东海西北部中层冷水垂直热结构数值预报方法研究Ⅰ.一维数值预报模式

文中,以水温垂直剖面的自模性将其由T-Z分布变为θ-η剖面为基础,在考虑海面加热,忽略热平流效应和来自海底的热通量情况下,将海洋分为4层,并在各层内利用其自模函数的积分趋于常量的特性,对引入自模函数的热传导方程进行推导运算,导出描述含中层冷水垂直热结构7个特征量的闭合方程组.当解得这些特征量之后,代入含有自模函数的温度表达式,即获得预报的整个水温剖面.为了检验模式的功能,我们利用东海西北部海域中27个测站,以5月5日和5月10日实测的特征量作为初值,分别试报了5月10日和5月15日的特征量及水温剖面.试报的结果表明:试报特征值和温度剖面与其实测值之间的平均绝对误差,特征温度小于或等于0.23℃,特征深度小于或等于1.18m,而水温剖面小于或等于0.20℃.由此可见,试报的效果是令人满意的.     

黄海、渤海温度垂直结构三维数值预报

文中将海洋分为具有密度阶跃的两层，设各层内各物理量与深度无关，用推广的ＡＤＩ方法进行包括潮流和风海流的二层流场计算，待流场计算稳定后，与温度扩散方程和上均匀层深度预报方程相耦合，对黄渤海区表、底层温度和上均匀层深度作了为期４ｄ的试报。然后，通过温度垂直剖面自模函数预报出三维的水温场。试报结果表明，整个模式的预报性能及试报结果与实测的吻合程度是令人满意的。     

黄、渤海温度垂直结构三维数值预报

文中将海洋分为具有密度阶跃的两层,设各层内物理量与深度无关,用推广的ADI方法进行包括潮流和风海流的二层流场的计算,待流场计算稳定后,与温度扩散方程和上均匀层深度预报方程相耦合,对黄、渤海区表、底层温度和上均匀层深度作了为期四天的试报.然后,通过温度垂直剖面自模函数预报出三维的水温场.试报结果表明,整个模式的预报性能及试报结果与实测的吻合程度是令人满意的.     

南黄海西部中层冷水垂直热结构的自模性

利用在水温垂直剖面无因次自模函数研究海洋垂直热结构方面的经验，对含中层冷水垂直热结构海水水温的正、负梯度层，提出了2种无因次温度和深度表达式，然后利用实测资料按单站和整个研究海区分别拟合了自摸函数θ＝f(η）。回算检验结果表明，用上述自模函数回算水温的平均均方误差均小于0．15℃，证明了含中层冷水的垂直热结构亦存在自模性，所提出的无因次经验表达式具有可靠性，纠正了认为自模函数的建立仅适用于单跃层结构的观点，并为进一步建立黄海中层冷水垂直热结构数值预报模式奠定了实验基础。     

黄海、渤海水温垂直结构数值预报方法研究 Ⅰ．一维数值预报模式

本文根据历史水温资料分别建立无维温度θＴ，和无维深度η，进而建立水温垂直剖面的无维自模函数θＴ＝ｆ（η）。在此基础上，利用热传导方程在忽略平流和侧向涡动效应条件下建立描述表层水温（ＴＳ）、底层水温（ＴＨ）和上均匀层厚度（ｈ）的一维模式。利用本模式试报了（时效为５ｄ，１０ｄ，１５ｄ）南黄海２０个站的ＴＳ，ＴＨ，ｈ及温跃层厚度和强度，结果令人满意。     

南黄海西部中层冷水垂直热结构的自模性

利用在水温垂直剖面无因次自模函数研究海洋垂直热结构方面的经验 ,对含中层冷水垂直热结构海水水温的正、负梯度层 ,提出了 2种无因次温度和深度表达式 ,然后利用实测资料按单站和整个研究海区分别拟合了自模函数θ =f(η)。回算检验结果表明 ,用上述自模函数回算水温的平均均方误差均小于 0 .1 5℃ ,证明了含中层冷水的垂直热结构亦存在自模性 ,所提出的无因次经验表达式具有可靠性 ,纠正了认为自模函数的建立仅适用于单跃层结构的观点 ,并为进一步建立黄海中层冷水垂直热结构数值预报模式奠定了实验基础     

黄、渤海水温垂直结构数值预报方法的研究——Ⅰ.一维数值预报模式

文中根据历史水温资料分别建立无维温度θ_T和无维深度η,进而建立水温垂直剖面的无维自模函数θ_T=f(η)。在此基础上,利用热传导方程在忽略平流和涡动效应条件下建立描述表面水温(T_s)、底层水温(T_H)和上均匀层厚度(h)的一维模式。文中,利用本模式试报了(时效为5、10、15d)南黄海20个站的T_s、T_H、h、温跃层厚度和强度等,结果是令人满意的。     

黄海,渤海水温垂直结构数值预报方法研究：Ⅰ.一维数值预报模式

本文根据历史水温资料分析建立无维温度θＴ和无维深度η，进而建立水温垂直剖面的无维自模函数θＴ＝ｆ（η）。在此基础上，利用热传导方程在忽略平流和侧向涡动效应条件下建立描述表层水温，底层水温和上均匀层厚度的一维模式。     

东海西北部中层冷水垂直热结构数值预报方法研究 Ⅱ.三维数值预报模式

根据含中层冷水海洋垂直热结构的特征,将其分为4层,并考虑来自海面的热力和动力强迫因子、水层界面剪切应力和卷挟热交换、热平流、混合及地形影响等条件下,从原始动量、连续方程组及热传导方程出发,对整个海洋和各水层分别进行垂向积分,导出相应的描述风生界面起伏、各水层平均流场和温度场的闭合方程组.当解得各水层的平均温度场T_k(k=1,2,3,4)后,根据Tk与对应水层界面特征温度间的关系获得后者,最后通过水温剖面表达式获得含中层冷水海洋的三维热结构.为了检验本模式的功能,以时效为5d试报了5月15日研究海域的三维热结构,并将试报结果与实测值进行了比较.结果表明,试报水温的均绝误差为025℃,效果令人满意.     

黄海、渤海盐度准三维数值预报模式

黄海、渤海盐度的垂直结构具有典型的自模性，而其水平分布又受平流、水平扩散效应及径流等因素的影响。本文根据黄海、渤海实测资料拟合了盐度垂直剖面的自模函数，并结合描述表、底层盐度及上均匀层厚度这３个特征量水平分布的方程，给出盐度三维结构的准三维模式。在模式中，综合考虑了海面风和热输入的强迫作用以及流场的平流、侧向混合及底层混合的影响因素，同时还考虑了径流、蒸发及降水的作用，较客观地反映了盐度的三维分布及其变化的物理过程。试报结果分析表明，模式的功能较好，结果令人满意。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev