西藏达若洛陇矽卡岩铜矿流体包裹体研究

为揭示西藏双湖县达若洛陇矽卡岩型铜矿的成因,对该矿床石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段的石英和方解石中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温学和激光拉曼光谱分析研究。结果表明,该矿床发育富液相气液两相(LV)、含子矿物三相(LVH,子矿物为石盐)、富气相气液两相(VL)和纯气相(V) 4类流体包裹体。石英-硫化物阶段脉体的石英(Q1)中以LV和LVH型包裹体为主,其均一温度集中于150～350℃,盐度分别为5%～25%Na Cleqv和30%～40%Na Cleqv。石英-碳酸盐阶段脉体的石英(Q2)和方解石中以LV型包裹体为主,均一温度集中于150～200℃,盐度集中于5%～10%NaCleqv。根据经验公式计算得到主成矿的深度为0. 8～1. 9 km。Q1中见有不同类型(LV、LVH、V)包裹体在同一视域下共存,且具有相似的均一温度但盐度变化较大,这是流体沸腾的明显标志。温度降低和沸腾作用是导致达若洛陇矿床Cu元素沉淀的主要因素。     

西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带驱龙铜矿成矿流体特征及其演化

驱龙铜矿是西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带东段典型的斑岩型铜矿床.流体包裹体研究显示,与成矿有关的包裹体主要分为液相包裹体、气相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体3类,它们的均一温度为190℃～510℃;盐度为0.5～52.5 wt%NaCleq.激光拉曼显微探针(LRM)分析表明,各类包裹体中气、液相成分以H2O为主.含子矿物多相包裹体与不同气相充填度的液相包裹体、气相包裹体共存,且均一温度相近,但盐度相差很大,表明成矿流体经历了沸腾作用.从蚀变矿物组合、流体包裹体显微测温分析及LRM分析可以看出,驱龙斑岩铜矿床成矿流体富含Cl-、SO2-4、Na 、K 、Ca2 、CO2-3,具有较高盐度和较强的Cu溶解能力.     

冈底斯西段鲁尔玛斑岩型铜(金)矿成矿流体性质及演化

目前冈底斯成矿带报道的斑岩型矿床主要集中在东段,而鲁尔玛斑岩型铜(金)矿为冈底斯成矿带西段新发现的铜矿,具有钾硅酸盐化、绢英岩化、青磐岩等明显的斑岩型矿床蚀变特征.其热液脉体从早到晚化分为:钾硅酸盐化脉(A脉)、石英-金属硫化物脉(B脉)以及石英-绿帘石-碳酸盐化脉(D脉).对各阶段热液脉体的的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温、显微激光拉曼和H-O-C同位素等分析.发现A脉石英中流体包裹体的形成温度集中在390~460℃,盐度介于4.5%~21.6%NaCleqv和43.6%~59.6%NaCleqv两个区间;B脉石英中流体包裹体的形成温度集中在310~380℃,盐度介于3.6%~19.8%NaCleqv和6.0%~16.0%NaCleqv两个区间;D脉石英和方解石中流体包裹体的形成温度集中在200~320℃,盐度集中在0.4%~14.7%NaCleqv.拉曼分析表明,鲁尔玛铜(金)矿的流体包裹体含CO2、N2、CH4等气体及石盐子晶和多种金属硫化物和金属氧化物子晶.各热液脉体石英中流体包裹体的δDH2O,V-SMOW值的变化范围为-128‰^-110‰,δ18OH2O,V-SMOW值的变化范围为-9.09‰^-1.45‰,方解石的δ13CCal,V-PDB值的变化范围为-20.8‰^-19.8‰,δ18OCal,V-SMOW值的变化范围为-5.9‰^-4.9‰,展现出岩浆热液的特征,晚期还有大气降水的加入.研究结果显示,成矿流体属高温、高盐度、含CO2、N2、CH4等气体和Cu、Fe、Mo等金属元素的Ca+-Na+-Cl-H2O体系流体,具有典型的斑岩型铜矿床成矿流体的特征.成矿流体从深部封闭体系运移到浅部的开放体系,温压环境突变导致金属硫化物沉淀,形成A脉和B脉型矿化.随着成矿物质的大量析出,同时伴随着大气降水等因素的影响,流体温度、盐度迅速降低,产生D脉型矿化.     

内蒙古白音诺尔铅锌矿床成矿流体特征

内蒙古白音诺尔铅锌矿床为一大型矽卡岩型矿床。成矿作用分为两期5个阶段,包裹体显微测温研究表明:Ⅰ-1阶段主要发育气液两相包裹体(VL型)、富气相包裹体(LV型)及含Na Cl子矿物三相包裹体(SL型)。VL型包裹体均一温度变化范围为375.4℃~479.8℃,盐度为10.73%~13.73%Na Cleqv;LV型包裹体均一温度变化范围为415.2℃~458.4℃,盐度为5.32%~7.67%Na Cleqv;SL型包裹体均一温度变化范围为434.6℃~497.5℃,盐度为42.15%~45.25%Na Cleqv。Ⅰ-1阶段流体属中-高温、高盐度的不混溶Na Cl--H2O体系热液。Ⅰ--2阶段发育VL型和LV型两类包裹体,VL型包裹体均一温度的变化范围为202.3℃~345.7℃,盐度为5.17%~11.22%Na Cleqv;LV型包裹体均一温度为265.7℃~381.9℃,盐度1.98%~5.01%Na Cleqv。Ⅰ--2阶段流体性质为中温、中等盐度的不均匀Na Cl--H2O体系热液。Ⅱ--2阶段(主成矿阶段)主要发育VL型包裹体,均一温度分布于165.9℃~258.7℃,盐度为0.83%~5.62%Na Cleqv,说明流体性质为中--低温、低盐度的均一Na Cl--H2O体系热液。在流体由中--高温、高盐度不均匀Na Cl--H2O体系向中--低温、低盐度的均一Na Cl--H2O体系热液演化的过程中,金属元素逐渐富集并最终形成矿床。包裹体中碳氢氧同位素的研究证明早期流体来源以岩浆水为主,并有少量大气降水的参与;而晚期流体来源主要为大气降水。     

西藏班-怒带西段荣那铜（金）矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

荣那铜(金)矿床是班公湖-怒江缝合带西段新发现的矿床,是多龙矿集区的重要组成矿床之一,已探明储量达大型规模,具有超大型矿床的成矿潜力。荣那铜(金)矿床矿石矿相学与岩相学研究显示其具有典型高硫化型浅成低温热液型矿床的矿物组合(明矾石、硫砷铜矿等)和矿化蚀变特征。通过资料收集与野外观察,本文将荣那铜(金)矿床的成矿过程划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段与碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-多金属硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段。为查明该矿床的成矿流体特征,进一步确定矿床成因类型,对取自深部矿石中的石英脉(均为主成矿阶段含黄铁矿、黄铜矿石英脉)开展了流体包裹体的岩相学观察、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析。结果表明,上述矿物中主要发育富液相、富气相和含子矿物三相包裹体;富液相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为:80~440℃和4.63%~11.95%NaCl eqv;富气相包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为:320~440℃和5.55%~10.74%NaCl eqv;含子矿物三相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为200~400℃和29.4%~32.56%NaCl eqv;富液相与富气相包裹体的气体成分除少量N2外,气体成分均为H2O。综合分析认为,荣那矿床成矿流体发生了强烈的沸腾作用,流体沸腾作用是该矿床的重要成矿机制。可见,荣那矿床具有高硫型浅成低温热液矿床的矿物组合及蚀变特征,但主成矿阶段石英脉流体包裹体特征与典型斑岩型铜(金)矿床的流体包裹体特征相似。因此,推测荣那高硫型浅成低温热液铜金矿的深部存在斑岩型铜金矿化,该矿床应属浅成低温热液型-斑岩型铜金矿床。     

新疆西天山莱历斯高尔斑岩型铜钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及流体包裹体研究

莱历斯高尔斑岩型铜钼矿床位于依连哈比尔尕晚古生代残余洋盆和博罗霍洛早古生代岛弧的结合部位,矿体赋存于花岗闪长斑岩体内及岩体与围岩的接触带中。矿石中5件辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素模式年龄加权平均值为372.5±5.0Ma、等时线年龄为379.9±8.3Ma,表明莱历斯高尔铜钼矿床形成于晚泥盆世。石英中主要发育气液两相水溶液包裹体(W型)、含CO2三相包裹体(C型)及含子矿物多相包裹体(S型),并有少量纯CO2及纯CH4包裹体。成矿早阶段钾长石化花岗闪长斑岩石英斑晶中主要为W型包裹体,均一温度介于300~395℃之间,峰值为358~395℃,盐度介于7.59%~11.22%NaCleqv;主成矿阶段石英细脉中主要发育W型、C型和S型包裹体,并可见少量纯CO2包裹体,均一温度主要介于230~378℃,盐度变化较大,介于0.02%~52.00%NaCleqv;成矿晚阶段石英-方解石脉中仅见气液两相包裹体,均一温度介于118~241℃之间,盐度主要介于1.57%~9.54%NaCleqv。主成矿阶段流体包裹体类型多样、且具有相似的均一温度,指示流体沸腾现象的存在,其流体包裹体捕获温度为210~343℃,压力为17~59MPa,对应的成矿深度介于1.7~2.2km之间。成矿流体不混溶或沸腾作用是金属硫化物沉淀的主要机制。推测莱历斯高尔斑岩型铜钼矿床形成于晚泥盆世依连哈比尔尕残余洋盆向伊犁-中天山微板块之下俯冲的陆缘弧环境。     

西藏多龙矿集区地堡那木岗铜(金)矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

地堡那木岗铜(金)矿床位于西藏多龙矿集区,探明储量达大型规模;矿床的成矿过程分为岩浆作用阶段、钾长石-硫化物阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段、碳酸盐-黄铁矿阶段和氧化作用阶段,其中石英-多金属硫化物阶段和碳酸盐-黄铁矿阶段为主要成矿阶段;为查明成矿流体特征,确定矿床成因类型,对取自深部矿石中的碳酸盐脉(均为碳酸盐-黄铁矿成矿阶段含黄铁矿黄铜矿石英脉)开展流体包裹体的岩相学观察和显微测温分析。分析结果表明,上述矿物中主要发育富液相、富气相和含子矿物三相包裹体。其中,富液相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为:t=80~600℃、w(NaCl,eq)=4.48%~18.79%;富气相包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为:t=240~560℃、w(NaCl,eq)=5.09%~9.73%;含子矿物三相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为:t=240~560℃、w(NaCl,eq)=36%~72%。综合分析认为,地堡那木岗铜(金)矿床成矿流体发生了强烈的沸腾作用,流体沸腾作用是该矿床的重要成矿机制。通过与国内外典型斑岩型矿床与高硫化型浅成低温热液矿床的流体包裹体特征进行对比,其与斑岩型矿床的中高温、高盐度流体特征相似。因此,推测地堡那木岗矿床的成因类型为斑岩型铜(金)矿床。     

云南哈播斑岩铜(-钼-金)矿床流体包裹体研究

哈播斑岩Cu-(Mo-Au)矿床产于哀牢山富碱斑岩带的南段,形成于青藏高原后碰撞阶段构造转换环境,属于陆-陆碰撞型斑岩矿床.根据脉体的交切关系,确定哈播矿床各种脉的演化序列为早期石英脉→石英-黄铜矿脉→石英辉钼矿脉.脉中流体包裹体的岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析等研究结果显示,各期脉中均有富气相包裹体、富液相包裹体和含子矿物多相包裹体,各种包裹体的气相均含有CO2、SO2、H2O等气体.各期脉中多种包裹体并存并具有相似的均一温度范围,富液相包裹体均一温度149～427℃,盐度ω(NaCleq)6.0％～15.0％;富气相包裹体均一温度205～405℃,盐度ω(NaCleq) 3.4％～19.0％;含子矿物多相包裹体均一温度305～516℃,盐度w(NaCleq) 33.5％～61.0％.哈播矿床的初始成矿流体由稳定共存、不混溶的低盐度流体和高盐度流体组成,高盐度流体是哈播矿床成矿元素迁移的主要载体.成矿流体在400℃左右发生“二次沸腾”、分相,温度下降和挥发分持续逃逸可能是Cu-Au成矿的诱因.Mo元素在成矿流体多次沸腾、分相过程中,持续优先分配进入高盐度流体中而逐步富集;温度下降,使含钼硫化物在流体中溶解度降低、沉淀,形成石英-辉钼矿±黄铜矿脉.     

西藏冈底斯成矿带达布矿区色日普金矿流体包裹体研究

色日普金矿位于西藏冈底斯成矿带中段达布斑岩铜钼矿床外围。本文对该矿床矿体中赋存于含矿石英脉中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼探针以及氢氧同位素分析。研究表明:与成矿有关的流体包裹体可以分为3个大类和5个亚类;流体包裹体均一温度变化范围为117~377℃,流体盐度范围为2.57%~45.59%NaCleqv,成矿流体早期为高温、高盐度的H2O-NaCl-CO2体系,成矿期为中高温、中盐度H2O-NaCl-CO2体系,成矿晚期为中低温H2O-NaCl体系;成矿期流体包裹体气相成分除CO2外,还含少量CH4、N2等。据测温结果估算的成矿压力为120~130 MPa。通过对该矿区石英和硅化脉石英流体包裹体研究得出成矿流体主要来源于大气降水和具有显著岩浆贡献的携带金属成矿物质的热液混合的产物。     

西藏铁格隆南Cu-Au矿床成矿流体特征及与矿化蚀变的内在联系

铁格隆南是一个超大型的斑岩-高硫化型浅成低温热液Cu-Au矿床,该矿床位于中国西藏班公怒江成矿带多龙矿集区内。为了更好地限制该矿床在成矿过程中的物理条件,本次研究主要选择了流体包裹体群进行显微测温。在斑岩系统中,Qz-Cpy脉主要捕获了富液相流体,其Na Cl盐度为9.2%~12.9%,捕获温度为330~360℃,压力为121~170 bars,对应古深度为1.21~1.70 km。采样位置为地表以下1.03~1.07 km处,推算该处剥蚀深度为0.18~0.67 km。石英斑晶中流体包裹体以高盐度(LVS)和富气相流体(VL)为主,高盐度流体的Na Cl盐度为29.3%~35.8%,最低捕获温度为330~350℃。在浅成低温热液系统中,Qz-Aln-Py-Tn-Cv脉和石英斑晶主要捕获了高盐度(LVS)和富气相(VL)包裹体,其中LVS在矿化脉和石英斑晶中的Na Cl盐度分别为30.7%~32.4%和29.3%~35.8%,两者最低捕获温度一致,为310~320℃,对应最小压力为74~84 bars,最小古深度为0.74~0.84 km。采样位置为地表以下183.8~188.1m处,因此推算该处的最小剥蚀深度为0.55~0.65 km。通过拉曼光谱分析,发现在斑岩系统中,石英斑晶捕获的流体包裹体所包含的金属矿物主要为黄铜矿、赤铁矿,与斑岩系统的金属矿化类型一致;在浅成低温热液系统中,石英斑晶捕获的流体包裹体所包含的金属矿物为黄铁矿、铜蓝,也与蚀变岩中的金属矿物组合一致。同时,石英斑晶捕获的流体包裹体大部分定向穿切石英斑晶,并且与含矿石英脉具有一致的均一温度峰值。上述流体特征表明石英斑晶捕获了大量成矿流体。此外,这些流体包裹体中的金属矿物在高盐度流体和低密度流体中都存在,因此,这两种流体都具有搬运Cu的能力。通过以上研究认为,流体相分离、均一温度、盐度、流体包裹体所包含的金属矿物能够指示斑岩-浅成低温热液系统的矿化条件,并且这些流体确实能够搬运成矿物质,与铁格隆南斑岩-浅成低温热液矿化直接相关。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the