莱州湾东部外航道回淤预测及影响因素

为探讨外航道回淤特征,采用二维波浪潮流泥沙数学模型,模拟研究了莱州湾东部航道回淤情况并探讨了其影响因素,以期对航道泥沙输运研究提供借鉴。研究表明,正常天气下,水流跨越航道,流速减小、挟沙能力下降导致的悬沙落淤是航道淤积的主要原因,但淤积量有限。大风浪是造成航道淤积的主要动力因素,其淤积泥沙主要来源于海底侵蚀来沙,河流来沙和沿岸输沙对航道淤积的贡献不大。从水深地形、泥沙来源、底质类型、水文动力条件等方面分析,航道发生骤淤的可能性较小。     

浙江三门湾猫头深潭风暴快速沉积研究

三门湾频受热带风暴的影响,风暴期出现剧烈的滩冲、槽淤的泥沙交换,而在风暴后的正常天气条件下,则产生滩淤、槽冲的泥沙交换过程.通过猫头深潭(槽)9417号台风前后剖面水深重复测量、沉积特征及沉积物放射性同位素(210Pb,137Cs)测年等资料,揭示猫头深潭风暴快速沉积(骤淤).正常天气条件下风暴沉积产生再悬浮随潮运移,深潭水深得以恢复.在连续强热带风暴的影响下,又遇强的风暴增水,风暴沉积难以完全被冲刷,部分残留在深潭内,在猫头深潭沉积层中储存着风暴沉积的信息     

九龙江口海沧港区17～-18^#码头基槽浮泥成因分析

九龙江口海沧港区因建设17—18^#泊位而开挖的基槽处发育厚层浮泥．通过对该处浮泥及其周边的水体悬浮颗粒、海底表层和沉积物柱状样的激光粒度分析，发现浮泥的颗粒物主要由峰值粒径在7～10μm的粘土粉砂质细颗粒组分构成，但在浮泥层的下部还含有小部分峰值粒径为200—500μm的砂质粗颗粒组分．浮泥中细颗粒组分的粒度特征和水体中的悬浮颗粒、底质沉积物中的细颗粒组分一致，而浮泥中粗颗粒组分的粒度特征，和九龙江口洪水事件成因的中粗砂的粒度特征一致．结合现场调访和水文观测，得出17—18^#泊位基槽处浮泥的成因主要受海沧港区建设过程中产生的大量再悬浮泥沙以及受水下地形的影响，水动力条件适宜悬浮泥沙在17—18^#泊位基槽处聚淤．此外，台风引发的洪水也是增加悬浮泥沙含量的辅助因素．随着海沧港区的建成，水动力条件的改变，17～18^#泊位港池及调头区浮泥的厚度将小于基槽区浮泥厚度．     

马迹山港三期工程对附近海域泥沙淤积的影响

应用海洋数值模式（FVCOM）建立马迹山港三期工程海域三维潮流模型,模拟港口建设前后的潮流场,研究工程后周边海域潮流场的变化。同时结合台风“灿鸿”的风场资料,在水动力的基础上添加台风气压场和风场,建立风暴潮数值模型,分析在极端天气下三期工程的建设对周边海域流场的影响。最后结合模型计算结果,根据现场调查资料以及历史试验成果进行工程周边海域泥沙回淤以及风暴潮骤淤的计算分析。结果表明：工程后流场的变化主要集中在工程区和附近海域,变化幅度约在0.3m/s~0.4m/s之间,对工程区以外大范围海域影响较小。工程后码头水流条件得到较好的改善,水流与码头走向趋于平行。工程周边海域泥沙回淤量较小,不会对船舶航行安全造成影响,另据骤淤计算结果分析,马迹山港周边海域在台风期间的短期淤强较小,两天的淤积量不超过5cm,不具备骤淤的可能性。     

港湾深槽骤淤的条件探讨

深槽骤淤指深槽底部在特定条件下产生的快速淤积,通常以浮泥形式出现.综合分析杭州湾、三门湾和象山港的地形地貌、水文泥沙及深槽固定剖面风暴前后或大、小潮期间的地形变化得出港湾深槽产生骤淤的基本条件:(1)有丰富的细颗粒物质的供应源;(2)迅速衰减的动力条件;(3)存在明显的负地形.三个条件必须同时得到满足,深槽才能产生骤淤.杭州湾泥沙来源丰富,终年悬沙浓度高,东试挖槽附近受长江冲淡水次级锋面和钱塘江冲淡水锋面影响较大,因此在一个大小潮周期内水动力条件减弱时挖槽处可产生骤淤.三门湾泥沙来源较丰富,正常天气的年份内潮滩处于缓慢淤积状态,而深槽处于冲淤基本平衡状态,但在风暴等灾害性天气下发生强烈的滩、槽泥沙交换,若风暴后处于中小潮汛期则深槽发生骤淤.象山港由于环境隐蔽,水清沙少,沿岸潮滩狭窄,缺少骤淤的物源,即使风暴作用后鹰龙山深槽也没有产生骤淤.     

淤泥质、粉沙质及沙质海岸航道回淤统一计算方法

根据20世纪80年代初提出的淤泥质海岸航道回淤计算方法的基础上,开展了拓展研究,使之统一适用于淤泥质海岸、粉沙质海岸及沙质海岸。主要研究内容有,在波浪和潮流综合作用下挟沙力含沙量研究中引入了特定的泥沙因子F1/F,从而挟沙力含沙量公式不仅适用于淤泥质泥沙,也适用于非淤泥质泥沙;在动力因素方面,除了一般寻常潮和波浪动力外,进一步考虑了风暴潮和破波的巨大掀沙能力造成航道骤淤的可能性。并结合连云港30万吨级主航道扩建及徐圩港区10万吨级航道的回淤问题(包括骤淤可能性问题),京唐港外航道和黄骅港外航道的骤淤问题,进行预测计算及校验计算,结果都是良好的。此外,对杭州湾强潮和涌潮情况下的挟沙力含沙量也进行了校验计算,结果也非常满意。     

Relation Between Sudden Sedimentation and Wind Energy in Outer Channel of Huanghua Port and Its Application in Binzhou Port

Based on the analysis of ocean dynamic condition and sediment environment, conclusions can be drawn that strong wind is an essential factor influencing sudden sedimentation in outer channel. Through theoretical analysis, it changes the complex process that wind raises wave, wave tilts sediment and current transports sediment into a comprehensive factor, and obtains mathematical formula between effective wind energy and the thickness of sudden sedimentation. The parametees in this formula are determined with field data of Huanghua Port. It may be used to predict siltation thickness and volume along the channel. By analyzing and comparing the difference in ocean hydrodynamic conditions and seabed material between Huanghua Port and Binzhou Port, the proposed formula can be used to predict sudden sedimentation in Binzhou Port and the calculated results is rehable. By predicting it on different combination plans among different recurrence in- tervals, entrance locations and channel classes, it provides references for the plane design of Binzhou Port.     

长江口北槽浮泥周期性变化初探

根据2000年长江口北槽浮泥的实测资料,分析浮泥厚度和体积等几何尺度随时间的变化,发现长江口北槽浮泥存在日、半月和年际三种周期变化;日周期的变化受潮流动力周期的控制,这是由潮流冲刷浮泥形成的悬沙并再絮凝沉积造成的;半月周期的变化受潮流半月周期变化引起的泥沙供给量的变化控制;年周期的变化主要是由影响细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉积的长江口水温的年度变化所控制,泥沙供给和动力的年周期变化也有一定的影响.     

Morphodynamic Characteristics and Medium-Term Simulation of the North—South Passage Under the Impact of the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Navigation Channel Project

The morphological evolution characteristics of the North-South Passage area since the construction of the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Navigation Channel Project(DNCP) are analyzed on the basis of the measured data. A twodimensional morphodynamics numerical model of the Yangtze Estuary is established to verify the morphological evolution of the North-South Passage under the influence of the DNCP and to predict the future evolution in the next 40 years. Data analysis shows that the North Passage has experienced rapid adjustment stages and adaptive stages after the construction of the DNCP. Slow erosion occurred along the main channel, and slow siltation could be observed in the area between the groins. The South Passage showed a state of upper section erosion and down section deposition. At present, the whole South Passage is in a slight erosion state. According to the numerical model, the eroding and silting speed of the North Passage will slow down in the future. The present state that erosion occurs in the main channel and siltation occurs between the groins will continue. The South Passage will still maintain upper section erosion and down section deposition in the future. Due to the main channel erosion of the North Passage and siltation of the South Passage, the sediment division ratio of the North Passage will increase in the future but still be smaller than 50%. After morphological evolution of 40 years, the direction of residual sediment transport caused by M2 and M4 tidal components in the North Passage has not changed, but the transport rate will decrease. It is considered that the morphological evolution of the North-South Passage could reach a relatively stable state after 40 years.     

开敞大河口滩槽冲淤对台风的响应及其动力泥沙机制探讨——以长江口南汇边滩—南槽—九段沙系统为例

台风期间 ,潮间带和潮下带岸坡总体上遭受侵蚀 ,而向岸一侧的沼泽和向海一侧的深槽则趋于淤积。台风期间的冲淤强度比正常天气的高 1- 2个数量级。台风期间裸滩的侵蚀机制是风将高能传递给水体使水体挟沙能力剧增 ,沼泽迅速淤积的机制与植被的消能捕沙功能、涨潮水体的高含沙量和明显的增水有关 ,而深槽的骤淤则是由于深水区底层相对较弱的动力条件与浅滩侵蚀所致的高含沙量不相适应。受径流和潮流对泥沙扩散作用的影响 ,台风所致的滩槽冲淤不一定达成平衡     

舟山外钓山海岸边坡泥沙动力与冲淤演变特征

通过对研究区海域的水文泥沙进行现场测验,对比1960-1962年海图、1995年和2001年水下地形图三期地形数据和分析浅地层探测数据等方法,分析了舟山外钓山岛西海岸边坡的水动力、悬浮泥沙及冲淤特征,探讨了海岸边坡发育演变的模式与机制。研究结果表明,在基岩岬角海岸与潮流深槽的边界控制及往复潮流的作用下,舟山外钓山岛西海岸边坡演变是一个"上淤下冲"的模式,即边坡变陡至边坡土体失稳并在不定期外力触发下滑塌堆积坡脚,然后上部重新淤积、下部滑坡体不断被侵蚀的循环过程。     

Glacial morphology and post-glacial contourites in northern Prince Gustav Channel (NW Weddell Sea,Antarctica)

We present the results of a marine geophysical investigation of the northern Prince Gustav Channel. By comparative analysis of multibeam bathymetric data, single channel seismic reflection profiles, underway chirp sonar data, ADCP current data and sediment coring, we define the main morphological elements of the area. In particular we define the glacial morphogenesis in relation to the excavation of inner shelf basins and troughs along structural discontinuities and lithologic boundaries. We identify streamlined surfaces that testify to the grounding of ice and past ice flow directions. These glacial forms are found only on glacial tills preserved in the deepest part of the basins, while net erosion to bedrock has occurred elsewhere. Since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the relict glacial morphology has been draped by hemipelagic and diatomaceous mud, and bottom currents have played a major role in focusing sedimentation within small depocentres, that we define as contouritic drifts. Based on shallow sediment architecture and supported by direct measurements, we propose that the direction of bottom water flow is from the outer shelf into the Prince Gustav channel as a result of a combination of tidal currents and ice shelf-related thermohaline circulation.     

不同高度潜堤减淤效果水槽实验研究

潜堤高程是淤泥质海岸潜堤设计的关键要素之一。为了确定潜堤高程,首先根据已建潜堤工程的经验分析得出潜堤减淤的主要机理,即主要是阻挡了浮泥或底部高含沙水体直接进入航道和缩短了含沙水体进入航道的时间,进而在长水槽中开展了一系列比对实验,主要研究不同堤顶高程时的水流紊动、堤前浮泥起动、浮泥层厚度变化、堤后航道泥沙落淤情况等,并以此作为比选堤顶高度的基本依据。实验结果表明当相对高度即潜堤高度与堤前水深之比为0.2～0.5时,便有较好的减淤效果。     

Sediment Deposition and Resuspension in Mouth Bar Area of the Yangtze Estuary

—A comprehensive analysis is conducted based on observations on topography.tidal current.salinity.suspended sediment and bed load during the years of 1982.1983.1988.1989.1996 and 1997 in theYangtze Estuary.Results show that the deformation of tidal waves is distinct and the sand carrying capaci-ty is large within the mouth bar due to strong tidal currents and large volume of incoming water and sedi-ments.Owing to both temporal and spatial variation of tidal current.deposition and erosion are extremelyactive.In general a change of up to 0.1 m of bottom sediments takes place during a tidal period.The maxi-mum siltation and erosion are around 0.2 m in a spring to neap tides cycle.The riverbed is silted duringflood when there is heavy sediment load.eroded during dry season when sediment load is low.The annualaverage depth of crosion and siltation on the riverbed is around 0.6 m.In particular cases.it may increaseto 1.4 m to 2.4 m at some locations.     

A study on siltation in access channel to a port

This paper presents a study of the siltation process in an access channel to a port through analysis of environmental data, viz. waves, tidal currents, sediment characteristics, silt concentration and siltation at site. A rational methodology has been presented to co-relate environmental data and siltation quantity, judiciously applying the various theories available to wave propagation, littoral current, sediment transport and its trapping. The efficacy of the method is then tested to simulate the observed siltation in different phases of its development in terms of widening and deepening of the channel. It is observed that estimation of the representative environmental parameters is very important as the data collected over a long period show wide variation since sediment transport formulae available are very sensitive to these parameters. An attempt has been made in this paper to understand the mechanism of siltation in the approach channel to the port.     

长江口横沙东滩近30年来自然演变及工程影响的GIS分析

利用长江口深水航道治理一、二期工程实施前后的地形资料,在GIS软件及相关的统计分析软件的支持下,分析了治理工程对横沙东滩冲淤演变的影响。结果表明:横沙东滩在长期的自然演变过程中滩地面积相对稳定,但20世纪90年代中期以来,由于长江来沙量减少,滩地面积出现减小的趋势;深水航道北导堤工程(1998—2000年5月)使横沙东滩的冲淤形势发生了较大的变化:横沙东滩窜沟扭曲、萎缩,白条子沙及其以东浅水区域淤积加剧;促淤工程实施后,形成了一个有利泥沙沉积的环境,过境泥沙的大量淤积及人工吹泥上滩使得横沙东滩淤长速度显著加快。     

泉州湾泥沙运移与冲淤变化

运用"粒径趋势分析"方法研究泉州湾泥沙净输运趋势,借助210Pb测年法测定湾内北水道的沉积速率,并通过海图对比计算海湾冲淤变化.结果表明,泉州湾总体处于淤积之中,但湾内冲淤分布不平衡:北水道淤积程度重,其中上游是湾内的现代沉积中心;南水道是泥沙输运出湾的主通道,局部略微侵蚀.湾内涨、落潮流路的平面分异和地形条件的制约是北水道淤积的主要原因,强劲的落潮流以及径流是南水道成为泥沙输运主通道的主要动力条件.     

粉砂淤泥质海岸开敞航道淤积模式探讨

粉砂淤泥质海岸开挖的开敞航道,普遍存在淤积问题,而且在风暴浪作用过后,经常出现泥沙大量骤淤现象．根据已有的研究成果,指出航道淤积除存在悬移质淤积、推移质淤积、层移质淤积外,还有泥沙流滑淤积、航道侧面土体滑坡淤积2种方式,并概念性地分析了粉砂淤泥质海岸航道淤积．在常浪状况下,主要为“悬移质＋推移质＋层移质”的淤积组合模式;在风暴浪状况下,主要为“悬移质＋推移质＋层移质＋泥沙流滑＋航道侧面土体滑坡”的淤积组合模式。     

杭州湾北岸金汇潮滩冲淤分析

杭州湾北岸在南汇嘴和金山嘴人工控制节点作用下,形成微弯内凹的弧形海岸廓线,金汇岸段位于弧形岸线凹段。由于海岸凹段内水流相对较弱,尤其是涨落潮转流过程中低流速(<20cm/s)历时长,有利于泥沙下沉淤泥。11世纪中叶,杭州湾北岸自修筑了第一条海塘进入人工控制后,金汇潮滩处于淤涨中。近年来,受长江来沙量减少和南汇边滩促淤圈围工程的影响,进入杭州湾北岸水域的泥沙也有所减少,出现冲刷现象,金汇潮滩由淤涨型转换为冲刷型。     

永定新河口通海航道形成水动力泥沙研究

根据规划永定新河河口拟建一条通海航道,利用了该海域的现场实测资料对水动力条件、地质分布、泥沙特性以及淤积等水动力泥沙特征进行了分析,建立了风浪、潮流和泥沙数学模型,对该航道开挖后的年淤积情况进行计算预测。通过与其临近港口的比较,提出了该航道形成可行性依据,为该航道工程的建设提供科学依据。