松辽盆地长岭断陷火山岩相地震特征及其响应关系

火山岩储层发育受岩性岩相的控制,为了提高岩性岩相地震识别的精度,选择松辽盆地南部长岭断陷营城组和火石岭组典型钻井火山岩进行井旁地震相分析,分别建立了酸性和中基性火山岩的岩相识别的模版.酸性与中基性火山岩最明显的差别为爆发相和喷溢相之间的差异,酸性岩爆发相具有席状,板状,平行—亚平行反射,连续性好、局部中等,强振幅,低频的特征;酸性岩喷溢相具有楔状、局部透镜,波形反射特征,连续性中—差,中弱振幅、见中强振幅,中高频特征.中基性岩爆发相具有板状,楔状,蠕虫形反射、偶见亚平行反射,中高振幅,中高频,连续性差、见连续性中—好的特征;中基性岩喷溢相具有板状,楔状,平行—亚平行反射、局部波形反射,连续性中等、局部较差,中强振幅,中频、局部高频的特征.根据酸性、中基性火山岩不同的电性特征,结合火山岩段表现的地震内部反射结构,几何形态等地震相特征.总结出不同火山岩之间地震相与测井相的对应关系,为新区识别火山岩相,预测火山岩储层,划分有利储集相带提供依据.     

鲁西太古宙表壳岩的成因及其对地壳演化的制约

绿岩带是主要形成于太古宙的表壳岩系,下部由大量超基性-基性火山岩构成,上部中-酸性火山-沉积岩逐渐增加.以绿岩带为代表的太古宙表壳岩系占克拉通总体的~30%,记录了早期地球岩浆活动和表生环境的丰富信息,是揭示地壳形成和演化规律的重要研究对象.鲁西是华北克拉通太古宙表壳岩保留较好的地区之一,其主体形成于~2.7和~2.5Ga两个时期,早期表壳岩由泰山岩群下部变科马提岩-玄武岩、少量变碎屑沉积岩和孟家屯岩组变基性岩和变碎屑沉积岩组成,原岩记录的火山岩浆作用与地幔柱有关,反映鲁西在新太古代早期地壳形成具有垂向增生的特点.晚期表壳岩由泰山岩群上部变长英质火山沉积岩、变碎屑沉积岩与少量BIF和济宁岩群变长英质火山岩、变碎屑沉积岩和大规模BIF组成,其中泰山岩群变火山沉积岩的地球化学组成与现代岛弧环境产出的钙碱性岩系类似,指示鲁西的大陆地壳在新太古代晚期可能已发生一定规模的水平运动;鲁西七星台地区变碎屑沉积岩和周围混合岩浅色脉体记录区域高角闪岩相变质-深熔作用的时代可限定在2.53~2.50Ga,与大规模壳熔花岗岩的形成时代一致,标志鲁西在新太古代末已形成统一的陆壳基底.     

拉萨地块中二叠统洛巴堆组岩石磁学及其地质意义

拉萨地块是研究班公湖—怒江特提斯洋和雅鲁藏布江特提斯洋演化过程的关键,但印度—亚洲大陆的碰撞可能导致拉萨地块遭受不同程度的重磁化影响,为寻找理想地层进行古地磁研究,本文对拉萨地块中二叠世洛巴堆组砂岩、火山岩及灰岩样品进行详细的岩石磁学研究,以确定各类岩石是否具备记录原生剩磁信息的能力．结果表明砂岩样品中主要载磁矿物为磁黄铁矿,火山岩及灰岩样品中主要为磁铁矿或赤铁矿．结合区域地质资料和部分样品退磁实验,本文认为砂岩样品可能遭受林子宗群火山和岩浆活动所提供的区域热扰动影响,记录了古近系重磁化信息;火山岩和灰岩样品可能记录了岩石形成时期的原生剩磁信息,有望从中获得可靠古地磁数据．     

油气勘探新领域:火山岩油气藏——松辽盆地大型火山岩气田发现的启示

通过观念转变和理论与技术创新,大庆油田在松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层火山岩天然气勘探获得重大突破,使火山岩由原来的油气勘探"禁区"变为"靶区".从而带动了全国的火山岩油气勘探,促使国内油气储量的不断增长.研究表明,各类火山岩均有可能成为良好的储层.与沉积岩相比,火山岩在盆地深层具有体积大、储层物性受埋深影响小、孔渗条件好等...     

盆地埋藏火山机构的地质-地球物理二维精细解剖——以松南腰英台地区营城组一段为例

腰英台地区营城组一段火山岩气藏为火山机构内幕型气藏,其储层分布受火山机构控制.本文以旋回作为时间格架进行火山机构的精细划分.首先通过钻井火山岩岩性、岩相、测井资料识别出的旋回间风化壳和沉积岩夹层等地质界面,地震剖面上全区发育的连续强反射同相轴等划分火山岩的旋回.然后,在旋回内部根据不同钻井岩性、岩相的变化以及火山机构的...     

阿尔金西段孔兹岩系的发现及岩石学、同位素代学初步研究

阿尔金西段吐拉一带存在以夕线石榴黑云二长片麻岩、石榴黑云二长片麻岩、含石墨夕线石榴黑云片岩等富铝片麻岩 (片岩 )为主和呈透镜状或薄层状夹于片麻岩 (片岩 )中的石榴角闪二辉麻粒岩等组成的一套孔兹岩系 ,岩石学及地球化学的初步研究表明富铝片麻岩 (片岩 )的原岩为富铝泥质和泥砂质沉积岩 ,所夹基性麻粒岩的原岩可能为大陆拉斑玄武岩 ,这套孔兹岩系的原岩可能形成于大陆边缘环境 .孔兹岩系经历了麻粒岩相的变质作用 ,矿物的温压估算得到其峰期变质温度为 70 0～ 85 0℃ ,压力为 0 .8～ 1.2GPa .岩石中变质锆石的U Pb及Pb Pb同位素测定获得447～ 46 2Ma的年龄值 ,代表其麻粒岩相的变质作用时代 .从富铝片麻岩中含继承组分的锆石还获得较老的上交点年龄 ,它可能代表其沉积岩原岩源区的年龄     

随州花山蛇绿构造混杂岩的厘定及其大地构造意义

地质、地球化学综合研究证明 ,在秦岭造山带南缘襄 (樊 ) 广 (济 )断裂带的三里岗 三阳区段残存有花山蛇绿构造混杂岩 ,是以多条断裂和韧性剪切带为骨架 ,剪切包容花山蛇绿岩块、小阜岛弧火山岩、深海沉积岩、弧前沉积以及来自两侧陆块的基底和盖层沉积岩块 .地球化学研究表明 ,花山蛇绿岩的玄武质岩石类似于MORB的性质 ,形成于初始小洋盆构造环境 ;小阜火山岩形成于岛弧构造环境 .该混杂岩带因存在蛇绿岩及岛弧火山岩而成为具有重要大地构造意义的蛇绿构造混杂岩 ,指示曾存在古板块构造缝合带 ,标志着南秦岭与扬子板块之间确曾存在过古洋盆———花山小洋盆 .     

中国东部原位火山岩油气藏的形成机制——以松辽盆地徐深气田为例

中国东部中新生代断陷盆地群发现了大量的原位火山岩油气藏.以松辽盆地早白垩世徐家围子断陷为例,钻井揭示结果及地质、地球物理综合分析表明,原位火山岩油气藏形成机制具有＂断控体、体控相、相控储、储控藏＂的特点,即深大断裂样式控制火山岩喷发方式决定火山岩体及气藏分布,火山岩体控制火山岩相带的展布空间决定火山岩油气藏规模,火山岩相控制储层物性的优劣决定油气层的有效厚度,火山岩储层物性控制油气藏类型决定火山岩油气层产能.研究认识对指导断陷盆地原位火山岩油气藏的发现具有理论和实践意义.     

静水条件下砂岩渗透性的试验研究

在TRIAXIAL CELL V3岩石三轴伺服试验机上进行了砂岩的渗透试验,采用流量法测量不同围压和渗透压作用下的砂岩渗透率,揭示了围压和渗透压对砂岩渗透率的影响规律,并给出了围压与渗透率的拟合关系式。结果表明,在相同围压下,随着渗透压差的增加,砂岩渗透率呈不同程度的增加;围压越小,渗透压差对渗透率的影响越大;当渗透压差相同时,砂岩围压一渗透率曲线变化趋势基本一致,渗透率随围压的增加而减小,显示砂岩内部裂隙的闭合程度受围压的影响较明显。     

利用热声发射技术测量岩石最高古温度的探索

根据岩石的热Kaiser效应,岩石能够记忆地质历史中经历过的最高温度.本次实验使用自行研制的岩石热声发射仪,利用人工加热的砂岩和灰岩样品证实了沉积岩存在热Kaiser效应,并探讨了根据热Kaiser效应测量沉积岩经历的最高温度的准确性.通过对塔里木盆地的系列埋深(2800~5300 m)的砂岩和泥岩样品及川西地区灰岩样...     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.