0。热储温度60.93~96.52 ℃,热循环深度3 238.06~5 215.28 m,冷水混入比例在20.97%~70.19%之间。硅-焓模型计算出未混入冷水时深部热储温度在81.94~167.26 ℃之间,热储循环深度4 405.56~9 145.56 m。      

西藏昌都觉拥温泉水化学特征及热储温度估算

长期以来,西藏昌都觉拥温泉处于天然状态,研究该地热显示区的温泉水化学特征、确定热储温度对于下一步的综合开发利用及热害防治具有重要的现实研究意义。通过采集区内冷水及温泉水样品,进行水化学全分析及氢氧同位素分析,探讨觉拥温泉水化学特征、地下热水补给高程、热储温度及循环深度。基于数据测试结果研究得出觉拥温泉水化学类型与地表水及冷泉水不同,为HCO~-_3—Na~+型,并富含多种微量元素。利用氢氧稳定同位素数据,计算得出补给高程为4725～4802 m。利用Na~+—K~+—Mg~(2+)平衡图判断该区地下热水为未成熟水,并有冷水混入。建立硅—焓、氯—焓混合模型,分析得出觉拥热储温度为137℃左右;综合以上数据计算得出热储深度约为3801 m。     

藏南茶卡—曲卓木温泉水化学特征与成因机理

位于青藏高原南部的茶卡—曲卓木区域地质条件复杂,构造发育,水热活动强烈,区内温泉展布主要受区内断裂控制,并呈现出分区发育的特征。本文以区内主要的茶卡水热活动区和曲卓木水热活动区的温泉为研究对象,通过对水热活动区地质、水文地质条件和温泉出露特征开展野外调查,并对温泉和地表水进行采样分析,并运用水文地球化学分析方法,对区内温泉水岩反应过程和补给来源进行了分析研究,同时利用SiO2、阳离子地热温标和硅-焓混合模型方法计算了深部热储温度。基于以上研究成果,进一步分析了区内温泉的形成机制,建立了区内温泉成因模式概念模型,并对地热资源量进行了评价,结果表明：(1)茶卡水热活动区温泉温度普遍高于曲卓木水热活动区,其温泉水化学类型为Cl-Na型水,曲卓木水热活动区则主要为SO₄-Cl-Na型水;(2)大气降水为主要补给来源,补给高程范围在4 517～5 186 m;(3)茶卡水热活动区、曲卓木水热活动区热储温度分别为208～251℃、80～102℃,冷热水混合比分别为33%～47%、34%～49%;(4)研究区内天然地热水的年可开发能量达到8.50×10¹³...     

安徽岳西汤池畈地热田特征及开发利用分析

为更好地服务于汤池畈地热田后期的开发利用,在区内开展了综合测绘、物探、钻探、测试等多种技术手段的地热资源详查工作。综合前人资料及本次详查成果,进一步查明汤池畈地热田为受构造控制的Ⅱ2型中低温带状地热田,赋存在东西向断层F3及其上盘影响带内,地热流体的孔、泉口水温在42～62.6℃之间,热储深度约为895 m,热储温度可达114.73℃。在此基础上对本地热田进行了开发利用分析：认为汤池畈地热田地热流体质量良好,符合医疗热矿水水质标准,为氟、硅医疗热矿水;地热开发的地热井成井深度小于200 m,单井涌水量可达250 m3/d及以上,为经济及适宜开发的地热田区,经济效益显著。     

西藏玛旁雍错地热水地球化学特征及其成因机制分析

西藏地区位于欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞造山带,构造活动强烈,具有丰富的地热资源。本次研究在西藏阿里地区水热活动强烈的玛旁雍错地热田实地采集地表热泉样品进行水化学分析,依据地热水水化学特征,评估研究区热储平衡状态与热储温度,分析地热水在深部的水文地球化学过程,识别地热系统深部热源类型并阐明地热系统成因机制。通过此次研究表明：区内地热水主要为碱性Cl-Na型或HCO₃-Cl-Na型水和酸性SO₄-Na型水,地热水在深部已经与热储围岩达到完全平衡状态,通过地热温标计算热储温度在200℃左右;地热地表显示、热水水化学组分特征、热储温度类型等分析揭示玛旁雍错为岩浆热源型地热系统,地表不同类型地热水是深部母地热流体沿断裂向上运移过程中经不同水文地球化学过程形成。     

西藏高温地热田地球化学特征及地热温标应用

研究区位于西藏自治区中部,属高温地热显示区。为了解区内地热田的热储基本特征,通过收集的12个主要地热田的23组地热及地表水样品分析可知,研究区水化学类型较复杂,地表出露温度较低的脱玛、玉寨、果组地热田以Na-HCO3型地热水为主,循环较快、可更新性较好,董翁、谷露、羊八井等地表出露温度较高的地热田以Na-Cl(Na-Cl·HCO3或Na-Cl·SO4)型地热水为主。地下热水中Cl与B、Li的正相关性,显示地热流体可能来源于深部岩浆;与Sr相关性较差,体现了地下热水中的盐分主要来源于深部热液而非水-岩相互作用;与SiO2、温度的正相关性更进一步印证了研究区地热为深部热源。经阳离子地温计与二氧化硅地温计估算各地热田深部热液与热水含水层混合温度为134~256℃。基于综合分析,推测研究区玉寨地热田较谷露地热田热水可更新性强,循环途径长或热源埋深较大,地热开发利用应综合考虑各自特点。     

西藏谷露地热田地热地质特征

西藏谷露地热田于2020年成功揭露到189.2℃的高温地热资源,研究谷露地热田地热地质特征,对西藏地热资源勘查开发和揭示高温地热系统成因机理都具有重要的科学与指导意义.本文以构造地质调查为基础,结合最新物探、钻探、水文资料,通过解析构造-水-热循环系统内在联系,总结构造控热规律,并建立了谷露地热田地热系统概念模型.谷露地热田内主要发育N-S向（F1、F3）、E-W向（F2、F4）和NE向3组断裂.大气降水与冰山融水沿盆地西侧九子拉-桑雄断裂下渗,经深循环加热以盆地西缘F1断裂为导热通道向上运移,由于受到南北两侧F2、F4断裂的阻隔作用,热水在F1和F3断裂组成的“Y”字型断裂系统内汇聚集中,形成热储,并在地表沿NE向和N-S向断裂构成的通道系统中运移排泄;盆地基底花岗岩之上覆盖的泉胶砾岩层对热储起到了良好的隔水保温作用;热田内第四系沉积很薄,热储主要赋存于基岩裂隙中,为基岩裂隙型热储.F1与F3构成的“Y”字型断裂系统是热储赋存的主要场所,谷露地热田地热资源勘查开发要以这两条断裂为重点勘查目标.     

重庆市统景温泉水化学特征及混合作用

为了探讨温泉水的热储温度、深部热水与冷水的混合作用,以期为勘探、评价和合理开发利用温泉资源提供科学依据,文章对重庆统景温泉、岩溶地下水和地表水物理化学指标进行监测和分析。结果表明:（1）温泉水化学类型为SO4-Ca·Mg型,浅层岩溶水为HCO3-Ca·Mg型,温塘河为HCO3-Ca型;温泉水TDS、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、Si、B、Sr高于岩溶地下水和地表水,主要与温泉水流经碳酸盐岩热储层并发生强烈的水岩作用有关。（2）不同地热温标法的对比应用发现,阳离子和玉髓地热温标法不适用,而无蒸汽损失石英和修正后的SiO2地热温标法更适于计算统景温泉热储的温度,利用这两种方法算出来的热储平均温度为86 ℃。（3）通过Na-K-Mg三角图判断出岩溶地下水在深部含水层与地下热水发生混合。利用混合模型和硅-焓图解法估算出鸳鸯泉中冷水的混入比例分别为89%、86%;2号井中冷水的混入比例分别为80%、79%。2号井冷水混入比例比鸳鸯泉低,可能受2号井周围水泥护壁的影响。      

西藏日多温泉水化学特征及其物质来源

热泉水的水化学特征包含其形成过程中地质、构造、断裂、蚀变以及环境变化等多种信息,是研究地热流体形成和物质来源最基本和最重要的特征之一。西藏日多温泉发育于古新统典中组（E1d）和下白垩统林布宗组（K1l）地层。水化学特征显示:日多温泉地下热储温度为97.5 ℃~110.1 ℃之间,pH值为中性,水化学类型为SO4·HCO3-Na型,阳离子以Na+、Ca2+、K+为主,阴离子以Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-为主,并富含HBO2、H2SiO3、F、Li、Sr、Cs、As,矿化度介于1 162 mg/L～1 245 mg/L之间,符合理（医）疗热矿泉水水质标准。温泉水富含多种矿物组分的特征,与温泉水循环深度大、地下滞留时间较长（推测大于48 a）、地下热水与火山岩水-岩作用强烈有直接关系。综合研究热矿水的水化学特征,有助于更好地认识热泉水的形成过程,为热泉资源的开发利用和保护提供科学依据。      

Geochemical genesis of geothermal waters from the Longling hydrothermal area,Yunnan, Southwestern China

Longling is characterized by a wide distribution of hydrothermal areas, among which the Banglazhang hydrothermal system is the most geothermally active. Banglazhang is marked by intensive hydrothermal activities including hot springs, geysers, fumaroles and hydrothermal explosions. The geothermal waters from the Longling region are mainly HCO_3-Na type with low but comparable SO_4 and Cl concentrations. Calculations based on a variety of chemical geothermometers and a K-Ca geobarometer indicate that the Banglazhang hydrothermal system has much higher subsurface temperature and CO_2 pressure compared to the other systems such as Daheba, Dazhulin and Huangcaoba. However, geothermal water samples collected from all these alternative hydrothermal areas are either partially equilibrated with reservoir minerals or are immature. The silica-enthalpy relationships of Banglazhang geothermal waters indicate the presence of a deep geothermal fluid with an enthalpy value and silica concentration of 945 J/g(up to around 220 °C) and 339 mg/L. Our work indicates the Banglazhang area is a promising source in terms of long-term utilization of hydrothermal resources.     

重庆市温塘峡背斜地热资源特征

温塘峡背斜是华蓥山帚状穹褶束中的背斜之一,地热水资源丰富,地热显示主要表现为天然温泉和人工温泉2类。通过统计和分析背斜两翼地热钻井的水量、水质和含水层资料,发现该构造主要热储含水层为嘉陵江组四段和二段,次要热储含水层为嘉陵江组三段和一段。水化学类型以硫酸盐型为主,但两翼有所不同,镁钙离子当量浓度比小于1,说明地热水化学成分主要来源于灰岩含水层。水质和水量受地质构造作用控制。温塘峡背斜具备热储盖层、热储层和下部热储隔热隔水层的层状热储结构特征,热储温度表现为西翼和东翼相当。物探测井数据显示,1 700~2 000 m深度处热储温度在26.42~51.7 ℃之间,且自北向南略有升高。研究成果可为温塘峡地热水资源进一步勘查开发提供参考和指导。     

西藏搭格架地热区天然水的水化学组成与稳定碳同位素特征

为探究青藏高原搭格架地热区地热水、湖水、河水、冰雪融水等天然水体的水化学组成及物质来源控制因子,于2014年8月对该地区进行了考察和取样。利用紫外-可见光分光光度计和ICP-OES测定了水样中各阴、阳离子含量,利用Gas Bench连接同位素质谱仪测定了水样中溶解无机碳（DIC）同位素比值。结果表明,地热水中总溶解固体（TDS）含量为977.13~1 279.50 mg/L,阳离子以K+和Na+为主,阴离子以HCO3-和Cl-为主,湖水的TDS含量为77.81~810.94 mg/L,阳离子以Na+和Ca2+为主,阴离子以HCO3-(CO32-)和SO42-为主,地热水和湖水的水化学类型为HCO3-Na型;河水和冰雪融水的各离子含量较低,水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型;地热水的DIC浓度范围为9.2~15.4 mmol/L,δ13CDIC值为-9.09‰~-0.95‰;湖水的DIC浓度为1.1~9.7 mmol/L,δ13CDIC值为-8.84‰~-0.27‰。根据水化学Gibbs分布模式图判断出区域水化学特征主要受硅酸盐岩风化控制,以钠长石和钾长石风化为主,但是地热水的水化学组分受到硅酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩共同控制。通过碳同位素比值分析对区域主要风化过程中CO2的来源示踪表明,湖区周围的硅酸盐风化其碳源主要为土壤CO2,热泉区硅酸盐水解其碳源为地球深部CO2输入。      

搭格架温泉水化学特征及其约束因素研究

搭格架地热区温泉水DJ1-DJ116号样品于2009年采集,阳离子及微量元素含量采用ICP-OES法测试,Cl-含量采用滴定法测试,其余阴离子含量采用紫外-可见光分光光度法测试。通过对温泉水化学指标的分析,研究温泉的水化学特征及约束因素。其温泉水化学类型为HCO3-Na型,平均矿化度为1 524 mg/L,具有较高的Na/Cl值,温泉水演化程度较高,为完全平衡水,热储中的水岩反应达到了平衡状态.温泉水中PO2极低,PCO2较高;大部分温泉水中玉髓、石英和无定形态SiO2三种硅质热液矿物的饱和度指数大于0。K-Na温标计算热储平均平衡温度为251.36℃;泉水中的Na＋、K＋离子活度主要受到钠、钾长石的约束。微量元素组合表现出花岗岩源的特征。总体上搭格架地热区温泉水化学特征受到区域地质背景的约束。     

Mixing processes in hydrothermal spring systems and implications for interpreting geochemical data: a case study in the Cappadocia region of Turkey

Mixing is a dominant hydrogeological process in the hydrothermal spring system in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. All springs emerge along faults, which have the potential to transmit waters rapidly from great depths. However, mixing with shallow meteoric waters within the flow system results in uncertainty in the interpretation of geochemical results. The chemical compositions of cold and warm springs and geothermal waters are varied, but overall there is a trend from Ca–HCO₃ dominated to Na–Cl dominated. There is little difference in the seasonal ionic compositions of the hot springs, suggesting the waters are sourced from a well-mixed reservoir. Based on δ¹⁸O and δ²H concentrations, all waters are of meteoric origin with evidence of temperature equilibration with carbonate rocks and evaporation. Seasonal isotopic variability indicates that only a small proportion of late spring and summer precipitation forms recharge and that fresh meteoric waters move rapidly into the flow system and mix with thermal waters at depth. ³H and percent modern carbon (pmC) values reflect progressively longer groundwater pathways from cold to geothermal waters; however, mixing processes and the very high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of the water samples preclude the use of either isotope to gain any insight on actual groundwater ages.     

The Experimental Investigations on Motion Features of Groundwater Flow near the Pumping Well

Hot springs are natural exposed points of the hydrothermal system. The hydro-geochemistry of hot springs can be used to interpret the formation of the hydrothermal system; and the 14C dating can be used to evaluate the renewability of the hydrothermal system. The hot springs exposed from fault zones in western Guangdong are classified as granite fissure water and clastic rock fissure water, which are sampled and tested. The results of water chemistry analysis show that hot spring water is mainly HCO3-Na type in the beginning, while the mixing of seawater leads to the increase of Cl-. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that these hot springs mainly come from atmospheric precipitation, and water-rock interactions produce oxygen isotope exchange reactions, where a significant “oxygen drift” phenomenon can be observed. The relationship between δ13C and HCO3- indicates that there is a deep source of CO2 “dead carbon” in hot spring water. This systematic error is not considered in the existing 14C dating correction models. The 14C age of the deep source “dead carbon” correction proposed in this paper is close to the 14C age of the reverse chemical simulation correction, the Gonfiantinie model, and the Mook model. The deep source “dead carbon” correction method can improve the systematic error. Therefore, the 14C age corrected by the deep source “dead carbon” may be more representative in terms of the actual age of geothermal water.     

Characteristics of the geothermal water in Changbai Mountain volcanic region,northeast of China

Geothermal water is plentiful in Changbai Mountain region, northeastern China, due to the volcanic activities and widespread faults. For the exploration of geothermal resources, this study uses quartz and cation geothermometer to estimate the temperatures of the geothermal reservoir and uses the tubular models to evaluate the thermal gradient. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of the geothermal resources were also evaluated by hydrogeochemical analysis. The results showed that the geothermal reservoir temperatures of the four major thermal springs in Changbai Mountain region range from 72 to 169 °C. The average geothermal reservoir temperatures of Jinjiang hot springs, Changbai hot springs I, Xianrenqiao hot springs, and Changbai hot springs II are 129.25, 169, 89, and 73.67 °C, respectively. The geothermal gradient values of the four major thermal springs have different characteristics. The geothermal gradient values of Jinjiang hot springs and Changbai hot springs I are 4.6 and 3.1 °C/100 m, respectively. The geothermal gradient values of Xianrenqiao thermal springs and Changbai thermal springs II are both lower than 1.5 °C/100 m, with the values of 1.1 and 1.4 °C/100 m. And the geothermal gradients are influenced by Changbai Mountain Tianchi volcano. In addition, the water chemical analyses showed that the geothermal water types are HCO₃-Na with higher concentrations of Na⁺, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, TDS, and HCO₃ ^? than the non-thermal waters, which suggested a deep and long water cycle of the thermal water, and therefore a sufficient water-rock interaction.     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot springs exposed from fault zones in western Guangdong and their ~(14)C age correction

Hot springs are natural exposed points of the hydrothermal system. The hydrogeochemistry of hot springs can be used to interpret the formation of the hydrothermal system; and the ~(14)C dating can be used to evaluate the renewability of the hydrothermal system. The hot springs exposed from fault zones in western Guangdong are classified as granite fissure water and clastic rock fissure water, which are sampled and tested. The results of water chemistry analysis show that hot spring water is mainly HCO_3-Na type in the beginning, while the mixing of seawater leads to the increase of Cl~-. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that these hot springs mainly come from atmospheric precipitation, and water-rock interactions produce oxygen isotope exchange reactions, where a significant "oxygen drift" phenomenon can be observed. The relationship between δ~(13)C and HCO_3~- indicates that there is a deep source of CO_2 "dead carbon" in hot spring water. This systematic error is not considered in the existing ~(14)C dating correction models. The ~(14)C age of the deep source "dead carbon" correction proposed in this paper is close to the ~(14)C age of the reverse chemical simulation correction, the Gonfiantinie model, and the Mook model. The deep source "dead carbon" correction method can improve the systematic error. Therefore, the ~(14)C age corrected by the deep source "dead carbon" may be more representative in terms of the actual age of geothermal water.     

青海贵德县扎仓温泉特征及其开发利用

扎仓温泉位于青海省贵德县扎仓寺村,其开发利用至今已有600多年的历史。温泉出露于断裂带交汇部位,地下热水矿化度为1 310~1 390 mg/L, 水化学类型属于SO₄·Cl-Na型。研究结果表明,温泉的补给来源为大气降水,温泉水年龄约165 a。利用SiO₂温标法计算出热储温度为136 ℃,估算热水循环深度为1 385 m。温泉的天然放热量大于1.23×10¹⁴J/a,扎仓沟地区的地热资源量达2.07×10¹⁴J以上。热水宜直接用于供暖、洗浴、温室种植和养殖等。该地热田深部尚有地热能潜力。     

青海省贵德扎仓寺地热成因机理及开发利用建议

本文通过卫星热遥感影像及航磁、重力异常的宏观性解译热异常空间分布特征,野外实地调查温泉的出露条件和水化学特征,分析研究青海省贵德扎仓寺温泉的热源通道、入渗通道,从而讨论其成因机理和开发利用前景。研究结果表明:扎仓寺温泉泉口温度为93.5℃,与当地气压有关;大气降水和热水沟上游沟谷水为补给源,近东西向张裂为入渗通道,中三叠统砂板岩与印支期花岗闪长岩(γδ₅²)接触变质带为径流通道(热储层),中三叠统砂板岩为盖层,北北西向热光断裂(F₁)为热源通道,属断裂-深循环地热类系统类型;径流通道(热储层)温度可达136.0℃,具备蒸汽发电示范背景条件,而F₁断裂带附近2000 m深度温度可达195.0℃,具备干热岩开发利用前景。